grounds claim (New York) · Go Syfert
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grounds claim in New York

62 New York opinions name it 8 courts 1851–2026 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Petgengreen
ny · 1982 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016That contention “survives his guilty plea only insofar as he contends that his plea was infected by the allegedly ineffective assistance and that he entered the plea because of his attorney’s allegedly poor performance” (Pe ople v Bethune, 21 AD3d 1316, 1316 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 752 [2005]; see People v Petgen, 55 NY2d 529, 534-535 [1982], rearg denied 57 NY2d 674 [1982]).

2016That contention “survives his guilty plea only insofar as he contends that his plea was infected by the allegedly ineffective assistance and that he entered the plea because of his attorney’s allegedly poor performance” (Pe ople v Bethune, 21 AD3d 1316, 1316 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 752 [2005]; see People v Petgen, 55 NY2d 529, 534-535 [1982], rearg denied 57 NY2d 674 [1982]).

33
People v. Mayogreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016That contention “survives his guilty plea only insofar as he contends that his plea was infected by the allegedly ineffective assistance and that he entered the plea because of his attorney’s allegedly poor performance” (Pe ople v Bethune, 21 AD3d 1316, 1316 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 752 [2005]; see People v Petgen, 55 NY2d 529, 534-535 [1982], rearg denied 57 NY2d 674 [1982]).

2016That contention “survives his guilty plea only insofar as he contends that his plea was infected by the allegedly ineffective assistance and that he entered the plea because of his attorney’s allegedly poor performance” (Pe ople v Bethune, 21 AD3d 1316, 1316 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 752 [2005]; see People v Petgen, 55 NY2d 529, 534-535 [1982], rearg denied 57 NY2d 674 [1982]).

23
People v. Irvinegreen
nyappdiv · 2021 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Thus, it is not reviewable on direct appeal and must be raised in a motion pursuant to CPL article 440 ( see People v Castro , 207 AD3d 1027 , 1028 [4th Dept 2022], lv denied 39 NY3d 985 [2022]; People v Irvine , 197 AD3d 988, 991 [4th Dept 2021], lv denied 37 NY3d 1060 [2021]).

2025Thus, it is not reviewable on direct appeal and must be raised in a motion pursuant to CPL article 440 ( see People v Castro , 207 AD3d 1027 , 1028 [4th Dept 2022], lv denied 39 NY3d 985 [2022]; People v Irvine , 197 AD3d 988, 991 [4th Dept 2021], lv denied 37 NY3d 1060 [2021]).

22
Gelobter v. Foxgreen
nyappdiv · 2011 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Here, to the extent that the complaint was vague as to the nature of the allegations of legal malpractice and otherwise deficient, the plaintiff, in opposition to the defendants’ motion, submitted evidence, including her affidavit, in which she sufficiently remedied any pleading defects and delineated the grounds for her claim of legal malpractice (see Quinones v Schaap 91 AD3d 739 [2012]; Reiver v Burkhart Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP, 73 AD 3d 1149 [2010]; see also Gelobter v Fox, 90 AD3d 829, 830-831 [2011]).

2012Here, to the extent that the complaint was vague as to the nature of the allegations of legal malpractice and otherwise deficient, the plaintiff, in opposition to the defendants’ motion, submitted evidence, including her affidavit, in which she sufficiently remedied any pleading defects and delineated the grounds for her claim of legal malpractice (see Quinones v Schaap 91 AD3d 739 [2012]; Reiver v Burkhart Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP, 73 AD 3d 1149 [2010]; see also Gelobter v Fox, 90 AD3d 829, 830-831 [2011]).

22
Salatino v. Salatinogreen
nyappdiv · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023"Conversion is any unauthorized exercise of dominion or control over property by one who is not the owner of the property which interferes with and is in defiance of a superior possessory right of another in the property" ( Hart v City of Albany , 272 AD2d 668, 668 [3d Dept 2000] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). "[W]here possession of property is initially lawful, conversion occurs when there is a refusal to return the property upon demand" ( Salatino v Salatino , 64 AD3d 923, 925 [3d Dept 2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 710 [2009]).

