Alabama Court Rules
Alabama Court Rules
✓ current as of August 2026Full text of 526 rules across 7 sets, cross-linked with Alabama case law.
Ala. R. Exped. Civ. Act. — 1 rules
Ala. R. Jud. Admin. — 59 rules
- Rule 1. Bonding of court officials and employees
- Rule 2. Bail
- Rule 3. Courtrooms, offices, ancillary space, access to such spaces, utility service, etc.,
- Rule 4. Duties of clerk and register
- Rule 5. Clerk’s and register’s offices, workdays
- Rule 6. Presiding judges
- Rule 7. Fees for miscellaneous filings
- Rule 8. Defense services
- Rule 9. State court’s personnel system
- Rule 10. Judicial secretarial service
- Rule 11. Bailiffs
- Rule 12. Court reporters
- Rule 13. Assignments of judges and other court personnel
- Rule 14. Special judges, compensation
- Rule 15. Secretarial services for circuit court clerks
- Rule 16. Calendar management
- Rule 17. Prosecution assistance by municipality
- Rule 18. Magistrates
- Rule 19. Uniform traffic infractions
- Rule 19.UTTC1
- Rule 20. Magistrates’ fine schedule and procedure if defendant elects to plead guilty
- Rule 20.appxB
- Rule 20B. UNIFORM BOATING TRAFFIC TICKET AND COMPLAINT AND MAGISTRATES'
- Rule 21. Small Claims
- Rule 22. Judicial robes
- Rule 23. Fees and commissions on cases filed prior to January 16, 1977
- Rule 24. Seal of the court
- Rule 25. Standing committee, procedure for rule amendment and proposal
- Rule 26. Transfer of cases
- Rule 27. District court clerks
- Rule 28. Fiscal procedures
- Rule 29. Transcripts of judicial proceedings for appeals and other purposes;
- Rule 30. Copies, certified copies; cost for copies; record searches; electronic
- Rule 31. Records maintenance and retention
- Rule 32. Child-support guidelines
- Rule 32.1. Domestic Relations and Child support information sheet
- Rule 32after7-1-19. Child-support guidelines
- Rule 32priorto7-1-19. Child-support guidelines
- Rule 33. Access to electronically stored data, electronic-document images,
- Rule 33.C75
- Rule 34. Willful noncompliance with rules and certain statutes
- Rule 35. [Rescinded effective November 9, 2006.]
- Rule 36. Paper size of documents filed with court
- Rule 37. Court security
- Rule 38. Collection agents
- Rule 39. Duties of State Law Librarian
- Rule 40. Master jury list
- Rule 41. Payment by credit card of court assessments, costs, fees, and forfeitures
- Rule 42. Judicial volunteer program
- Rule 43. Minimum accounting requirements for municipal courts
- Rule 43.appxB
- Rule 43.appxC
- Rule 44. Electronic Filing of Documents
- Rule 45. Commercial Mail Carriers
- Rule 46. Juror Selection and Qualification
- Rule 47. Dismissal of Workers' Compensation Action Following Ombudsman-Approved
- Rule 71
- Rule 72
- Rule 73
Ala. R. Crim. P. — 187 rules
- Rule 1.1. Scope
- Rule 1.2. Purpose, objectives, and construction
- Rule 1.3. Computation and enlargement of time
- Rule 1.4. Definitions
- Rule 1.5. Applicability of rules
- Rule 2.1. Commencement of criminal proceedings
- Rule 2.2. Prosecution of criminal proceedings
- Rule 2.3. Contents of a complaint
- Rule 2.4. Duty of judge or magistrate upon making of a complaint
- Rule 3.1. Issuance of arrest warrant or summons
- Rule 3.2. Contents of arrest warrant or summons
- Rule 3.3. Execution and return of arrest warrant
- Rule 3.4. Service of summons
- Rule 3.5. Defective arrest warrant
- Rule 3.6. Definition of search warrant
- Rule 3.7. Authority to issue search warrants
- Rule 3.8. Grounds for issuance of search warrant
- Rule 3.9. Issuance of search warrant
- Rule 3.10. Contents of search warrant; time of execution
- Rule 3.11. Execution and return with inventory
- Rule 3.12. Authority to break and enter
- Rule 3.13. Unlawfully seized property
- Rule 3.14. Return of papers to court
- Rule 4.1. Arrest without a warrant
- Rule 4.2. Telephone call after arrest
- Rule 4.3. Procedure upon arrest
