prompt hearing (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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prompt hearing in Connecticut

46 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1971–2026 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

CaseFollowedCited
Sullivan v. Lazzarigreen
connappct · 2012 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2013–2025
2 sentences

2025Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. Stevens, supra, 209 Conn. App. 575 ; see also Sullivan v. Lazzari, 135 Conn. App. 831 , 836 n.5, 43 A.3d 750 (relief available in summary process 0, 0 CONNECTICUT LAW JOURNAL Page 11 0 Conn. App. 1 ,0 13 Housing Authority v. Cyr action is possession of premises), cert. denied, 305 Conn. 925 , 47 A.3d 884 (2012); Oxford House at Yale v. Gilligan, 125 Conn. App. 464, 471 , 10 A.3d 52 (2010) (summary process aimed at deciding simple quest

2025Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. Stevens, supra, 209 Conn. App. 575 ; see also Sullivan v. Lazzari, 135 Conn. App. 831 , 836 n.5, 43 A.3d 750 (relief available in summary process 0, 0 CONNECTICUT LAW JOURNAL Page 11 0 Conn. App. 1 ,0 13 Housing Authority v. Cyr action is possession of premises), cert. denied, 305 Conn. 925 , 47 A.3d 884 (2012); Oxford House at Yale v. Gilligan, 125 Conn. App. 464, 471 , 10 A.3d 52 (2010) (summary process aimed at deciding simple quest

13
State v. Ceballosgreen
conn · 2003 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364, 413 , 832 A.2d 14 (2003).

2010See State v. Ceballos, 266 Conn. 364, 413 , 832 A.2d 14 (2003).

11
Westberry v. Olivergreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
1 sentence

1992Roundhouse Construction Corp. v. Telesco Mason's Supply, Inc., 168 Conn. 371 , vacated, 423 U.S. 809 (1975), on remand, 170 Conn. 155 , cert. den. 429 U.S. 889 1976), holds that constitutional due process requires notice and a prompt hearing must be accorded persons affected by mechanic's liens.

11
Bricklin v. Stengol Corp.green
conn · 1984 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
Filipetti v. Filipettigreen
conn · 1984 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
Flynn v. Town of Newingtongreen
connappct · 1984 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
Webb v. Amblergreen
conn · 1939 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (33)

CaseCitedYears
Young v. Young green
conn · 1999
2 sentences

2008Summary process statutes secure a prompt hearing and final determination.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Young v. Young, 249 Conn. 482, 487 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999). “[Summary process] is preceded by giving the statutorily required notice to quit possession to the tenant. . . .

2008Summary process statutes secure a prompt hearing and final determination.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Young v. Young, 249 Conn. 482, 487 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999). “[Summary process] is preceded by giving the statutorily required notice to quit possession to the tenant. . . .

142001–2026
Bayer v. Showmotion, Inc. green
conn · 2009
2 sentences

2022Therefore, the statutes relating to summary pro- cess must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bayer v. Showmo- tion, Inc., 292 Conn. 381, 388 , 973 A.2d 1229 (2009). ‘‘Pursuant to § 47a-15, before a landlord may proceed with a summary process action, except in those situa- tions specifically excluded, the landlord must first deliver a [pretermination] notice to the tenant speci- fying the alleged violations . . . .’’ (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Josephine Towers, L.P. v. Kelly, 199 Conn. App. 829, 836 , 238 A.3d 732 , cert.

2022Therefore, the statutes relating to summary pro- cess must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bayer v. Showmo- tion, Inc., 292 Conn. 381, 388 , 973 A.2d 1229 (2009). ‘‘Pursuant to § 47a-15, before a landlord may proceed with a summary process action, except in those situa- tions specifically excluded, the landlord must first deliver a [pretermination] notice to the tenant speci- fying the alleged violations . . . .’’ (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Josephine Towers, L.P. v. Kelly, 199 Conn. App. 829, 836 , 238 A.3d 732 , cert.

42011–2022
HOUSING AUTH. OF CITY OF NEW HAVEN v. DeRoche green
connappct · 2009
2 sentences

2017Therefore, the statutes relating to *498 summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed. "[B]efore a landlord may pursue its statutory remedy of summary process, the landlord must prove compliance with all of the applicable preconditions set by state and federal law for the termination of the lease." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. DeRoche , 112 Conn.App. 355 , 361-62, 962 A.2d 904 (2009).