2023"Conversion is any unauthorized exercise of dominion or control over property by one who is not the owner of the property which interferes with and is in defiance of a superior possessory right of another in the property" ( Hart v City of Albany , 272 AD2d 668, 668 [3d Dept 2000] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). "[W]here possession of property is initially lawful, conversion occurs when there is a refusal to return the property upon demand" ( Salatino v Salatino , 64 AD3d 923, 925 [3d Dept 2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 710 [2009]).

11
Hart v. City of Albanygreen
nyappdiv · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023"Conversion is any unauthorized exercise of dominion or control over property by one who is not the owner of the property which interferes with and is in defiance of a superior possessory right of another in the property" ( Hart v City of Albany , 272 AD2d 668, 668 [3d Dept 2000] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). "[W]here possession of property is initially lawful, conversion occurs when there is a refusal to return the property upon demand" ( Salatino v Salatino , 64 AD3d 923, 925 [3d Dept 2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 710 [2009]).

2023"Conversion is any unauthorized exercise of dominion or control over property by one who is not the owner of the property which interferes with and is in defiance of a superior possessory right of another in the property" ( Hart v City of Albany , 272 AD2d 668, 668 [3d Dept 2000] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). "[W]here possession of property is initially lawful, conversion occurs when there is a refusal to return the property upon demand" ( Salatino v Salatino , 64 AD3d 923, 925 [3d Dept 2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 710 [2009]).

11
Morris v. New York State Department of Taxation & Financegreen
ny · 1993 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Supreme Court properly held that, at this stage of the litigation, plaintiff's complaint sufficiently alleges facts which state a claim against Soleil Capitale and Srivastava so as to pierce defendant Soleil Chartered Bank (SCB)'s corporate veil and hold Soleil Capitale and Srivastava liable as alter egos of SCB, and that defendants' documentary evidence fails to conclusively refute these allegations ( see Matter of Morris v New York State Dept. of Taxation & Fin. , 82 NY2d 135, 141-142 [1993]; Shisgal v Brown , 21 AD3d 845, 848 [1st Dept 2005]).

11
Shisgal v. Browngreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Supreme Court properly held that, at this stage of the litigation, plaintiff's complaint sufficiently alleges facts which state a claim against Soleil Capitale and Srivastava so as to pierce defendant Soleil Chartered Bank (SCB)'s corporate veil and hold Soleil Capitale and Srivastava liable as alter egos of SCB, and that defendants' documentary evidence fails to conclusively refute these allegations ( see Matter of Morris v New York State Dept. of Taxation & Fin. , 82 NY2d 135, 141-142 [1993]; Shisgal v Brown , 21 AD3d 845, 848 [1st Dept 2005]).

11
People v. Bonelligreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013People v Bonelli, 41 AD3d 972, 973 [2007], lv denied 9 NY3d 921 [2007]).

11
Kubarych v. Siegelgreen
nysupct · 1993 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011(Storey v Searle Blatt Ltd., 685 F Supp 80, 82 [SD NY 1988]; see Matter of Kubarych v Siegel, 156 Misc 2d 935, 937 [Sup Ct, NY County 1993] [“(T)he law will overlook, on the grounds of waiver, a claim of misconduct where the complaining party had either actual or constructive knowledge of the arbitrator’s impropriety, had an opportunity to object and failed to do so before the award was rendered”]; Campbell, 613 F Supp 2d at 1116 .) As discussed above, Brooks not only submitted thorough briefs to the Panel but entered evidence to support his position against the summary judgment motion.

