first time hearing (California) · Go Syfert
← California issues

first time hearing in California

53 California opinions name it 3 courts 1898–2026 22 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (34)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheelergreen
cal · 2014 · cited in 3 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2023
2 sentences

2023To the extent that in doing so defendants have raised only a new constitutional ‘gloss’ on claims preserved below, that new 11 aspect of the claims is not forfeited.” (People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 364 (Bryant).) In this context, giving such a liberal interpretation to a defendant’s objections below is consistent with our high court’s description of a court’s “imperative task . . . to condemn any violation of th[e] prohibition” against cruel or unusual punishment as our “duty” and “responsibility.” (In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410 , 414–415 (Lynch).) Here, Roberts’

2019To the extent that in doing so she has "raised only a new constitutional 'gloss' " on a claim preserved below, that new aspect of the claim is not forfeited. ( People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335 , 364, 178 Cal.Rptr.3d 185 , 334 P.3d 573 ( Bryant, Smith and Wheeler ).) At the same time, " '[n]o separate constitutional discussion is required, or provided, when rejection of a claim on the merits necessarily leads to rejection of [the] constitutional theory....' " ( Ibid . ) b.

23
People v. Samayoagreen
cal · 1997 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026The court did not “exclude” the messages as it was never asked to admit them. “[T]he absence of an adverse ruling precludes any appellate challenge.” (People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 837 [“defendant never sought to introduce evidence that assertedly would have been excluded under the prosecution’s [in limine] memorandum, and hence the trial court was never required to rule upon the scope of admissible expert testimony relating to defendant’s state of mind”].) 48 The first time the defense identified these messages by date and presented them to the court was in connection with Weinstei

11
Rosenthal v. Great Western Financial Securities Corp.green
cal · 1996 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024(See Rosenthal, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 414 [explaining that it may be an abuse of discretion to deny an evidentiary hearing where the enforceability of an arbitration agreement depends upon which of two “sharply conflicting factual accounts is to be believed” and credibility is at issue, as is common with allegations of fraud].) And “[t]here is simply no authority for the proposition that a trial court necessarily abuses its discretion, in a motion proceeding, by resolving evidentiary conflicts without hearing live testimony.” (Ibid.) As for Fusion’s request to submit new evidence, Fusion did

11
Samaniego v. Empire Today, LLCgreen
calctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024(See, e.g., Samaniego v. Empire Today LLC (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1146 [trial court acted within its discretion by denying leave to file reply declarations on the day of the hearing for a petition to compel arbitration]; Choi v. Sagemark Consulting (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 308, 320-322 [trial court acted within its discretion in refusing to consider evidence proffered on day of summary judgment hearing].) On this record, we discern no abuse of discretion.

11
Choi v. Sagemark Consultinggreen
calctapp5d · 2017 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024(See, e.g., Samaniego v. Empire Today LLC (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1138, 1146 [trial court acted within its discretion by denying leave to file reply declarations on the day of the hearing for a petition to compel arbitration]; Choi v. Sagemark Consulting (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 308, 320-322 [trial court acted within its discretion in refusing to consider evidence proffered on day of summary judgment hearing].) On this record, we discern no abuse of discretion.

11
Amin v. Khazindargreen
calctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Proc., § 704.720; Amin v. Khazindar (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 582, 588 (Amin).) An automatic homestead exception applies when “‘a party has continuously resided in a dwelling from the time that a creditors’ lien attaches until a court’s determination in the forced sale process that the exemption does not apply.’ [Citations.]” (Ibid.) Robert did not raise the homestead exemption in his pleadings and raised the issue for the first time at the hearing on Mary’s request for order.

