civil rights claim in West Virginia

2023Va. 828 , 679 S.E.2d 660 . 13 Under the holding of Ashcroft v. Iqbal, [556] U.S. [662], 129 S. Ct. 1937 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), a supervising police officer may not be held liable for the wrongful actions of his or her subordinate officers in connection with an alleged civil rights violation because a supervising police officer is only liable for his or her own conduct and not that of his/her subordinates.[42] For these reasons, Administrator Crawford and Captain Aldridge are entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.

2023Va. 828 , 679 S.E.2d 660 . 13 Under the holding of Ashcroft v. Iqbal, [556] U.S. [662], 129 S. Ct. 1937 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), a supervising police officer may not be held liable for the wrongful actions of his or her subordinate officers in connection with an alleged civil rights violation because a supervising police officer is only liable for his or her own conduct and not that of his/her subordinates.[42] For these reasons, Administrator Crawford and Captain Aldridge are entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.

1992In footnote 7 of Price v. Boone County Ambulance Authority, 175 W.Va. 676 , 337 S.E.2d 913, 916 (1985), we noted with approval the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals' opinion in McCausland v. Mason County Board of Education, 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

1987We note with approval, however, the opinion of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in McCausland v. Mason County Bd. of Educ., 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

1992In footnote 7 of Price v. Boone County Ambulance Authority, 175 W.Va. 676 , 337 S.E.2d 913, 916 (1985), we noted with approval the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals' opinion in McCausland v. Mason County Board of Education, 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

1987We note with approval, however, the opinion of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in McCausland v. Mason County Bd. of Educ., 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

1992In footnote 7 of Price v. Boone County Ambulance Authority, 175 W.Va. 676 , 337 S.E.2d 913, 916 (1985), we noted with approval the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals' opinion in McCausland v. Mason County Board of Education, 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

1987We note with approval, however, the opinion of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in McCausland v. Mason County Bd. of Educ., 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

1992In footnote 7 of Price v. Boone County Ambulance Authority, 175 W.Va. 676 , 337 S.E.2d 913, 916 (1985), we noted with approval the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals' opinion in McCausland v. Mason County Board of Education, 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

1987We note with approval, however, the opinion of the Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in McCausland v. Mason County Bd. of Educ., 649 F.2d 278 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1098 , 102 S.Ct. 671 , 70 L.Ed.2d 639 (1981), which applied the two-year limitations period for personal injuries to a civil rights claim.

2023Va. 828 , 679 S.E.2d 660 . 13 Under the holding of Ashcroft v. Iqbal, [556] U.S. [662], 129 S. Ct. 1937 , 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009), a supervising police officer may not be held liable for the wrongful actions of his or her subordinate officers in connection with an alleged civil rights violation because a supervising police officer is only liable for his or her own conduct and not that of his/her subordinates.[42] For these reasons, Administrator Crawford and Captain Aldridge are entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.

2020Ed. 2d 868 (2009), a supervising police officer may not be held liable for the wrongful actions of his or her subordinate officers in connection with an alleged civil rights violation because a supervising police officer is only liable for his or her own conduct and not that of his/her subordinates.” Syllabus point 5, Robinson v. Pack, 223 W.

2020Id. at 708-09 .

2011While considering a Ninth Circuit case relative to a civil rights claim based on excessive use of force, the U.S. Supreme Court expounded on the application of the two-part inquiry recognized above in Hutchison relevant to qualified immunity in Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 , 121 S.Ct. 2151 , 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), overruled on other grounds, 555 U.S. 223 , 129 S.Ct. 808 , 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009), see n. 17, infra. The Saucier case was filed by a demonstrator who was arrested by military police after the demonstrator attempted to unfurl a banner at a public event where the U.S. Vice President

2011While considering a Ninth Circuit case relative to a civil rights claim based on excessive use of force, the U.S. Supreme Court expounded on the application of the two-part inquiry recognized above in Hutchison relevant to qualified immunity in Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 , 121 S.Ct. 2151 , 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), overruled on other grounds, 555 U.S. 223 , 129 S.Ct. 808 , 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009), see n. 17, infra. The Saucier case was filed by a demonstrator who was arrested by military police after the demonstrator attempted to unfurl a banner at a public event where the U.S. Vice President

