prompt hearing (California) · Go Syfert
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prompt hearing in California

20 California opinions name it 2 courts 1927–2022 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Harrisgreen
cal · 2008 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(People v. Stowell (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1107, 1114 ; see also People v. Harris (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1269, 1304 (Harris) [trial court implicitly recognized presumption of prejudice after an incident of jury tampering by holding a prompt hearing to explore circumstances and possibility of bias].) 5 In his opening brief, Taylor argues that Juror No. 5’s personal comments “extended for a day and a half of deliberations.” This claim is not supported by the record.

11
Dickey v. Floridagreen
scotus · 1970 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020As the United States Supreme Court declared in Barker, the state has the duty to bring an accused individual to trial “as well as the duty of insuring that the trial is consistent with due process.” (Barker, supra, 407 U.S. at p. 527 ; see Dickey v. Florida (1970) 398 U.S. 30 , 37–38 [“[a]lthough a great many accused persons seek to put off the confrontation as long as possible, the right to a prompt inquiry into criminal charges is fundamental and the duty of the charging authority is to provide a prompt trial,” italics added].) This duty has been recognized in the forced confinement of alleg

11
Horn v. County of Venturagreen
cal · 1979 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013(See Horn v. County of Ventura (1979) 24 Cal.3d 605, 616 [due process requirements rooted in the constitution, not in statute].) Even under section 14101 a driver whose license is suspended pursuant to a statute making suspension mandatory is entitled to “a prompt hearing before a representative of the DMV if he believes his suspension is based on inaccurate DMV records.” (Pollack v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 380 , fn. omitted.) Wall argues he should have been provided an administrative hearing.

11
In Re Carpentergreen
cal · 1995 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008(Smith v. Phillips (1982) 455 U.S. 209, 215-216 [ 71 L.Ed.2d 78 , 102 S.Ct. 940 ]; In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal.4th 634, 647-648 [ 38 Cal.Rptr.2d 665 , 889 P.2d 985 ].) The court’s concern that the person making the threat may have been attempting to force a mistrial was neither the controlling consideration in its decision to allow Juror G. to remain on the jury, nor a forbidden consideration.

2008(Smith v. Phillips (1982) 455 U.S. 209, 215-216 [ 71 L.Ed.2d 78 , 102 S.Ct. 940 ]; In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal.4th 634, 647-648 [ 38 Cal.Rptr.2d 665 , 889 P.2d 985 ].) The court’s concern that the person making the threat may have been attempting to force a mistrial was neither the controlling consideration in its decision to allow Juror G. to remain on the jury, nor a forbidden consideration.

11
Smith v. Phillipsgreen
scotus · 1982 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008(Smith v. Phillips (1982) 455 U.S. 209, 215-216 [ 71 L.Ed.2d 78 , 102 S.Ct. 940 ]; In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal.4th 634, 647-648 [ 38 Cal.Rptr.2d 665 , 889 P.2d 985 ].) The court’s concern that the person making the threat may have been attempting to force a mistrial was neither the controlling consideration in its decision to allow Juror G. to remain on the jury, nor a forbidden consideration.

2008(Smith v. Phillips (1982) 455 U.S. 209, 215-216 [ 71 L.Ed.2d 78 , 102 S.Ct. 940 ]; In re Carpenter (1995) 9 Cal.4th 634, 647-648 [ 38 Cal.Rptr.2d 665 , 889 P.2d 985 ].) The court’s concern that the person making the threat may have been attempting to force a mistrial was neither the controlling consideration in its decision to allow Juror G. to remain on the jury, nor a forbidden consideration.

11
Arthur v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 1965 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
1 sentence

1987(Arthur v. Superior Court, supra, 62 Cal.2d 404,407.) Section 1211 provides, “When a contempt is committed in the immediate view and presence of the court, or of the judge at chambers, it may be punished summarily; for which an order must be made, reciting the facts as occurring in such immediate view and presence, adjudging that the person proceeded against is thereby guilty of a contempt, and that he be punished as therein prescribed.” In Morales v. Superior Court, supra, 239 Cal.App.2d 947, counsel failed to appear in court at the scheduled time and the court, as here, treated his absence a

11
Anderson v. Georgegreen
wva · 1977 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
2 sentences

1986See also Anderson v. George (1977) 160 W.Va. 76 [ 233 S.E.2d 407, 409 ] invalidating seizure, without notice or hearing, of abandoned or neglected animals.) Hughes v. Neth, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d 952 involved the forfeiture and disposal of a motorcycle engine bearing a defaced serial number without notice and hearing to the owner.