11
People v. Bakergreen
cal · 2021 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022“First, the party objecting to the strike must establish a prima facie case by showing facts sufficient to support an inference of discriminatory purpose. [Citation.] Second, if the objector succeeds in establishing a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the proponent of the strike to offer a permissible, nonbiased justification for the strike. [Citation.] Finally, if the proponent does offer a nonbiased justification, the trial court must decide whether that justification is genuine or instead whether impermissible discrimination in fact motivated the strike.” (People v. Reed (2018) 4 Cal.5

11
Jacobs v. Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Co.green
calctapp5d · 2017 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(See, e.g., Jacobs v. Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Co. (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 438, 444 [“‘[T]he scope of the issues to be properly addressed in [a] summary judgment motion’ is generally ‘limited 12 to the claims framed by the pleadings. [Citation.] A moving party seeking summary judgment or adjudication is not required to go beyond the allegations of the pleading, with respect to new theories that could have been pled, but for which no motion to amend or supplement the pleading was brought, prior to the hearing on the dispositive motion’”]; Comunidad en Accion v. Los Angeles City Counc

11
Comunidad en Accion v. Los Angeles City Councilgreen
calctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(See, e.g., Jacobs v. Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Co. (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 438, 444 [“‘[T]he scope of the issues to be properly addressed in [a] summary judgment motion’ is generally ‘limited 12 to the claims framed by the pleadings. [Citation.] A moving party seeking summary judgment or adjudication is not required to go beyond the allegations of the pleading, with respect to new theories that could have been pled, but for which no motion to amend or supplement the pleading was brought, prior to the hearing on the dispositive motion’”]; Comunidad en Accion v. Los Angeles City Counc

11
Murray & Murray v. Raissi Real Estate Development, LLCgreen
calctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(See Murray & Murray v. Raissi Real Estate Development, LLC (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 379, 383-384, 389, fn. 2 [explaining an argument “raised for the first time at the hearing on its motion . . . absent good cause . . . is unfair to opposing counsel and, in most circumstances, should not be condoned”].) The Grosmans’ contention they raised the additional legal issues or damage claims in their motion for reconsideration lacks merit.

11
Bergstein v. Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLPgreen
calctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Lavan LLP (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 793, 810 [had defendants disputed any element of aiding and abetting claim, “no conclusion could be drawn, as a matter of law, that their conduct was illegal”].) 14 Irrespective of the timeliness or propriety of the City’s request to partially strike the complaint, we find there was no basis for the trial court to strike the extortion allegations.

11
Higgins v. Del Farogreen
calctapp · 1981 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
People v. Yeomangreen
cal · 2003 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
People v. Delacygreen
calctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal.4th 93, 118 [it is a well- established principle that a reviewing court may consider for the first time a claim raising a pure question of law on undisputed facts]; People v. Delacy (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 1481, 1493 [defendant did not forfeit an equal protection challenge to a statute by failing to raise it in the trial court].) 8 3.

11
Swain v. Swain (In re Swain)green
calctapp5d · 2018 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Tingley v. Times Mirror Co.green
· 1907 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
In Re Stephanie M.green
cal · 1994 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Jenningsgreen
cal · 2010 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Combsgreen
cal · 2004 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
In Re Aaron R.green
calctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Stanislaus County Department of Social Services v. Noeline P.green
calctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Steve J. v. Superior Courtgreen
calctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
In Re Cicely L.green
calctapp · 1994 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
People v. Smithgreen
cal · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Tuchscher Development Enterprises, Inc. v. San Diego Unified Port Districtgreen
calctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
In Re the Marriage of Smithgreen
calctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Stanton v. Stantongreen
calctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Baldwin v. Home Savings of Americagreen
calctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
C.J.L. Construction, Inc. v. Universal Plumbinggreen
calctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
People v. Overstreetgreen
cal · 1986 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
In Re Atilesgreen
cal · 1983 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
People v. Martingreen
cal · 1970 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
Williams v. Rhodesgreen
scotus · 1968 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1970–1970
11
Gilbert v. Californiagreen
scotus · 1967 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1970–1970
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (46)

CaseCitedYears
580 Folsom Associates v. Prometheus Development Co. green
calctapp · 1990
2 sentences

2022The law is well settled that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a request for leave to amend made for the first time at the hearing on summary judgment. (580 Folsom Assocs. v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18 ; Shugart v. Regents of University of California (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 499, 508 ; Leibert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1693, 1699 .) North American’s argument that the court abused its discretion because that late request was preceded by a successful demurrer is ostensibly an end run around the rule that requires amendments t

2021This is why courts consistently hold that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a request for leave to amend made for the first time at the hearing on a motion for summary judgment. (580 Folsom Assocs. v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18 ; Shugart v. Regents of University of California (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 499, 508 ; Liebert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1693, 1699 ; Knapp v. Doherty (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 76, 90 ; Distefano v. Forester (2001) 85 Cal.App.4th 1249, 1264-1265 ; cf. Higgins v. Del Faro (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 558, 564 [al

