federal due process clause in Washington

64 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1979–2024 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Manussiergreen wash · 1996 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013Restraint of Matteson, 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that “there are no material differences between the ‘nearly identical’ federal and state provisions” and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) (“The [State u.] Gunwall[, 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution”). 2013Restraint of Matteson. 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that "there are no material differences between the 'nearly identical' federal and state provisions," and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier. 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) ("The [State v.] Gunwallf. 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution.").	2	2
State v. Manussiergreen wash · 1996 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013Restraint of Matteson, 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that “there are no material differences between the ‘nearly identical’ federal and state provisions” and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) (“The [State u.] Gunwall[, 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution”). 2013Restraint of Matteson. 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that "there are no material differences between the 'nearly identical' federal and state provisions," and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier. 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) ("The [State v.] Gunwallf. 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution.").	2	2
State v. Fortunegreen wash · 1996 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008 2 sentences 2008See State v. Fortune, 128 Wn.2d 464, 475 , 909 P.2d 930 (1996) (in absence of argument, we will construe the state due process clause consistently with the federal due process clause). 2008See State v. Fortune, 128 Wash.2d 464, 475 , 909 P.2d 930 (1996) (in absence of argument, we will construe the state due process clause consistently with the federal due process clause).	2	2
State v. Fortunegreen wash · 1996 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008 2 sentences 2008See State v. Fortune, 128 Wn.2d 464, 475 , 909 P.2d 930 (1996) (in absence of argument, we will construe the state due process clause consistently with the federal due process clause). 2008See State v. Fortune, 128 Wash.2d 464, 475 , 909 P.2d 930 (1996) (in absence of argument, we will construe the state due process clause consistently with the federal due process clause).	2	2
In re the Personal Restraint of Dyergreen wash · 2001 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2018 2 sentences 2018Jordan, 180 Wn.2d at 462 ; In re Dyer, 143 Wn.2d at 394 . 2013Restraint of Dyer, 143 Wn.2d 384, 394 , 20 P.3d 907 (2001) ("Washington's due process clause does not afford a broader due process protection than the Fourteenth Amendment"); In re Pers.	1	2
cluster 19816green · · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002 2 sentences 2002Alenco Communications et al. v. F.C.C., 201 F.3d 608, 620 (5th Cir.2000). [21] Because exclusive ETC status is not a protected interest entitling the WITA companies to procedural due process under federal law, WITA's claim of denial of due process fails, and we need not reach the second (procedural) step in the federal due process analysis. 2002Alenco Communications, Inc. v. FCC, 201 F.3d 608 , 620 (5th Cir. 2000). 21 Because exclusive ETC status is not a protected interest entitling the WITA companies to procedural due process under federal law, WITA’s claim of denial of due process fails, and we need not reach the second (procedural) step in the federal due process analysis.	1	2
Pruczinski v. Ashbygreen wash · 2016 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022	1	1
State v. LG Electronics, Inc.green wash · 2016 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022	1	1
Certification From the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington in Ockletree v. Franciscan Health Systemgreen wash · 2014 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021	1	1