1986See also Anderson v. George (1977) 160 W.Va. 76 [ 233 S.E.2d 407, 409 ] invalidating seizure, without notice or hearing, of abandoned or neglected animals.) Hughes v. Neth, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d 952 involved the forfeiture and disposal of a motorcycle engine bearing a defaced serial number without notice and hearing to the owner.

11
Carrera v. Bertainigreen
calctapp · 1976 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
1 sentence

1986The court declared the ordinance invalid because it failed to provide reasonable notice and a hearing either before or after seizure: “As a matter of basic fairness, to avoid the incurrence of unnecessary expenses appellant was entitled to a hearing before her animals were seized or, if the circumstances justified a seizure without notice and a hearing, she was entitled to a prompt hearing after the animals were seized.” (Carrera, 63 Cal.App.3d 721, 729.

11
Hughes v. Nethgreen
calctapp · 1978 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
1 sentence

1986See also Anderson v. George (1977) 160 W.Va. 76 [ 233 S.E.2d 407, 409 ] invalidating seizure, without notice or hearing, of abandoned or neglected animals.) Hughes v. Neth, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d 952 involved the forfeiture and disposal of a motorcycle engine bearing a defaced serial number without notice and hearing to the owner.

11
People v. Bradfordgreen
cal · 1976 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
2 sentences

1984The right to a prompt inquiry into criminal charges, however, is fundamental and the duty of the charging authority is to provide a prompt trial, (Strunk v. United States, supra, 412 U.S. 434, 437 [ 37 L.Ed.2d 56, 60 ]; Dickey v. Florida, supra, 398 U.S. at pp. 37-38 [26 L.Ed.2d at pp. 31-32].) While the ongoing prosecutions in New York served to justify delay in bringing defendant to trial until late 1979 (see People v. Bradford (1976) 17 Cal.3d 8, 20 [ 130 Cal.Rptr. 129 , 549 P.2d 1225 ]), the delay thereafter was attributable to the People’s intentional decision to leave the indictment pend

1984The right to a prompt inquiry into criminal charges, however, is fundamental and the duty of the charging authority is to provide a prompt trial, (Strunk v. United States, supra, 412 U.S. 434, 437 [ 37 L.Ed.2d 56, 60 ]; Dickey v. Florida, supra, 398 U.S. at pp. 37-38 [26 L.Ed.2d at pp. 31-32].) While the ongoing prosecutions in New York served to justify delay in bringing defendant to trial until late 1979 (see People v. Bradford (1976) 17 Cal.3d 8, 20 [ 130 Cal.Rptr. 129 , 549 P.2d 1225 ]), the delay thereafter was attributable to the People’s intentional decision to leave the indictment pend

11
Strunk v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
2 sentences

1984The right to a prompt inquiry into criminal charges, however, is fundamental and the duty of the charging authority is to provide a prompt trial, (Strunk v. United States, supra, 412 U.S. 434, 437 [ 37 L.Ed.2d 56, 60 ]; Dickey v. Florida, supra, 398 U.S. at pp. 37-38 [26 L.Ed.2d at pp. 31-32].) While the ongoing prosecutions in New York served to justify delay in bringing defendant to trial until late 1979 (see People v. Bradford (1976) 17 Cal.3d 8, 20 [ 130 Cal.Rptr. 129 , 549 P.2d 1225 ]), the delay thereafter was attributable to the People’s intentional decision to leave the indictment pend

1984The right to a prompt inquiry into criminal charges, however, is fundamental and the duty of the charging authority is to provide a prompt trial, (Strunk v. United States, supra, 412 U.S. 434, 437 [ 37 L.Ed.2d 56, 60 ]; Dickey v. Florida, supra, 398 U.S. at pp. 37-38 [26 L.Ed.2d at pp. 31-32].) While the ongoing prosecutions in New York served to justify delay in bringing defendant to trial until late 1979 (see People v. Bradford (1976) 17 Cal.3d 8, 20 [ 130 Cal.Rptr. 129 , 549 P.2d 1225 ]), the delay thereafter was attributable to the People’s intentional decision to leave the indictment pend

11
Troy Cooper v. C. J. Fitzharrisgreen
ca9 · 1978 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980“Ultimately, we can never know what would have happened had competent representation been provided, for even seemingly hopeless cases may take unexpected turns in the hands of effective counsel.” (Cooper v. Fitzharris, supra, 586 F.2d at p. 1339 (conc, and dis. opn. of Hufstedler, J.).) How can the court divine what might have happened if counsel had conducted a prompt inquiry into his client’s mental status or a thorough investigation of the prosecution’s witnesses or careful legal research into matters of discovery and procedure?