2017Therefore, the statutes relating to *498 summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed. "[B]efore a landlord may pursue its statutory remedy of summary process, the landlord must prove compliance with all of the applicable preconditions set by state and federal law for the termination of the lease." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. DeRoche , 112 Conn.App. 355 , 361-62, 962 A.2d 904 (2009).

32010–2017
Todd v. LaMar neutral
connappct · 1971
2 sentences

2001"Summary process statutes `secure a prompt hearing and final determination.' CT Page 11783 Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed." Young v. Young , 249 Conn. 482 , 488 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999) citing: Todd v. LaMar , 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 528, 529 , 277 A.2d 724 (1971) and HUD/Barbour-Waverly v. Wilson , 235 Conn. 650 , 658 , 668 A.2d 1309 (1995).

1976"The course of procedure provided by our summary process statutes ( 52-532 through 52-549) clearly shows that their purpose is to secure a prompt hearing and final determination." Id., 529 .

31973–2001
Housing Authority v. Stevens green
connappct · 2022
2 sentences

2026Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be nar- rowly construed and strictly followed.” (Internal quota- tion marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. Stevens, 209 Conn. App. 569, 575 , 267 A.3d 927 , cert. denied, 343 Conn. 907 , 273 A.3d 234 (2022).

2025Therefore, the statutes relat- ing to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. Stevens, 209 Conn. App. 569, 575 , 267 A.3d 927 , cert. denied, 343 Conn. 907 , 273 A.3d 234 (2022); see also St.

22025–2026
City of Bristol v. Ocean State Job Lot Stores of Connecticut, Inc. green
conn · 2007
2 sentences

2013Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 5-6 .

2012Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Bristol v. Ocean State Job Lot Stores of Connecticut, Inc., 284 Conn. 1, 5-6 , 931 A.2d 837 (2007).

22012–2013
Lowe v. Wasley Buick Oldsmobile, Inc. neutral
connappct · 1971
2 sentences

2001"Summary process statutes `secure a prompt hearing and final determination.' CT Page 11783 Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed." Young v. Young , 249 Conn. 482 , 488 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999) citing: Todd v. LaMar , 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 528, 529 , 277 A.2d 724 (1971) and HUD/Barbour-Waverly v. Wilson , 235 Conn. 650 , 658 , 668 A.2d 1309 (1995).

1999Summary process statutes “secure a prompt hearing and final determination.” Todd v. LaMar, 6 Conn Cir. Ct. 528, 529, 277 A.2d 724 (1971); Henry Knox Sherrill Corp. v. Randall, 33 Conn. Sup. 522 , 358 A.2d 159 (1976).

21999–2001
Fermont Division v. Smith green
conn · 1979
2 sentences

1993Fermont Division v. Smith, supra 397-398 .

1991Fermont Division v. Smith, supra 397-398 .

21991–1993
Roundhouse Construction Corporation v. Telesco Masons Supplies Co. green
conn · 1975
2 sentences

1992Roundhouse Construction Corp. v. Telesco Mason's Supply, Inc., 168 Conn. 371 , vacated, 423 U.S. 809 (1975), on remand, 170 Conn. 155 , cert. den. 429 U.S. 889 1976), holds that constitutional due process requires notice and a prompt hearing must be accorded persons affected by mechanic's liens.

1991Moreover, our Supreme Court in Roundhouse took into account the remedial intent of the mechanic's lien law ( 168 Conn. at page 385 ) and still found that the high interest in protecting such lienor's right could not supersede the constitutional right to a hearing at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner by those affected by the lien.