11
Storey v. Searle Blatt Ltd.green
nysd · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011(Storey v Searle Blatt Ltd., 685 F Supp 80, 82 [SD NY 1988]; see Matter of Kubarych v Siegel, 156 Misc 2d 935, 937 [Sup Ct, NY County 1993] [“(T)he law will overlook, on the grounds of waiver, a claim of misconduct where the complaining party had either actual or constructive knowledge of the arbitrator’s impropriety, had an opportunity to object and failed to do so before the award was rendered”]; Campbell, 613 F Supp 2d at 1116 .) As discussed above, Brooks not only submitted thorough briefs to the Panel but entered evidence to support his position against the summary judgment motion.

11
People v. Beneventogreen
ny · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008Defendant’s claim that he was denied meaningful representation at trial was not demonstrated at the hearing on his CPL 330.30 motion (for which he was assigned substitute counsel), and has not been shown on appeal given our rejection of most of the underlying grounds for this claim (see People v Benevento, 91 NY2d 708, 712 [1998]).

11
Rovello v. Orofino Realty Co.green
ny · 1976 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
1 sentence

1994"Under modern pleading theory, a complaint should not be dismissed on a pleading motion so long as, when the plaintiff is given the benefit of every possible favorable inference, a cause of action exists.” (Rovello v Orofino Realty Co., 40 NY2d 633, 634 [1976].) Unless a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action is converted by the court to a motion for summary judgment, affidavits submitted in support of or in opposition to the motion are not to be examined for the purpose of determining whether there is evidentiary support for the pleading.

11
Solnick v. Whalengreen
ny · 1980 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Matter of Berkovitz v. . Arbib Houlberggreen
· 1921 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1959–1959
11

Also cited on this issue (65)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Camacho green
ny · 2005
2 sentences

2016That contention “survives his guilty plea only insofar as he contends that his plea was infected by the allegedly ineffective assistance and that he entered the plea because of his attorney’s allegedly poor performance” (Pe ople v Bethune, 21 AD3d 1316, 1316 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 752 [2005]; see People v Petgen, 55 NY2d 529, 534-535 [1982], rearg denied 57 NY2d 674 [1982]).

2016That contention “survives his guilty plea only insofar as he contends that his plea was infected by the allegedly ineffective assistance and that he entered the plea because of his attorney’s allegedly poor performance” (Pe ople v Bethune, 21 AD3d 1316, 1316 [2005], lv denied 6 NY3d 752 [2005]; see People v Petgen, 55 NY2d 529, 534-535 [1982], rearg denied 57 NY2d 674 [1982]).

32016–2016
Reiver v. Hirschberg Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP green
nyappdiv · 2010
2 sentences

2012Here, to the extent that the complaint was vague as to the nature of the allegations of legal malpractice and otherwise deficient, the plaintiff, in opposition to the defendants’ motion, submitted evidence, including her affidavit, in which she sufficiently remedied any pleading defects and delineated the grounds for her claim of legal malpractice (see Quinones v Schaap 91 AD3d 739 [2012]; Reiver v Burkhart Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP, 73 AD 3d 1149 [2010]; see also Gelobter v Fox, 90 AD3d 829, 830-831 [2011]).

2012Here, to the extent that the complaint was vague as to the nature of the allegations of legal malpractice and otherwise deficient, the plaintiff, in opposition to the defendants’ motion, submitted evidence, including her affidavit, in which she sufficiently remedied any pleading defects and delineated the grounds for her claim of legal malpractice (see Quinones v Schaap 91 AD3d 739 [2012]; Reiver v Burkhart Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP, 73 AD 3d 1149 [2010]; see also Gelobter v Fox, 90 AD3d 829, 830-831 [2011]).

22012–2012
Quinones v. Schaap green
nyappdiv · 2012
2 sentences

2012Here, to the extent that the complaint was vague as to the nature of the allegations of legal malpractice and otherwise deficient, the plaintiff, in opposition to the defendants’ motion, submitted evidence, including her affidavit, in which she sufficiently remedied any pleading defects and delineated the grounds for her claim of legal malpractice (see Quinones v Schaap 91 AD3d 739 [2012]; Reiver v Burkhart Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP, 73 AD 3d 1149 [2010]; see also Gelobter v Fox, 90 AD3d 829, 830-831 [2011]).