Washington v. Harpergreen scotus · 1990 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020	1	1
State v. Herzoggreen wash · 1989 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
In Re Dyergreen wash · 2001 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
United States v. Salernogreen scotus · 1987 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
State v. Plowmangreen or · 1992 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005	1	1
City of Seattle v. Huffgreen wash · 1989 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005	1	1
United States v. $250,000 in United States Currency, (Two Cases) Appeal of Amador Rodriguez-Ramos (Two Cases)green ca1 · 1987 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991	1	1
No. 74--3074green ca9 · 1976 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (61)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Davis green washctapp · 1984 2 sentences 2008App. at 506-07 . ¶22 Turner argues that analysis of the fourth factor, preexisting state law, and the sixth factor, matters of particular state concern, support reaching a different result. 5 ¶23 As to the fourth factor, the only authority Turner cites in support of his argument that the state due process clause provides greater protection than the federal due process clause is State v. Bartholomew, 101 Wn.2d 631 , 683 P.2d 1079 (1984), State v. Davis, 38 Wn. 2008Spurgeon, 63 Wash.App. at 506-07 , 820 P.2d 960 . ¶ 22 Turner argues that analysis of the fourth factor, preexisting state law, and the sixth factor, matters of particular state concern, support reaching a different result. [5] ¶ 23 As to the fourth factor, the only authority Turner cites in support of his argument that the state due process clause provides greater protection than the federal due process clause is State v. Bartholomew, 101 Wash.2d 631 , 683 P.2d 1079 (1984), State v. Davis, 38 Wash.App. 600 , 686 P.2d 1143 (1984), and the dissenting opinion in State v. Ortiz, 119 Wash.2d 294 ,	5	1988–2024
Shute v. Carnival Cruise Lines green wash · 1989 2 sentences 2016Washington courts may “assert personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants to the extent permitted by the federal due process clause.” Id. (citing Shute v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 113 Wn.2d 763, 766-67 , 783 P.2d 78 (1989); U.S. Const. amend. 2016Washington courts may “assert personal jurisdiction over nonresident defendants to the extent permitted by the federal due process clause.” Id. (citing Shute v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 113 Wn.2d 763, 766-67 , 783 P.2d 78 (1989); U.S. Const. amend.	5	2014–2016
State v. Irby green wash · 2011 2 sentences 2018State v. Irby, 170 Wn.2d 874 , 885 n.6, 246 P.3d 11 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. 2018State v. Irby, 170 Wn.2d 874 , 885 n.6, 246 P.3d 11 State V.	3	2015–2018
State v. Gunwall green wash · 1986 2 sentences 2013Restraint of Matteson, 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that “there are no material differences between the ‘nearly identical’ federal and state provisions” and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) (“The [State u.] Gunwall[, 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution”). 2013Restraint of Matteson, 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that “there are no material differences between the ‘nearly identical’ federal and state provisions” and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) (“The [State u.] Gunwall[, 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution”).	3	1992–2013
Withrow v. Larkin green scotus · 1975 2 sentences 2007Both Chamberlin and the ACLU, in essence, are advocating for a rule of automatic recusal of any judge from hearing a challenge to a search warrant he or she issues. ¶12 The right to a fair hearing under the federal due process clause prohibits actual bias and “ ‘the probability of unfairness.’ ” Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 , 95 S. Ct. 1456 , 43 L. 2007Both Chamberlin and the ACLU, in essence, are advocating for a rule of automatic recusal of any judge from hearing a challenge to a search warrant he or she issues. ¶12 The right to a fair hearing under the federal due process clause prohibits actual bias and “ ‘the probability of unfairness.’ ” Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 , 95 S. Ct. 1456 , 43 L.	3	2007–2013