21991–1992
Oxford House at Yale v. Gilligan green
connappct · 2010
1 sentence

2025Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. Stevens, supra, 209 Conn. App. 575 ; see also Sullivan v. Lazzari, 135 Conn. App. 831 , 836 n.5, 43 A.3d 750 (relief available in summary process 0, 0 CONNECTICUT LAW JOURNAL Page 11 0 Conn. App. 1 ,0 13 Housing Authority v. Cyr action is possession of premises), cert. denied, 305 Conn. 925 , 47 A.3d 884 (2012); Oxford House at Yale v. Gilligan, 125 Conn. App. 464, 471 , 10 A.3d 52 (2010) (summary process aimed at deciding simple quest

12025–2025
Sethi v. YAGILDERE green
connappct · 2010
1 sentence

2025Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Housing Authority v. Stevens, supra, 209 Conn. App. 575 ; see also Sullivan v. Lazzari, 135 Conn. App. 831 , 836 n.5, 43 A.3d 750 (relief available in summary process 0, 0 CONNECTICUT LAW JOURNAL Page 11 0 Conn. App. 1 ,0 13 Housing Authority v. Cyr action is possession of premises), cert. denied, 305 Conn. 925 , 47 A.3d 884 (2012); Oxford House at Yale v. Gilligan, 125 Conn. App. 464, 471 , 10 A.3d 52 (2010) (summary process aimed at deciding simple quest

12025–2025
Josephine Towers, L.P. v. Kelly green
connappct · 2020
1 sentence

2022Therefore, the statutes relating to summary pro- cess must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bayer v. Showmo- tion, Inc., 292 Conn. 381, 388 , 973 A.2d 1229 (2009). ‘‘Pursuant to § 47a-15, before a landlord may proceed with a summary process action, except in those situa- tions specifically excluded, the landlord must first deliver a [pretermination] notice to the tenant speci- fying the alleged violations . . . .’’ (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Josephine Towers, L.P. v. Kelly, 199 Conn. App. 829, 836 , 238 A.3d 732 , cert.

12022–2022
Kukanskis v. Griffith green
conn · 1980
2 sentences

2022In fact, the constitutional right to a prompt hearing on a motion to discharge a notice of lis pendens was not recognized by our Supreme Court until its decision in Kukanskis v. Griffith, 180 Conn. 501 , 430 A.2d 21 (1980), which was decided seven years after Preved- ini.12 Finally, in Prevedini, the only issue on appeal was the court’s stay order.

2022In fact, the constitutional right to a prompt hearing on a motion to discharge a notice of lis pendens was not recognized by our Supreme Court until its decision in Kukanskis v. Griffith, 180 Conn. 501 , 430 A.2d 21 (1980), which was decided seven years after Preved- ini.12 Finally, in Prevedini, the only issue on appeal was the court’s stay order.

12022–2022
US BANK NAT. ASS'N v. Karl neutral
connappct · 2011
1 sentence

2021Therefore, the statutes relating to summary pro- cess must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) U.S. Bank National Assn. v. Karl, 128 Conn. App. 805 , 808–809, 18 A.3d 685 , cert. denied, 302 Conn. 909 , 23 A.3d 1249 (2011).

12021–2021
U.S. Bank National Ass'n v. Karl neutral
connappct · 2011
1 sentence

2021Therefore, the statutes relating to summary pro- cess must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) U.S. Bank National Assn. v. Karl, 128 Conn. App. 805 , 808–809, 18 A.3d 685 , cert. denied, 302 Conn. 909 , 23 A.3d 1249 (2011).

12021–2021
LE v. Edwards green
conn · 2011
1 sentence

2021Therefore, the statutes relating to summary pro- cess must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) U.S. Bank National Assn. v. Karl, 128 Conn. App. 805 , 808–809, 18 A.3d 685 , cert. denied, 302 Conn. 909 , 23 A.3d 1249 (2011).

12021–2021
Waterbury Twin, LLC v. Renal Treatment Centers-Northeast, Inc. green
conn · 2009
2 sentences

2015Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Waterbury Twin, LLC v. Renal Treatment Centers– Northeast, Inc., 292 Conn. 459, 466 , 974 A.2d 626 (2009).

2015Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Waterbury Twin, LLC v. Renal Treatment Centers– Northeast, Inc., 292 Conn. 459, 466 , 974 A.2d 626 (2009).

12015–2015
Cumberland Farms, Inc. v. Dairy Mart, Inc. green
conn · 1993
2 sentences

2011Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) HUD/Willow Street Apartments v. Gonzalez, 68 Conn. App. 638, 642-43 , 792 A.2d 165 (2002). “[E]quitable defenses . . . implicating the right to possession are available in a summary process proceeding.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cumberland Farms, Inc. v. Dairy Mart, Inc., 225 Conn. 771, 777 , 627 A.2d 386 (1993).