- Rule 4.4. Initial appearance
- Rule 5.1. Right to preliminary hearing; waiver; postponement
- Rule 5.2. Summoning witnesses
- Rule 5.3. Proceedings at preliminary hearing
- Rule 5.4. Action taken upon finding of probable cause or of no probable cause
- Rule 6.1. Right to counsel; waiver of right to counsel
- Rule 6.2. Duties of counsel; withdrawal
- Rule 6.3. Determination of indigency
- Rule 6.4. Manner of appointment
- Rule 7.1. Definitions and requirements
- Rule 7.2. Right to release on one’s personal recognizance or on bond
- Rule 7.3. Conditions of release
- Rule 7.4. Procedure for determination of release conditions
- Rule 7.5. Review of conditions; revocation of release
- Rule 7.6. Transfer and disposition of bond
- Rule 8.1. Priorities in scheduling criminal cases
- Rule 8.2. Duty of prosecutor
- Rule 8.3. Motion for continuance
- Rule 9.1. Defendant’s right to be present
- Rule 9.2. Effect of defendant’s disruptive behavior
- Rule 9.3. Exclusion of witnesses and spectators
- Rule 9.4. Televising, photographing, or radio broadcasting of judicial
- Rule 10
- Rule 10.1. Change of place of trial
- Rule 10.2. Waiver and renewal
- Rule 10.3. Transfer to another county
- Rule 11.1. Definition of incompetency
- Rule 11.2. Examination of defendant’s mental condition; demand for jury
- Rule 11.3. Appointment of experts; commitment for examination; reports; costs
- Rule 11.4. Examination at defense’s expense
- Rule 11.5. Disclosure of mental health evidence
- Rule 11.6. Preliminary review, transfers, hearings, and orders
- Rule 11.7. Subsequent hearings on competency
- Rule 11.8. Privilege
- Rule 11.9. Inapplicability to district and municipal courts
- Rule 12.1. Drawing, summoning, and qualifying the venire
- Rule 12.2. Empaneling the grand jury and petit juries
- Rule 12.3. Oath, instructions, duties, and powers of the grand jury
- Rule 12.4. Grounds for disqualification of a grand juror
- Rule 12.5. Foreman of the grand jury
- Rule 12.6. Persons authorized to be present during sessions of grand jury
- Rule 12.7. Appearance of persons under investigation
- Rule 12.8. Indictment
- Rule 12.9. Challenge to grand jury proceedings or to an indictment
- Rule 13.1. Definitions
- Rule 13.2. Nature and contents of indictment or information
- Rule 13.3. Joinder and consolidation for trial
- Rule 13.4. Severance
- Rule 13.5. Amendment of charge; defect in charge
- Rule 14.1. Necessity for arraignment
- Rule 14.2. Proceedings at arraignment; pleas
- Rule 14.3. Plea negotiations and agreements
- Rule 14.4. Acceptance of guilty plea
- Rule 15.1. Pleadings and motions
- Rule 15.2. Objections and defenses which must be raised by motion
- Rule 15.3. Time of making motions
- Rule 15.4. Hearing on motion
- Rule 15.5. Effect of determination of motion
- Rule 15.6. Motion for pre-trial determination of admissibility of evidence
- Rule 15.7. Pre-trial appeals by the state
- Rule 16.1. Discovery by the defendant
- Rule 16.2. Discovery by the state/municipality
- Rule 16.3. Continuing duty to disclose
- Rule 16.4. Protective orders and conditions of discovery
- Rule 16.5. Relief for noncompliance
- Rule 16.6. Depositions
- Rule 17
- Rule 17.1. Authority to issue subpoenas
- Rule 17.2. Form of subpoena
- Rule 17.3. Subpoena duces tecum
- Rule 17.4. Service of subpoena
- Rule 17.5. Proceedings upon failure of subpoenaed witness to attend and
- Rule 17.6. Application to municipal courts
- Rule 18
- Rule 18.1. Trial by jury
- Rule 18.2. Jury information
- Rule 18.3. Challenge to the trial venire
- Rule 18.4. Trial by jury; waiver; selection and preparation of petit jurors
- Rule 18.5. Oath and preliminary instruction of jurors
- Rule 19.1. Order of proceeding of trial
- Rule 19.2. Evidence and witnesses
- Rule 19.3. Separation, sequestration, and admonitions to jurors
- Rule 19.4. Duties of court reporters
- Rule 20.1. Nature and form of motion