State v. Bartholomew green wash · 1984 2 sentences 2008App. at 506-07 . ¶22 Turner argues that analysis of the fourth factor, preexisting state law, and the sixth factor, matters of particular state concern, support reaching a different result. 5 ¶23 As to the fourth factor, the only authority Turner cites in support of his argument that the state due process clause provides greater protection than the federal due process clause is State v. Bartholomew, 101 Wn.2d 631 , 683 P.2d 1079 (1984), State v. Davis, 38 Wn. 2008App. at 506-07 . ¶22 Turner argues that analysis of the fourth factor, preexisting state law, and the sixth factor, matters of particular state concern, support reaching a different result. 5 ¶23 As to the fourth factor, the only authority Turner cites in support of his argument that the state due process clause provides greater protection than the federal due process clause is State v. Bartholomew, 101 Wn.2d 631 , 683 P.2d 1079 (1984), State v. Davis, 38 Wn.	3	1988–2008
State ex rel. Pizza v. Rezcallah green ohio · 1998 2 sentences 2000Pizza, 702 N.E.2d at 93 . 2000Pizza, 702 N.E.2d at 93 .	3	2000–2000
State v. Jordan green wash · 2014 2 sentences 2021In re Dependency of E.H., 191 Wn.2d 872 , 887, 427 P.3d 587 (2018) (plurality opinion); State v. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d 456, 462 , 325 P.3d 181 (2014); In re Personal Restraint of Rhome, 43 No. 37467-0-III Stevens County v. Stevens County Sheriff’s Office (dissent) 172 Wn.2d 654 , 665 n.3, 260 P.3d 874 (2011). 2021In re Dependency of E.H., 191 Wn.2d 872 , 887, 427 P.3d 587 (2018) (plurality opinion); State v. Jordan, 180 Wn.2d 456, 462 , 325 P.3d 181 (2014); In re Personal Restraint of Rhome, 43 No. 37467-0-III Stevens County v. Stevens County Sheriff’s Office (dissent) 172 Wn.2d 654 , 665 n.3, 260 P.3d 874 (2011).	2	2018–2021
Perry v. New Hampshire green scotus · 2012 2 sentences 2018Perry, 565 U.S. at 244 . 2015Haffs position is foreclosed by the United States Supreme Court's decision in Perry v. New Hampshire, _ U.S. _, 132 S. Ct. 716 , 181 L.	2	2015–2018
Personal Restraint Petition Of Matthew Ray Douglas Schley green washctapp · 2017 2 sentences 2018Restraint of Schley , 197 Wash. App. 862 , 871, 392 P.3d 1099 (quoting Grisby v. Herzog , 190 Wash. App. 786 , 811, 362 P.3d 763 (2015) ), review granted , 189 Wash.2d 1001 , 403 P.3d 38 (2017). 2018Restraint of Schley , 197 Wash. App. 862 , 871, 392 P.3d 1099 (quoting Grisby v. Herzog , 190 Wash. App. 786 , 811, 362 P.3d 763 (2015) ), review granted , 189 Wash.2d 1001 , 403 P.3d 38 (2017).	2	2018–2018
Daimler AG v. Bauman green scotus · 2014 2 sentences 2016Daimler AG v. Bauman, _ U.S. _, 134 S. Ct. 746, 754 , 187 L. 2016Daimler AG v. Bauman, _ U.S. _, 134 S. Ct. 746, 754 , 187 L.	2	2016–2016
State v. AU Optronics Corp. green washctapp · 2014 2 sentences 2015McIntyre and that Grange Insurance Ass’n “predates the United States Supreme Court’s more recent interpretations of the federal due process clause.” AU Optronics, 180 Wn. 2015Mclntvre, and that Grange "predates the United States Supreme Court's more recent interpretations of the federal due process clause." AU Optronics, 180 Wn.	2	2015–2015
In re the Personal Restraint of Matteson green wash · 2000 2 sentences 2013Restraint of Matteson, 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that “there are no material differences between the ‘nearly identical’ federal and state provisions” and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) (“The [State u.] Gunwall[, 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution”). 2013Restraint of Matteson. 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that "there are no material differences between the 'nearly identical' federal and state provisions," and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier. 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) ("The [State v.] Gunwallf. 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution.").	2	2013–2013