2011Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) HUD/Willow Street Apartments v. Gonzalez, 68 Conn. App. 638, 642-43 , 792 A.2d 165 (2002). “[E]quitable defenses . . . implicating the right to possession are available in a summary process proceeding.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cumberland Farms, Inc. v. Dairy Mart, Inc., 225 Conn. 771, 777 , 627 A.2d 386 (1993).

12011–2011
HUD/Willow Street Apartments v. Gonzalez green
connappct · 2002
2 sentences

2011Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) HUD/Willow Street Apartments v. Gonzalez, 68 Conn. App. 638, 642-43 , 792 A.2d 165 (2002). “[E]quitable defenses . . . implicating the right to possession are available in a summary process proceeding.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cumberland Farms, Inc. v. Dairy Mart, Inc., 225 Conn. 771, 777 , 627 A.2d 386 (1993).

2011Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) HUD/Willow Street Apartments v. Gonzalez, 68 Conn. App. 638, 642-43 , 792 A.2d 165 (2002). “[E]quitable defenses . . . implicating the right to possession are available in a summary process proceeding.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Cumberland Farms, Inc. v. Dairy Mart, Inc., 225 Conn. 771, 777 , 627 A.2d 386 (1993).

12011–2011
Marrinan v. Hamer green
connappct · 1985
2 sentences

2009Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Young v. Young, 249 Conn. 482, 487-88 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999); Marrinan v. Hamer, 5 Conn. App. 101, 103 , 497 A.2d 67 (1985).

2009Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Young v. Young, 249 Conn. 482, 487-88 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999); Marrinan v. Hamer, 5 Conn. App. 101, 103 , 497 A.2d 67 (1985).

12009–2009
Hud/Barbour-Waverly v. Wilson green
conn · 1995
2 sentences

2001"Summary process statutes `secure a prompt hearing and final determination.' CT Page 11783 Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed." Young v. Young , 249 Conn. 482 , 488 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999) citing: Todd v. LaMar , 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 528, 529 , 277 A.2d 724 (1971) and HUD/Barbour-Waverly v. Wilson , 235 Conn. 650 , 658 , 668 A.2d 1309 (1995).

2001"Summary process statutes `secure a prompt hearing and final determination.' CT Page 11783 Therefore, the statutes relating to summary process must be narrowly construed and strictly followed." Young v. Young , 249 Conn. 482 , 488 , 733 A.2d 835 (1999) citing: Todd v. LaMar , 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 528, 529 , 277 A.2d 724 (1971) and HUD/Barbour-Waverly v. Wilson , 235 Conn. 650 , 658 , 668 A.2d 1309 (1995).

12001–2001
Henry Knox Sherrill Corporation v. Randall green
connsuperct · 1976
2 sentences

1999Summary process statutes “secure a prompt hearing and final determination.” Todd v. LaMar, 6 Conn Cir. Ct. 528, 529, 277 A.2d 724 (1971); Henry Knox Sherrill Corp. v. Randall, 33 Conn. Sup. 522 , 358 A.2d 159 (1976).

1999Summary process statutes “secure a prompt hearing and final determination.” Todd v. LaMar, 6 Conn Cir. Ct. 528, 529, 277 A.2d 724 (1971); Henry Knox Sherrill Corp. v. Randall, 33 Conn. Sup. 522 , 358 A.2d 159 (1976).

11999–1999
Fattibene v. Kealey green
connappct · 1989
1 sentence

1999Fattibene v. Kealey , 18 Conn. App. 344 (1999) provides the defendant with no support.