- Rule 20.2. Motion for judgment of acquittal before submission of case to
- Rule 20.3. Motion for judgment of acquittal after verdict or judgment of
- Rule 21.1. Instructions to the jury
- Rule 21.2. Additional instructions
- Rule 21.3. Objections
- Rule 22.1. Materials used during deliberation
- Rule 22.2. Further review of evidence and additional instructions
- Rule 22.3. Discharge of jury
- Rule 23.1. Form and time of returning verdict; sealed verdict
- Rule 23.2. Types of verdicts
- Rule 23.3. Necessity for forms of verdict
- Rule 23.4. Several defendants
- Rule 23.5. Poll of jurors
- Rule 24.1. Motion for new trial
- Rule 24.2. Motion in arrest of judgment
- Rule 24.3. Presentation to judge not required
- Rule 24.4. Denial by operation of law
- Rule 24.5. District and municipal courts
- Rule 25.1. Definitions
- Rule 25.2. Procedure to have the defendant involuntarily committed when
- Rule 25.3. Hearing
- Rule 25.4. Further commitment for examination by mental health experts
- Rule 25.5. Disclosure of mental health evidence
- Rule 25.6. Orders
- Rule 25.7. Modification of orders and periodic reports
- Rule 25.8. Release from commitment
- Rule 25.9. Right to counsel
- Rule 26.1. Definitions; scope
- Rule 26.2. Time of pronouncing judgment and sentence
- Rule 26.3. Presentence report
- Rule 26.4. Diagnostic evaluation and mental health examination
- Rule 26.5. Disclosure of the presentence, diagnostic, and physical and mental
- Rule 26.6. Sentence hearing
- Rule 26.7. Presence of the defendant
- Rule 26.8. Principles of sentencing
- Rule 26.9. Pronouncement of judgment and sentence; minute entries
- Rule 26.10. Duty of the court after notice of appeal
- Rule 26.11. Fines and restitution
- Rule 26.12. Consecutive or concurrent sentences
- Rule 27.1. Granting probation
- Rule 27.2. Modification and clarification of conditions and regulations
- Rule 27.3. Extension of term of probation; termination of probation; order of
- Rule 27.4. Initiation of revocation proceedings; securing the probationer’s
- Rule 27.5. Initial appearance after arrest
- Rule 27.6. Revocation of probation
- Rule 28. Retention and Destruction of Records and Evidence
- Rule 29. Correction of Clerical Mistakes
- Rule 30.1. Right to appeal
- Rule 30.2. Appeal from district or municipal court to appropriate appellate court
- Rule 30.3. Notice and perfection of appeal; bond on appeal
- Rule 30.4. Transmission and preparation of records
- Rule 30.5. Prosecution and dismissal of the de novo appeal
- Rule 30.6. Stipulations as to questions of law or fact
- Rule 31. Appeals
- Rule 32.1. Scope of remedy
- Rule 32.2. Preclusion of remedy
- Rule 32.3. Burden of proof
- Rule 32.4. Nature of proceeding and relation to other remedies
- Rule 32.5. Venue
- Rule 32.6. Commencement of proceedings
- Rule 32.7. Additional pleadings; summary disposition; amendments
- Rule 32.8. Prehearing conference
- Rule 32.9. Evidentiary hearing
- Rule 32.10. Appeal
- Rule 33.1. Scope; definitions
- Rule 33.2. Summary disposition of direct contempts
- Rule 33.3. Disposition of other contempts; citation; arrest; hearing; and
- Rule 33.4. Punishment for criminal contempt; commitment in cases of civil
- Rule 33.5. Disqualification of judge
- Rule 33.6. Review of contempt proceedings
- Rule 34.1. Motions: Form, content, and rights of reply
- Rule 34.2. Hearing; oral argument
- Rule 34.3. Waiver of formal requirements
- Rule 34.4. Service and filing
- Rule 34.5. Notice of orders
- Rule 35. Costs for Court-Ordered Examinations and Evaluations,
- Rule 36. Unified Judicial System Forms and Sample Forms
Ala. R. App. P. — 66 rules
- Rule 1. Scope of rules
- Rule 2. Penalties for noncompliance with these rules; suspension of rules
- Rule 3. Appeal as of right — How taken
- Rule 4. Appeal as of right — When taken
- Rule 5. Appeal by permission
- Rule 6. [Omitted.]