1980"Ultimately, we can never know what would have happened had competent representation been provided, for even seemingly hopeless cases may take unexpected turns in the hands of effective counsel." ( Cooper v. Fitzharris, supra, 586 F.2d at p. 1339 (conc. and dis. opn. of Hufstedler, J.).) How can the court divine what might have happened if counsel had conducted a prompt inquiry into his client's mental status or a thorough investigation of the prosecution's witnesses or careful legal research into matters of discovery and procedure?

11
Barlin v. Barlingreen
calctapp · 1957 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1965–1965
2 sentences

1965(Barlin v. Barlin, 156 Cal.App.2d 143, 145 [ 319 P.2d 87 ].) Judgment affirmed.

1965(Barlin v. Barlin, 156 Cal.App.2d 143, 145 [ 319 P.2d 87 ].) Judgment affirmed.

11
Miller v. Leegreen
calctapp · 1944 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1957–1957
2 sentences

1957(White v. Red Mountain Fruit Co., 186 Cal. 335, 343 [ 199 P. 318 ]; Miller v. Lee, 66 Cal.App.2d 778, 785-786 [ 153 P.2d 190 ]; Winchell v. Lorenzen, 123 Cal.App.2d 704, 711 [ 267 P.2d 398 ].) It is only when the conduct consists of a wilful or persistent effort to place before the jury clearly incompetent evidence that prejudicial error is created.

1957(White v. Red Mountain Fruit Co., 186 Cal. 335, 343 [ 199 P. 318 ]; Miller v. Lee, 66 Cal.App.2d 778, 785-786 [ 153 P.2d 190 ]; Winchell v. Lorenzen, 123 Cal.App.2d 704, 711 [ 267 P.2d 398 ].) It is only when the conduct consists of a wilful or persistent effort to place before the jury clearly incompetent evidence that prejudicial error is created.

11
Winchell v. Lorenzengreen
calctapp · 1954 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1957–1957
2 sentences

1957(White v. Red Mountain Fruit Co., 186 Cal. 335, 343 [ 199 P. 318 ]; Miller v. Lee, 66 Cal.App.2d 778, 785-786 [ 153 P.2d 190 ]; Winchell v. Lorenzen, 123 Cal.App.2d 704, 711 [ 267 P.2d 398 ].) It is only when the conduct consists of a wilful or persistent effort to place before the jury clearly incompetent evidence that prejudicial error is created.

1957(White v. Red Mountain Fruit Co., 186 Cal. 335, 343 [ 199 P. 318 ]; Miller v. Lee, 66 Cal.App.2d 778, 785-786 [ 153 P.2d 190 ]; Winchell v. Lorenzen, 123 Cal.App.2d 704, 711 [ 267 P.2d 398 ].) It is only when the conduct consists of a wilful or persistent effort to place before the jury clearly incompetent evidence that prejudicial error is created.

11
White v. Red Mountain Fruit Co.green
cal · 1921 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1957–1957
11
Woolley v. Superior Courtgreen
calctapp · 1937 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1955–1955
11
Rohr v. Johnsongreen
calctapp · 1944 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1955–1955
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

CaseCitedYears
Pollack v. Department of Motor Vehicles green
cal · 1985
2 sentences

2016Even under section 14101 a driver whose license is suspended pursuant to a statute making suspension mandatory is entitled to “a prompt hearing before a representative of the DMV if he believes his suspension is based on inaccurate DMV records.” (Pollack, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 380 , fn. omitted.) 9 In determining what process is due, the court balances “three distinct factors: (1) the private interest affected by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural saf

2013(See Horn v. County of Ventura (1979) 24 Cal.3d 605, 616 [due process requirements rooted in the constitution, not in statute].) Even under section 14101 a driver whose license is suspended pursuant to a statute making suspension mandatory is entitled to “a prompt hearing before a representative of the DMV if he believes his suspension is based on inaccurate DMV records.” (Pollack v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 380 , fn. omitted.) Wall argues he should have been provided an administrative hearing.

22013–2016
People v. Stowell green
cal · 2003
1 sentence

2022(People v. Stowell (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1107, 1114 ; see also People v. Harris (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1269, 1304 (Harris) [trial court implicitly recognized presumption of prejudice after an incident of jury tampering by holding a prompt hearing to explore circumstances and possibility of bias].) 5 In his opening brief, Taylor argues that Juror No. 5’s personal comments “extended for a day and a half of deliberations.” This claim is not supported by the record.