In Re Matteson green wash · 2008 2 sentences 2013Restraint of Matteson, 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that “there are no material differences between the ‘nearly identical’ federal and state provisions” and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier, 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) (“The [State u.] Gunwall[, 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution”). 2013Restraint of Matteson. 142 Wn.2d 298, 310 , 12 P.3d 585 (2000) (determining that "there are no material differences between the 'nearly identical' federal and state provisions," and, thus, that the state due process clause does not provide greater protection than the federal due process clause); State v. Manussier. 129 Wn.2d 652, 679 , 921 P.2d 473 (1996) ("The [State v.] Gunwallf. 106 Wn.2d 54 , 720 P.2d 808 (1986)] factors do not favor an independent inquiry under article I, section 3 of the state constitution.").	2	2013–2013
Messer v. State green wyo · 2006 2 sentences 2009Second, Messer v. State, 2006 WY 141 , 145 P.3d 457 relies exclusively on Kupec v. State, 835 P.2d 359 (Wyo. 1992), another case cited by McCormick. 2009Second, Messer v. State, 2006 WY 141 , 145 P.3d 457 relies exclusively on Kupec v. State, 835 P.2d 359 (Wyo. 1992), another case cited by McCormick.	2	2009–2009
Kupec v. State green wyo · 1992 2 sentences 2009Second, Messer v. State, 2006 WY 141 , 145 P.3d 457 relies exclusively on Kupec v. State, 835 P.2d 359 (Wyo.1992), another case cited by McCormick. 2009Second, Messer v. State, 2006 WY 141 , 145 P.3d 457 relies exclusively on Kupec v. State, 835 P.2d 359 (Wyo. 1992), another case cited by McCormick.	2	2009–2009
State v. Williamson green ncctapp · 1983 2 sentences 2009First, McCormick's citations to People v. Zaring, 8 Cal.App.4th 362 , 10 Cal.Rptr.2d 263 (1992); Van Wagner v. State, 677 So.2d 314 (1996); and State v. Williamson, 61 N.C.App. 531 , 301 S.E.2d 423 (1983), are unhelpful because in none of those cases was the court analyzing whether the federal due process clause required the finding of willfulness. 2009App. 531 , 301 S.E.2d 423 (1983), are unhelpful because in none of those cases was the court analyzing whether the federal due process clause required the finding of willfulness.	2	2009–2009
Washington v. Glucksberg green scotus · 1997 2 sentences 2008Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 , 117 S. Ct. 2258 , 117 S. Ct. 2302 , 138 L. 2008Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 , 117 S. Ct. 2258 , 117 S. Ct. 2302 , 138 L.	2	2008–2008
State v. Ortiz green wash · 1992 2 sentences 2008Spurgeon, 63 Wash.App. at 506-07 , 820 P.2d 960 . ¶ 22 Turner argues that analysis of the fourth factor, preexisting state law, and the sixth factor, matters of particular state concern, support reaching a different result. [5] ¶ 23 As to the fourth factor, the only authority Turner cites in support of his argument that the state due process clause provides greater protection than the federal due process clause is State v. Bartholomew, 101 Wash.2d 631 , 683 P.2d 1079 (1984), State v. Davis, 38 Wash.App. 600 , 686 P.2d 1143 (1984), and the dissenting opinion in State v. Ortiz, 119 Wash.2d 294 , 2008Spurgeon, 63 Wash.App. at 506-07 , 820 P.2d 960 . ¶ 22 Turner argues that analysis of the fourth factor, preexisting state law, and the sixth factor, matters of particular state concern, support reaching a different result. [5] ¶ 23 As to the fourth factor, the only authority Turner cites in support of his argument that the state due process clause provides greater protection than the federal due process clause is State v. Bartholomew, 101 Wash.2d 631 , 683 P.2d 1079 (1984), State v. Davis, 38 Wash.App. 600 , 686 P.2d 1143 (1984), and the dissenting opinion in State v. Ortiz, 119 Wash.2d 294 ,	2	2008–2008