11999–1999
Southern Connecticut Gas Co. v. Housing Authority green
conn · 1983
2 sentences

1996“Under § 16-262f [a], a public service company may seek appointment of a receiver of the rents upon the ‘default of the owner, agent, lessor or manager of a residential dwelling who is billed directly . . . for utility service furnished to such building . . . .’The section requires an immediate judicial order ‘to show cause why a receiver should not be appointed,’ and a prompt hearing [within seventy-two hours], whose ‘sole purpose . . . shall be to determine whether there is [an amount] due and owing between the owner, agent, lessor, or manager and the . . . utility.’ ” Southern Connecticut G

1996“Under § 16-262f [a], a public service company may seek appointment of a receiver of the rents upon the ‘default of the owner, agent, lessor or manager of a residential dwelling who is billed directly . . . for utility service furnished to such building . . . .’The section requires an immediate judicial order ‘to show cause why a receiver should not be appointed,’ and a prompt hearing [within seventy-two hours], whose ‘sole purpose . . . shall be to determine whether there is [an amount] due and owing between the owner, agent, lessor, or manager and the . . . utility.’ ” Southern Connecticut G

11996–1996
Roundhouse Construction Corp. v. Telesco Masons Supplies Co. green
conn · 1976
1 sentence

1992Roundhouse Construction Corp. v. Telesco Mason's Supply, Inc., 168 Conn. 371 , vacated, 423 U.S. 809 (1975), on remand, 170 Conn. 155 , cert. den. 429 U.S. 889 1976), holds that constitutional due process requires notice and a prompt hearing must be accorded persons affected by mechanic's liens.

11992–1992
Travisono v. Souza green
scotus · 1975
1 sentence

1992Roundhouse Construction Corp. v. Telesco Mason's Supply, Inc., 168 Conn. 371 , vacated, 423 U.S. 809 (1975), on remand, 170 Conn. 155 , cert. den. 429 U.S. 889 1976), holds that constitutional due process requires notice and a prompt hearing must be accorded persons affected by mechanic's liens.

11992–1992
General Electric Supply Co. v. Southern New England Telephone Co. green
conn · 1981
1 sentence

1991CT Page 10320 In General Electric Supply Co. v. SNETCO, 185 Conn. 583 (1981) in which a general contractor sought to contest a subcontractor's mechanic's lien, the court, noting that the subcontractor had a year, under 49-39 , to start a foreclosure action, and that the general contractor could only obtain a hearing under 49-37 (a) after posting bond, stated, by way of dicta, that "defendants have made out a strong prima facie case that our statute may operate to deprive a general contractor of a prompt hearing. . . .

11991–1991
Hartford Electric Light Co. v. Tucker green
conn · 1981
11983–1983
Joanou v. Board of Education neutral
conn · 1974
11983–1983
Wood v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. green
scotus · 1981
11983–1983
Black v. Federal Deposit Insurance green
scotus · 1981
11983–1983
Malmstedt v. Commissioner green
scotus · 1981
11983–1983
Marsh v. Burhans green
conn · 1906
11971–1971

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-23 (20) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-15 (12) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-32 (8) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 1-2z (7) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-11 (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-9 (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-23a (5) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-35 (5) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-35a (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-15a (3) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 47a-26h (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 563 (1919–2026) OH 96 (1966–2026) NY 91 (1918–2024) CT 46 (1971–2026) IL 39 (1974–2025) PA 25 (1962–2025) FL 25 (1963–2012) CA 20 (1927–2022) AZ 17 (1973–2023) MD 17 (1961–2013) DC 16 (1974–2020) MO 15 (1940–2023) AL 14 (1978–2025) NE 12 (1979–2025) CO 11 (1965–2026) NJ 11 (1955–2026) WA 8 (1932–2022) TN 8 (1969–2026) MA 7 (1980–2014) WY 7 (1976–2022) GA 7 (1956–2019) LA 7 (1932–1999) WI 7 (1986–2024) KY 6 (2014–2024) IN 6 (1937–2018) NM 6 (1945–2010) MT 5 (1975–2007) MI 5 (1969–1982) VT 5 (1985–2014) MN 5 (1941–2019) RI 4 (1977–2014) KS 4 (1992–2024) DE 4 (1982–2022) WV 4 (1978–2018) ID 3 (1967–2004) NC 3 (1974–1984) AK 3 (1969–1979) SD 3 (1973–2016) UT 3 (1993–2022) OR 2 (2006–2008) MS 2 (2014–2020) VA 2 (1973–1986) AR 2 (1988–1988) ND 2 (1983–2008) IA 2 (1967–1973)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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