2012Here, to the extent that the complaint was vague as to the nature of the allegations of legal malpractice and otherwise deficient, the plaintiff, in opposition to the defendants’ motion, submitted evidence, including her affidavit, in which she sufficiently remedied any pleading defects and delineated the grounds for her claim of legal malpractice (see Quinones v Schaap 91 AD3d 739 [2012]; Reiver v Burkhart Wexler & Hirschberg, LLP, 73 AD 3d 1149 [2010]; see also Gelobter v Fox, 90 AD3d 829, 830-831 [2011]).

22012–2012
People v. LaFontaine green
ny · 1998
2 sentences

2026Defendant's argument that this Court is barred from affirming his conviction on the grounds of waiver or harmless error by People v LaFontaine ( 92 NY2d 470 [1998]) and CPL 470.15(1) is unavailing.

2026Defendant's argument that this Court is barred from affirming his conviction on the grounds of waiver or harmless error by People v LaFontaine (92 NY2d 470 [1998]) and CPL 470.15(1) is unavailing.

12026–2026
Flemming v. BARNWELL NURSING HOME & HEALTH FACILITIES, INC. green
ny · 2009
2 sentences

2023"Conversion is any unauthorized exercise of dominion or control over property by one who is not the owner of the property which interferes with and is in defiance of a superior possessory right of another in the property" ( Hart v City of Albany , 272 AD2d 668, 668 [3d Dept 2000] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). "[W]here possession of property is initially lawful, conversion occurs when there is a refusal to return the property upon demand" ( Salatino v Salatino , 64 AD3d 923, 925 [3d Dept 2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 710 [2009]).

2023"Conversion is any unauthorized exercise of dominion or control over property by one who is not the owner of the property which interferes with and is in defiance of a superior possessory right of another in the property" ( Hart v City of Albany , 272 AD2d 668, 668 [3d Dept 2000] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]). "[W]here possession of property is initially lawful, conversion occurs when there is a refusal to return the property upon demand" ( Salatino v Salatino , 64 AD3d 923, 925 [3d Dept 2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 710 [2009]).

12023–2023
Campbell v. American Family Life Assurance Co. of Columbus, Inc. green
mnd · 2009
1 sentence

2011(Storey v Searle Blatt Ltd., 685 F Supp 80, 82 [SD NY 1988]; see Matter of Kubarych v Siegel, 156 Misc 2d 935, 937 [Sup Ct, NY County 1993] [“(T)he law will overlook, on the grounds of waiver, a claim of misconduct where the complaining party had either actual or constructive knowledge of the arbitrator’s impropriety, had an opportunity to object and failed to do so before the award was rendered”]; Campbell, 613 F Supp 2d at 1116 .) As discussed above, Brooks not only submitted thorough briefs to the Panel but entered evidence to support his position against the summary judgment motion.

12011–2011
People v. Suarez green
ny · 2005
1 sentence

2007The Court of Appeals remitted this matter to this Court ( 6 NY3d 202 [2005]) for consideration of the appropriate remedy after reversing defendant’s conviction for depraved indifference murder (Penal Law § 125.25 [2]) on the grounds that it was error to submit that count to the jury since the evidence was legally insufficient to support it.

12007–2007
People v. Beirati neutral
nysupct · 1987
1 sentence

2005However, this court has found one New York case from Bronx County that interpreted the statutory phrase the “same conduct charged.” People v Beirati ( 136 Misc 2d 959 [Sup Ct, Bronx County 1987]), interpreted CPL 270.20 (1) (e), a section of the CPL which prescribes one of the grounds for a challenge “for cause” of a prospective juror for a criminal case involving charges by way of indictment in superior court, not by way of an information.