2011While considering a Ninth Circuit case relative to a civil rights claim based on excessive use of force, the U.S. Supreme Court expounded on the application of the two-part inquiry recognized above in Hutchison relevant to qualified immunity in Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 , 121 S.Ct. 2151 , 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), overruled on other grounds, 555 U.S. 223 , 129 S.Ct. 808 , 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009), see n. 17, infra. The Saucier case was filed by a demonstrator who was arrested by military police after the demonstrator attempted to unfurl a banner at a public event where the U.S. Vice President

2011While considering a Ninth Circuit case relative to a civil rights claim based on excessive use of force, the U.S. Supreme Court expounded on the application of the two-part inquiry recognized above in Hutchison relevant to qualified immunity in Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 , 121 S.Ct. 2151 , 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001), overruled on other grounds, 555 U.S. 223 , 129 S.Ct. 808 , 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009), see n. 17, infra. The Saucier case was filed by a demonstrator who was arrested by military police after the demonstrator attempted to unfurl a banner at a public event where the U.S. Vice President

2009As the district court explained in Mackay v. Lowe, 529 F.Supp. 504 (E.D.Pa. 1982): [Ijmposition of vicarious liability on supervisory officials for allegedly unconstitutional acts by their subordinates “is inappropriate because supervisors and their subordinates are fellow servants of the same master-employer ... and thus the master-servant relationship, a prerequisite for vicarious liability, is lacking between these individuals.” Id. at 505 (quoting Santiago v. City of Philadelphia, 435 F.Supp. 136, 148 (E.D.Pa.1977)).

2009As the district court explained in Mackay v. Lowe, 529 F.Supp. 504 (E.D.Pa. 1982): [Ijmposition of vicarious liability on supervisory officials for allegedly unconstitutional acts by their subordinates “is inappropriate because supervisors and their subordinates are fellow servants of the same master-employer ... and thus the master-servant relationship, a prerequisite for vicarious liability, is lacking between these individuals.” Id. at 505 (quoting Santiago v. City of Philadelphia, 435 F.Supp. 136, 148 (E.D.Pa.1977)).

1999Doe v. Knox County Bd. Of Educ., 918 F.Supp. 181 (E.D.Ky.1996). 14 .

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990For much the same reasons, we held in Liller v. West Virginia Human Rights Commission, 180 W.Va. 433 , 376 S.E.2d 639 (1988), that the filing of a civil service claim does not foreclose an individual from subsequently pursuing a human rights claim. 12 A majority of the federal courts of appeals have concluded that even where an employee is subject to the USAA, the contractual obligation to submit to arbitration cannot override or defeat a civil rights claim.

1990For much the same reasons, we held in Liller v. West Virginia Human Rights Commission, 180 W.Va. 433 , 376 S.E.2d 639 (1988), that the filing of a civil service claim does not foreclose an individual from subsequently pursuing a human rights claim. 12 A majority of the federal courts of appeals have concluded that even where an employee is subject to the USAA, the contractual obligation to submit to arbitration cannot override or defeat a civil rights claim.

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1990E.g., Utley v. Goldman Sachs & Co., 883 F.2d 184 (1st Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1045 , 110 S.Ct. 842 , 107 L.Ed.2d 836 (1990); Nicholson v. CPC Int’l, Inc., 877 F.2d 221 (3d Cir.1989); Swenson v. Management Recruiters Int’l, Inc., 858 F.2d 1304 (8th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 848 , 110 S.Ct. 143 , 107 L.Ed.2d 102 (1989); Criswell v. Western Airlines, Inc., 709 F.2d 544 (9th Cir.1983), aff'd on other grounds, 472 U.S. 400 , 105 S.Ct. 2743 , 86 L.Ed.2d 321 (1985); Cooper v. Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 836 F.2d 1544 (10th Cir.1988).

1988The court applied a one-year false arrest statute of limitations to the arrest claim, a two-year personal injuries statute to the assault and battery and coerced plea claims, and a six-year statute for actions seeking the recovery of goods to the towing claim. 507 F.2d at 121-124 . 10 .