42021–2022
Leibert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. green
calctapp · 1995
2 sentences

2022The law is well settled that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a request for leave to amend made for the first time at the hearing on summary judgment. (580 Folsom Assocs. v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18 ; Shugart v. Regents of University of California (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 499, 508 ; Leibert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1693, 1699 .) North American’s argument that the court abused its discretion because that late request was preceded by a successful demurrer is ostensibly an end run around the rule that requires amendments t

2021This is why courts consistently hold that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a request for leave to amend made for the first time at the hearing on a motion for summary judgment. (580 Folsom Assocs. v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18 ; Shugart v. Regents of University of California (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 499, 508 ; Liebert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1693, 1699 ; Knapp v. Doherty (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 76, 90 ; Distefano v. Forester (2001) 85 Cal.App.4th 1249, 1264-1265 ; cf. Higgins v. Del Faro (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 558, 564 [al

32021–2022
Shugart v. Regents of University of California green
calctapp · 2011
2 sentences

2022The law is well settled that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a request for leave to amend made for the first time at the hearing on summary judgment. (580 Folsom Assocs. v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18 ; Shugart v. Regents of University of California (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 499, 508 ; Leibert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1693, 1699 .) North American’s argument that the court abused its discretion because that late request was preceded by a successful demurrer is ostensibly an end run around the rule that requires amendments t

2021This is why courts consistently hold that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a request for leave to amend made for the first time at the hearing on a motion for summary judgment. (580 Folsom Assocs. v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18 ; Shugart v. Regents of University of California (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 499, 508 ; Liebert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1693, 1699 ; Knapp v. Doherty (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 76, 90 ; Distefano v. Forester (2001) 85 Cal.App.4th 1249, 1264-1265 ; cf. Higgins v. Del Faro (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 558, 564 [al

32021–2022
Travis v. County of Santa Cruz green
cal · 2004
2 sentences

2022“In a facial challenge to a zoning ordinance based on preexisting statutes or the Constitution, plaintiffs are limited, under section 65009, subdivision (c)(1)(B), to 90 days from the ordinance’s adoption, which is the first time such a challenge could be brought.” (Travis, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 774 , first italics added.) “When the challenge is instead based on a later enacted state statute, the limitations period (under Code Civ.

2008As the Travis court explained, that provision—which governs an action to enforce a statutory obligation—“runs . . . from the first time the challenge could [have been] brought . . . .” ( 33 Cal.4th at p. 774 .) In this case, the complaint alleges that the City could not meet its obligations under the Regional Housing Needs Allocation in April 2006.

22008–2022
Falcon v. Long Beach Genetics, Inc. green
calctapp · 2014
2 sentences

2021(Falcon, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 1280 .) This is particularly so where, as here, the party seeking leave to amend has proffered no reason for waiting until the hearing itself to so request.

2021(Falcon v. Long Beach Genetics, Inc. (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 1263 , 1280- 1281; 580 Folsom Associates v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1 , 13 By asserting that the trial court treated the motion as one for judgment on the pleadings, it appears that plaintiffs hope to take advantage of the “‘great liberality . . . used in allowing amendments’” to pleadings in response to a motion for judgement on the pleadings.

22021–2021
Mueller v. Department of Motor Vehicles green
calctapp · 1985
1 sentence

2026That procedure includes holding an APS hearing at the request of the licensee. (§§ 13353, subd. (e); 13558.) For a first-time violation of sections 23140, 23152, and 23153, a 6 person’s refusal to submit to chemical testing under section 23612 subjects them to a driver’s license suspension “for a period of one year.” (§ 13353, subd. (a)(1).) “An essential condition to the application of Vehicle Code section 13353 is that the suspect be lawfully arrested on probable cause to believe that he was driving a motor vehicle under the influence of an alcoholic beverage.” (Mueller v. Department of Moto

12026–2026
Dutton v. Interstate Investment Corp. green
cal · 1941
1 sentence

2026Corp. (1941) 19 Cal.2d 65, 70 .) This argument is forfeited as untimely.