12005–2005
Saulpaugh v. Krafte green
nyappdiv · 2004
1 sentence

2005Many of these cases, as reflected in the decisions, involve issues of medical causation, such as birth defects (Lewin v County of Suffolk, 18 AD3d 621 [2d Dept 2005]; Del Maestro v Grecco, 16 AD3d 364 [2d Dept 2005]; Saulpaugh v Krafte, 5 AD3d 934 [3d Dept 2004]; Lara v New York City Health & Hosps.

12005–2005
Del Maestro v. Grecco green
nyappdiv · 2005
1 sentence

2005Many of these cases, as reflected in the decisions, involve issues of medical causation, such as birth defects (Lewin v County of Suffolk, 18 AD3d 621 [2d Dept 2005]; Del Maestro v Grecco, 16 AD3d 364 [2d Dept 2005]; Saulpaugh v Krafte, 5 AD3d 934 [3d Dept 2004]; Lara v New York City Health & Hosps.

12005–2005
Lewin v. County of Suffolk green
nyappdiv · 2005
1 sentence

2005Many of these cases, as reflected in the decisions, involve issues of medical causation, such as birth defects (Lewin v County of Suffolk, 18 AD3d 621 [2d Dept 2005]; Del Maestro v Grecco, 16 AD3d 364 [2d Dept 2005]; Saulpaugh v Krafte, 5 AD3d 934 [3d Dept 2004]; Lara v New York City Health & Hosps.

12005–2005
Block v. Magee green
nyappdiv · 1989
1 sentence

1998The exception to the requirement that issues must be preserved for appellate review applies only where the issue is one of law which appears on the face of the record and which could not have been avoided if raised at the proper juncture (see, Libeson v Copy Realty Corp., 167 AD2d 376 ; Block v Ma-gee, 146 AD2d 730 ).

11998–1998
Libeson v. Copy Realty Corp. green
nyappdiv · 1990
1 sentence

1998The exception to the requirement that issues must be preserved for appellate review applies only where the issue is one of law which appears on the face of the record and which could not have been avoided if raised at the proper juncture (see, Libeson v Copy Realty Corp., 167 AD2d 376 ; Block v Ma-gee, 146 AD2d 730 ).

11998–1998
People v. McNair green
nyappdiv · 1992
1 sentence

1994Furthermore, defendant was afforded a reasonable opportunity to present the grounds for his challenge to the plea and his request for an adjournment and neither further inquiry nor an evidentiary hearing was required (see, People v Frederick, 45 NY2d 520, 525 ; People v McNair [appeal No. 1], 186 AD2d 1089 , lv denied 80 NY2d 1028 ).

11994–1994
People v. Frederick green
ny · 1978
1 sentence

1994Furthermore, defendant was afforded a reasonable opportunity to present the grounds for his challenge to the plea and his request for an adjournment and neither further inquiry nor an evidentiary hearing was required (see, People v Frederick, 45 NY2d 520, 525 ; People v McNair [appeal No. 1], 186 AD2d 1089 , lv denied 80 NY2d 1028 ).

11994–1994
People v. Turaine green
ny · 1991
11993–1993
People v. Sloan green
ny · 1992
11993–1993
McCarter v. Allstate Insurance green
nyappdiv · 1976
1 sentence

1993(Matter of Stevens & Co. [Rytex Corp.], 34 NY2d 123 ; Matter of Namdar v Mirzoeff, supra, 161 AD2d 348 ; Matter of Sterling Cheek v Chubb & Son, 70 AD2d 622 ; Palmieri v Insurance Co., 67 AD2d 967 ; Matter of Lebow [Bogner-Seitel Realty], 55 AD2d 695 ; cf., Matter of Catalyst Waste-to-Energy Corp. [City of Long Beach], supra, 164 AD2d 817 , where the aggrieved party preserved his claim by timely objection.) Admittedly, all the aforementioned cases involved situations where the complaining parties’ conduct was passive.