12022–2022
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
1 sentence

2020As the United States Supreme Court declared in Barker, the state has the duty to bring an accused individual to trial “as well as the duty of insuring that the trial is consistent with due process.” (Barker, supra, 407 U.S. at p. 527 ; see Dickey v. Florida (1970) 398 U.S. 30 , 37–38 [“[a]lthough a great many accused persons seek to put off the confrontation as long as possible, the right to a prompt inquiry into criminal charges is fundamental and the duty of the charging authority is to provide a prompt trial,” italics added].) This duty has been recognized in the forced confinement of alleg

12020–2020
Peretto v. Department of Motor Vehicles green
calctapp · 1991
1 sentence

2016Even under section 14101 a driver whose license is suspended pursuant to a statute making suspension mandatory is entitled to “a prompt hearing before a representative of the DMV if he believes his suspension is based on inaccurate DMV records.” (Pollack, supra, 38 Cal.3d at p. 380 , fn. omitted.) 9 In determining what process is due, the court balances “three distinct factors: (1) the private interest affected by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural saf

12016–2016
Cinquegrani v. Department of Motor Vehicles green
calctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2016(Cinquegrani v. Department of Motor Vehicles (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 741, 750 .) The risk of an erroneous deprivation without an administrative hearing is minimal when the license has been suspended in conformance with section 13365, and there is no showing the DMV’s records were inaccurate.

12016–2016
People v. JASON K. green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2016In Jason K., supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at page 1554 , this court noted that a single incident leading to a section 5150 commitment can support a section 8103, subdivision (f) finding.

12016–2016
Decker v. U.D. Registry, Inc. red
calctapp · 2003
1 sentence

2004The reason for this strict timeline is that filing of the anti-SLAPP motion triggers suspension of discovery in the case until notice of entry of the order ruling on the motion. (§ 425.16, subd. (g).) “[T]he Legislature required a prompt hearing on the special motion to avoid a prolonged discovery stay.” (Decker, supra, 105 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388 .) Because the anti-SLAPP motion was heard more than 30 days after service of the motion, the question presented here is whether defendants carried their burden of showing that “the docket conditions of the court require[d] a later hearing.” (§ 425.16

12004–2004
Morales v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 1966
1 sentence

1987(Arthur v. Superior Court, supra, 62 Cal.2d 404,407.) Section 1211 provides, “When a contempt is committed in the immediate view and presence of the court, or of the judge at chambers, it may be punished summarily; for which an order must be made, reciting the facts as occurring in such immediate view and presence, adjudging that the person proceeded against is thereby guilty of a contempt, and that he be punished as therein prescribed.” In Morales v. Superior Court, supra, 239 Cal.App.2d 947, counsel failed to appear in court at the scheduled time and the court, as here, treated his absence a

11987–1987
Vaughn v. Municipal Court green
calctapp · 1967
1 sentence

1987Apropos is the court’s comment in Vaughn v. Municipal Court, supra, 252 Cal.App.2d 348 at pages 360-361, “As an officer of the court, appellant not only deliberately violated a court order and thereby wilfully obstructed and *110 interfered with the orderly process of a criminal trial in respondent Court and deprived other waiting litigants of a prompt hearing, but as a member of the Bar acted in total disregard of his duties to his client leaving him stranded without representation, requiring a continuance of his trial ....” Contempt Order Section 1211, Code of Civil Procedure sets up the pro

11987–1987
Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles green
cal · 1970
2 sentences

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal.Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal.App.3d 265 ; Fitch y.

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal.Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal.App.3d 265 ; Fitch y.

11985–1985
Fitch v. Justice Court green
calctapp · 1972
2 sentences

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal. Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal. App.3d 265 ; Fitch v. Justice Court (1972) 24 Cal. App.3d 492 [ 101 Cal. Rptr. 227 ].) We reiterate that Pollack himself challenges neither the accuracy of the DMV's records nor the validity of his two prior convictions. (7) The United States Supreme Court has held that due process does not require an administrative hearing prior to revocation of driving privileges where the threat to public safety is sufficiently obvious to justify immediat

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal. Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal. App.3d 265 ; Fitch v. Justice Court (1972) 24 Cal. App.3d 492 [ 101 Cal. Rptr. 227 ].) We reiterate that Pollack himself challenges neither the accuracy of the DMV's records nor the validity of his two prior convictions. (7) The United States Supreme Court has held that due process does not require an administrative hearing prior to revocation of driving privileges where the threat to public safety is sufficiently obvious to justify immediat

11985–1985
Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles green
calctapp · 1973
2 sentences

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal. Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal. App.3d 265 ; Fitch v. Justice Court (1972) 24 Cal. App.3d 492 [ 101 Cal. Rptr. 227 ].) We reiterate that Pollack himself challenges neither the accuracy of the DMV's records nor the validity of his two prior convictions. (7) The United States Supreme Court has held that due process does not require an administrative hearing prior to revocation of driving privileges where the threat to public safety is sufficiently obvious to justify immediat

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal.Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal.App.3d 265 ; Fitch y.