12026–2026
Hearn v. Howard green
calctapp · 2009
1 sentence

2025Addressing itself to the ground on which the motion had been made—mistake—the court cited Hearn v. Howard (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 1193 , 1206 for the proposition that: “ ‘[m]istake is not a ground for relief under section 473, subdivision (b), when “the court finds that the ‘mistake’ is simply the result of professional incompetence, general ignorance of the law, or unjustifiable negligence in discovering the law[.]” ’ ” And then it concluded: “[T]his is precisely what we have here.” Addressing itself to the topic of promptness, the court said: “[T]he People did not act promptly after learning

12025–2025
City of Santa Barbara v. Superior Court green
cal · 2007
1 sentence

2025Trial Court’s Decision The trial court overruled plaintiff’s evidentiary objections, sustained defendants’ evidentiary objections, and granted defendants’ motion on the ground there were no triable issues of fact “as to the first, second and third causes of action based upon Plaintiff having signed a pre-event waiver and release of liability agreement on June 9, 2018.” The court determined “the language of the release is not limited to racing, or the operation of a motor vehicle as contended by Plaintiff.” The court stated the release’s language was “clear and unequivocal and is broad in scope

12025–2025
Raceway Ford Cases green
cal · 2016
1 sentence

2025“We generally do not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief” (Raceway Ford Cases (2016) 2 Cal.5th 161, 178 ), 18 K&R also assert that they were unable to calculate any damages because the Javaheris managed the joint venture and failed to provide K&R with accounting information.

12025–2025
Rancho Mirage Country Club Homeowners Ass'n v. Hazelbaker green
calctapp · 2016
1 sentence

2024(See Mackey v. Trustees of California State University, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 657 ; Rancho Mirage Country Club Homeowners Assn. v. Hazelbaker (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 252, 262 ; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1300(d).) In a variety of contexts, including in proceedings to compel arbitration, trial courts have acted within their discretion in refusing to consider materials offered for the first time at the hearing on the motion.

12024–2024
Mackey v. Bd. of Trs. of the Cal. State Univ. green
calctapp5d · 2019
1 sentence

2024(See Mackey v. Trustees of California State University, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 657 ; Rancho Mirage Country Club Homeowners Assn. v. Hazelbaker (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 252, 262 ; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1300(d).) In a variety of contexts, including in proceedings to compel arbitration, trial courts have acted within their discretion in refusing to consider materials offered for the first time at the hearing on the motion.

12024–2024
In Re Lynch red
cal · 1972
1 sentence

2023To the extent that in doing so defendants have raised only a new constitutional ‘gloss’ on claims preserved below, that new 11 aspect of the claims is not forfeited.” (People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 364 (Bryant).) In this context, giving such a liberal interpretation to a defendant’s objections below is consistent with our high court’s description of a court’s “imperative task . . . to condemn any violation of th[e] prohibition” against cruel or unusual punishment as our “duty” and “responsibility.” (In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410 , 414–415 (Lynch).) Here, Roberts’

12023–2023
People v. Jenkins green
cal · 2000
1 sentence

2023Under section 745, a defendant must “make[ ] a prima facie showing of a violation of subdivision (a).” (§ 745, subd. (c).) If he succeeds in doing so, the trial court must hold an evidentiary hearing. (§ 745, subd. (c)(1).) A first-time claim under section 745 would therefore be “ ‘dependent upon evidence and matters not reflected in the record on appeal,’ ” violating the rule that an appellate court’s “ ‘review on direct appeal is limited to the appellate record.’ ” (People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 952 .) We also observe that by seeking relief under subdivision (e) of section 745 on

12023–2023
People v. Trujillo green
cal · 2015
1 sentence

2023(People v. Trujillo (2015) 60 Cal.4th 850, 856 .) Notwithstanding the People’s procedural objections, we elect to reach the merits of Frazier’s appeal.