11993–1993
Palmieri v. Insurance Co. of North America neutral
nyappdiv · 1979
11993–1993
Sterling Cheek v. Chubb & Son, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1979
1 sentence

1993(Matter of Stevens & Co. [Rytex Corp.], 34 NY2d 123 ; Matter of Namdar v Mirzoeff, supra, 161 AD2d 348 ; Matter of Sterling Cheek v Chubb & Son, 70 AD2d 622 ; Palmieri v Insurance Co., 67 AD2d 967 ; Matter of Lebow [Bogner-Seitel Realty], 55 AD2d 695 ; cf., Matter of Catalyst Waste-to-Energy Corp. [City of Long Beach], supra, 164 AD2d 817 , where the aggrieved party preserved his claim by timely objection.) Admittedly, all the aforementioned cases involved situations where the complaining parties’ conduct was passive.

11993–1993
In Re Arbitration Between J. P. Stevens & Co. & Rytex Corp. green
ny · 1974
11993–1993
In re the Arbitration Between Namdar & Mirzoeff green
nyappdiv · 1990
11993–1993
In re the Arbitration between Catalyst Waste-to-Energy Corp. & City of Long Beach green
nyappdiv · 1990
11993–1993
People v. Ciaccio green
ny · 1979
11993–1993
People v. Ranghelle green
ny · 1986
11992–1992
People v. Lonergan green
nyappdiv · 1981
11991–1991
Eveready Insurance v. Asante neutral
nyappdiv · 1989
11991–1991
Whittington v. Rectors of the Church of Advent green
nyappdiv · 1976
11990–1990
First City Division of Chase Lincoln First Bank v. Vitale green
nyappdiv · 1987
11990–1990
D'Alessio v. Nabisco, Inc. neutral
nyappdiv · 1986
11990–1990
People v. Bessard green
nyappdiv · 1989
11989–1989
Duren v. Missouri green
scotus · 1979
11989–1989
People v. Mines neutral
nyappdiv · 1972
11987–1987
People v. Albright green
nyappdiv · 1984
11987–1987
People v. Decesare green
nyappdiv · 1985
11987–1987
Jones v. Commonwealth green
mass · 1980
11987–1987
Sclafani v. United States green
scotus · 1973
11987–1987
People v. Santiago neutral
ny · 1964
11987–1987
People v. Vidal green
ny · 1970
11987–1987
Goldstein v. Bartlett green
nysupct · 1978
11985–1985

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Penal Law § 140.25 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 221 (1882–2026) LA 173 (1911–2026) OH 100 (1876–2026) CA 75 (1863–2026) PA 69 (1905–2024) NC 62 (1886–2026) NY 62 (1851–2026) IL 53 (1908–2026) AL 49 (1881–2015) VA 49 (1912–2025) GA 42 (1888–2024) ID 40 (1916–2025) MO 40 (1894–2018) FL 36 (1901–2026) MI 28 (1921–2025) MN 26 (1916–2025) IN 25 (1873–2018) CT 23 (1896–2014) IA 22 (1899–2021) OR 22 (1892–2022) WI 21 (1885–2024) OK 18 (1910–2009) WV 18 (1890–2016) WA 18 (1904–2020) MD 16 (1945–2025) KY 16 (1921–2025) MT 14 (1923–2022) SC 14 (1924–2024) KS 14 (1896–2018) CO 14 (1899–2025) MA 13 (1975–2024) MS 13 (1925–2008) VT 12 (1911–2026) NJ 11 (1895–2025) AR 10 (1894–2014) ND 9 (1890–2000) TN 8 (1951–2019) DE 8 (1964–2024) NM 8 (1971–2025) AZ 8 (1956–2020) RI 8 (1985–2014) HI 7 (1943–2026) DC 7 (1978–2012) UT 6 (1898–2009) WY 5 (1900–2020) NH 5 (1964–2020) NE 5 (1911–1999) AK 4 (1984–1998) NV 4 (1867–1983) SD 3 (1894–1905) PR 2 (1928–1942) ME 2 (1947–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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