11985–1985
Dixon v. Love green
scotus · 1977
2 sentences

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal. Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal. App.3d 265 ; Fitch v. Justice Court (1972) 24 Cal. App.3d 492 [ 101 Cal. Rptr. 227 ].) We reiterate that Pollack himself challenges neither the accuracy of the DMV's records nor the validity of his two prior convictions. (7) The United States Supreme Court has held that due process does not require an administrative hearing prior to revocation of driving privileges where the threat to public safety is sufficiently obvious to justify immediat

1985(See Thomas v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1970) 3 Cal.3d 335 [ 90 Cal. Rptr. 586 , 475 P.2d 858 ]; Cook v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 33 Cal. App.3d 265 ; Fitch v. Justice Court (1972) 24 Cal. App.3d 492 [ 101 Cal. Rptr. 227 ].) We reiterate that Pollack himself challenges neither the accuracy of the DMV's records nor the validity of his two prior convictions. (7) The United States Supreme Court has held that due process does not require an administrative hearing prior to revocation of driving privileges where the threat to public safety is sufficiently obvious to justify immediat

11985–1985
In Re Roger S. green
cal · 1977
1 sentence

1981We reaffirm our cautionary observation in Roger S., supra, that “A precipitous release of these [adults] to families and community facilities unprepared to care for them could be both disruptive to the treatment program and potentially harmful to the [patient] and the community.” ( 19 Cal.3d at p. 940 .) Hop is, however, entitled to a prompt hearing which complies with the requirements herein described.

11981–1981
Simpson v. City of Los Angeles green
cal · 1953
2 sentences

1976Manifestly, the hearing in the superior court six weeks after the seizure cannot be said to satisfy appellant's due process rights. *730 Respondents argue that the ordinance and statute should be interpreted as requiring a post-seizure hearing when demanded by the owner, citing Simpson v. City of Los Angeles (1953) 40 Cal.2d 271 [ 253 P.2d 464 ].

1976Manifestly, the hearing in the superior court six weeks after the seizure cannot be said to satisfy appellant's due process rights. *730 Respondents argue that the ordinance and statute should be interpreted as requiring a post-seizure hearing when demanded by the owner, citing Simpson v. City of Los Angeles (1953) 40 Cal.2d 271 [ 253 P.2d 464 ].

11976–1976
People v. Ottey green
cal · 1936
11953–1953
People v. Van Wie green
calctapp · 1945
11953–1953
People v. Robinson green
calctapp · 1946
11953–1953
People v. King green
calctapp · 1938
11953–1953
Rose v. Petaluma & Santa Rosa Railway Co. green
calctapp · 1923
11944–1944
People v. Garbutt green
cal · 1925
11927–1927

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 1200 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 563 (1919–2026) OH 96 (1966–2026) NY 91 (1918–2024) CT 46 (1971–2026) IL 39 (1974–2025) PA 25 (1962–2025) FL 25 (1963–2012) CA 20 (1927–2022) AZ 17 (1973–2023) MD 17 (1961–2013) DC 16 (1974–2020) MO 15 (1940–2023) AL 14 (1978–2025) NE 12 (1979–2025) CO 11 (1965–2026) NJ 11 (1955–2026) WA 8 (1932–2022) TN 8 (1969–2026) MA 7 (1980–2014) WY 7 (1976–2022) GA 7 (1956–2019) LA 7 (1932–1999) WI 7 (1986–2024) KY 6 (2014–2024) IN 6 (1937–2018) NM 6 (1945–2010) MT 5 (1975–2007) MI 5 (1969–1982) VT 5 (1985–2014) MN 5 (1941–2019) RI 4 (1977–2014) KS 4 (1992–2024) DE 4 (1982–2022) WV 4 (1978–2018) ID 3 (1967–2004) NC 3 (1974–1984) AK 3 (1969–1979) SD 3 (1973–2016) UT 3 (1993–2022) OR 2 (2006–2008) MS 2 (2014–2020) VA 2 (1973–1986) AR 2 (1988–1988) ND 2 (1983–2008) IA 2 (1967–1973)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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