12023–2023
People v. Reed green
cal · 2018
1 sentence

2022“First, the party objecting to the strike must establish a prima facie case by showing facts sufficient to support an inference of discriminatory purpose. [Citation.] Second, if the objector succeeds in establishing a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the proponent of the strike to offer a permissible, nonbiased justification for the strike. [Citation.] Finally, if the proponent does offer a nonbiased justification, the trial court must decide whether that justification is genuine or instead whether impermissible discrimination in fact motivated the strike.” (People v. Reed (2018) 4 Cal.5

12022–2022
Blazevich v. State Board green
calctapp · 1987
1 sentence

2022(Blazevich, supra, 191 Cal.App.3d at p. 1125 .) Thus, we reject his contention that the superior court erred by failing to apply an independent judgment standard of review or to “admit” new evidence for the first time at the hearing. 5 person seeking compensation has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. (§ 13959, subd. (c).) First and foremost, the loss must be “verif[ied]” by the applicant’s treating health care provider, who “shall” include a “certification that the disability resulted directly from the qualifying crime.” (Cal. Code.

12022–2022
Knapp v. Doherty green
calctapp · 2004
1 sentence

2021This is why courts consistently hold that a trial court does not abuse its discretion in denying a request for leave to amend made for the first time at the hearing on a motion for summary judgment. (580 Folsom Assocs. v. Prometheus Development Co. (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 1, 18 ; Shugart v. Regents of University of California (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 499, 508 ; Liebert v. Transworld Systems, Inc. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1693, 1699 ; Knapp v. Doherty (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 76, 90 ; Distefano v. Forester (2001) 85 Cal.App.4th 1249, 1264-1265 ; cf. Higgins v. Del Faro (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 558, 564 [al

12021–2021
Distefano v. Forester green
calctapp · 2001
12021–2021
Melican v. Regents of the University of California green
calctapp · 2007
12021–2021
Oxford Preparatory Acad. v. Edlighten Learning Solutions green
calctapp5d · 2019
12021–2021
People v. Doyle green
calctapp · 2013
12020–2020
People v. Baez green
calctapp · 2008
12020–2020
People v. Guillen green
calctapp · 2013
12020–2020
People v. Valdez green
cal · 2012
12019–2019
Davaloo v. State Farm Insurance green
calctapp · 2005
12017–2017
Buckley v. Corey green
calctapp · 1964
12016–2016
Juge v. County of Sacramento green
calctapp · 1993
12014–2014
People v. Delgado green
cal · 1993
12014–2014
Ritchie v. Konrad green
calctapp · 2004
12013–2013
Punsly v. Ho green
calctapp · 2003
12009–2009
Hammond v. Agran green
calctapp · 2002
12009–2009
Christward Ministry v. County of San Diego green
calctapp · 1993
12009–2009
Progressive West Insurance v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 2005
12007–2007
Sapiano v. Williamsburg National Insurance green
calctapp · 1994
12007–2007
Chase v. National Indemnity Co. green
calctapp · 1954
12007–2007
Finnell v. Jas. H. Goodman & Co. Bank green
cal · 1909
12007–2007
People v. Bruner green
cal · 1995
12004–2004
Wozniak v. Galati green
arizctapp · 2001
12003–2003
Keithley v. Civil Service Board green
calctapp · 1970
12000–2000

Where else courts name it

CA 53 (1898–2026) IL 42 (1878–2026) PA 29 (1958–2025) NY 26 (1888–2023) FL 24 (1937–2026) MA 18 (1893–2024) TX 16 (1957–2025) OH 15 (1950–2025) GA 14 (1901–2017) CO 8 (1984–2026) MO 8 (1908–2021) DE 7 (2019–2024) WA 7 (1972–2019) MS 7 (1982–2021) LA 6 (1893–2018) NJ 6 (1958–2025) NC 6 (1923–2025) SC 6 (1927–2024) MI 6 (1876–2026) NM 6 (1974–2021) MD 6 (1967–1988) UT 6 (2002–2022) IA 5 (1883–2026) OR 5 (1908–1999) AL 5 (1852–2014) OK 5 (1903–2023) VA 5 (1959–2024) CT 4 (1989–2017) AR 4 (1922–1983) AK 4 (1996–2026) MN 4 (1960–2016) ME 3 (1988–2008) NV 3 (1970–2014) KY 3 (1966–2025) WV 3 (2010–2014) IN 3 (1996–2024) KS 3 (1995–2019) ND 2 (1912–1995) AZ 2 (1991–2018) ID 2 (1991–2012) WI 2 (1992–2012) TN 2 (2011–2012) HI 2 (1907–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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