In Re Murchison. green scotus · 1955 2 sentences 2007Both Chamberlin and the ACLU, in essence, are advocating for a rule of automatic recusal of any judge from hearing a challenge to a search warrant he or she issues. ¶ 12 The right to a fair hearing under the federal due process clause prohibits actual bias and "`the probability of unfairness.'" Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 , 95 S.Ct. 1456 , 43 L.Ed.2d 712 (1975) (quoting In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 , 75 S.Ct. 623 , 99 L.Ed. 942 (1955)). 2007Both Chamberlin and the ACLU, in essence, are advocating for a rule of automatic recusal of any judge from hearing a challenge to a search warrant he or she issues. ¶ 12 The right to a fair hearing under the federal due process clause prohibits actual bias and "`the probability of unfairness.'" Withrow v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 , 95 S.Ct. 1456 , 43 L.Ed.2d 712 (1975) (quoting In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 , 75 S.Ct. 623 , 99 L.Ed. 942 (1955)).	2	2007–2007
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health green mass · 2003 2 sentences 2006Goodridge, 440 Mass. at 328-29 , 328 n. 18, 798 N.E.2d 941 . 980 Rational Basis Review ś 56 Plaintiffs have not established that gay and lesbian persons constitute a suspect class or that the fundamental right to marry includes the right to same-sex marriage. 2006*Goodridge, 440 Mass. at 328-29 , 328 n.18.	2	2006–2006
In Re the Personal Restraint of Myers green wash · 1986 2 sentences 2004Myers, 105 Wn.2d at 266-67 . 2004Myers, 105 *227 Wash.2d at 266-67, 714 P.2d 303 .	2	2004–2004
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. green scotus · 1950 2 sentences 2004Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313 , 70 S. Ct. 652 , 94 L. 2004Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 313 , 70 S. Ct. 652 , 94 L.	2	2004–2004
State v. Beaver green wash · 2015 2 sentences 2024State v. Beaver, 184 Wn.2d 321, 331 , 358 P.3d 385 (2015). 2024State v. Beaver, 184 Wn.2d 321, 331 , 358 P.3d 385 (2015).	1	2024–2024
In re Dependency of E.H. green wash · 2018	1	2021–2021
In Re the Personal Restraint of Rhome green wash · 2011	1	2021–2021
Department of Social & Health Services v. Luak green wash · 2012	1	2018–2018
Henry Grisby Iii, Resp. v. Robert Herzog, Apps. green washctapp · 2015	1	2018–2018
Crescent Convalescent Center v. Department of Social & Health Services green washctapp · 1997	1	2017–2017
Bellevue School Dist. v. Es green wash · 2011	1	2017–2017
State Of Washington v. Robert Lee Tyler green washctapp · 2016	1	2017–2017
Centimark Corp. v. Department of Labor & Industries green washctapp · 2005	1	2017–2017
Failla v. FixtureOne Corp. green wash · 2014	1	2016–2016
Crockett v. Jones green scotus · 2015	1	2016–2016
State v. Bartholomew green wash · 1982	1	2015–2015
Mapp v. Ohio green scotus · 1961	1	2015–2015
State v. Irby green wash · 2011	1	2015–2015
Zant v. Stephens green scotus · 1983	1	2015–2015
United States v. Allied Oil Corp. green scotus · 1951	1	2013–2013
State v. Chamberlin green wash · 2007	1	2013–2013

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (8) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 4.28.185 (7) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.95.020 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.95.030 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 69.50.505 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 34.05.570 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 49.52.050 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 7.43.010 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 7.43.080 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 7.43.090 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 7.48.160 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.32.030 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 226 (1955–2026) TX 170 (1987–2026) IL 125 (1984–2026) CT 67 (1978–2026) WA 64 (1979–2024) OR 28 (1983–2026) IN 25 (1983–2020) NY 23 (1953–2021) MA 20 (1980–2024) PA 20 (1958–2021) IA 20 (1987–2025) NC 16 (1986–2025) UT 12 (1989–2024) FL 11 (1984–2019) NH 11 (1986–2004) AL 11 (1993–2025) GA 10 (2002–2025) NM 9 (2004–2024) CO 9 (1986–2019) NJ 9 (1975–2021) LA 9 (1988–2024) AZ 8 (1981–2022) WI 8 (1975–2015) AK 7 (1979–2022) KY 6 (1991–2024) MD 6 (1991–2023) VT 5 (1991–2024) WY 5 (1991–2005) OK 4 (1977–2022) AR 4 (2003–2026) ND 4 (1993–2007) ID 4 (1976–1993) OH 4 (2019–2026) MO 3 (1957–1995) HI 3 (2001–2010) ME 3 (2020–2025) DE 3 (1988–2017) TN 3 (2003–2015) RI 2 (1978–2011) KS 2 (2019–2023) SD 2 (2002–2003) MS 2 (1996–1999) NE 2 (1988–1990) MI 2 (1983–2012)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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