- Rule 7. Security for costs on appeal in civil cases
- Rule 8. Stay or injunction pending appeal
- Rule 9. Release in criminal cases
- Rule 10. The record on appeal
- Rule 11. Completion and transmission of the record
- Rule 12. Docketing of the appeal; docket fee; filing of the record
- Rule 13. Transmission of original item from the trial court
- Rule 14. Use of recording devices
- Rule 15. Overruling cases
- Rule 16. Court sitting in divisions
- Rule 17. Duties of clerks
- Rule 18. Certified questions from federal courts
- Rule 19. [Omitted.]
- Rule 20. Assignment of error not required
- Rule 21. Writs of mandamus and prohibition directed to a judge or judges and
- Rule 22. Appeals in habeas corpus
- Rule 23. [Omitted.]
- Rule 24. Proceedings in forma pauperis
- Rule 25. Filing and service
- Rule 25.a. Signing briefs, motions, and other papers; representations to court
- Rule 26. Computation and extension of time
- Rule 27. Motions
- Rule 28. Briefs
- Rule 28.A. Supplemental Briefs on Return to Remand
- Rule 28.B. Notice of Supplemental Authority
- Rule 29. Briefs of an amicus curiae
- Rule 30. [Omitted.]
- Rule 31. Filing and service of briefs
- Rule 32. Form and length of briefs, petitions, motions, and other papers;
- Rule 33. Prehearing conference
- Rule 33.a. Appointment and use of appellate expert
- Rule 34. Oral argument
- Rule 35. Costs
- Rule 35.a. Docket fees
- Rule 36. Copies of opinions and entry of judgment
- Rule 37. Interest on judgments
- Rule 38. Damages for frivolous appeal
- Rule 39. Petitions for writ of certiorari; review of decisions of courts of appeal
- Rule 40. Applications for rehearing
- Rule 41. Issuance of certificate of judgment; stay of certificate of judgment
- Rule 42. Voluntary dismissal
- Rule 43. Substitution of parties
- Rule 44. Constitutional questions
- Rule 45. Error without injury
- Rule 45.a. Scope of review in death cases
- Rule 45.b. Scope of review in cases other than death cases
- Rule 46. Roll of attorneys
- Rule 47. Agreements in writing
- Rule 48. Contempt of court as penalty for willful noncompliance with these rules
- Rule 49. Title; effective date
- Rule 50. Forms
- Rule 51. Definitions
- Rule 52. Anonymity in appellate proceeding, opinions and case styles
- Rule 53. Opinions and “No Opinion” Cases of the Supreme Court
- Rule 54. Opinions and “No Opinion” Cases of the Court of Civil Appeals and the
- Rule 55. Appellate mediation
- Rule 56. Redaction of personal data identifiers in documents filed with the appellate
- Rule 57
- Rule 57.formA
- Rule 57.formB
Ala. R. Civ. P. — 99 rules
- Rule 1. Scope of Rules
- Rule 2. One form of action
- Rule 3. Commencement of action
- Rule 4. Process: General and miscellaneous provisions
- Rule 4.1. Service of Other Process
- Rule 4.2. Process. Basis for and methods of out-of-state service
- Rule 4.3. Process: Service by publication
- Rule 4.4. Process: Basis for and methods of service in a foreign
- Rule 5. Service and filing of pleadings and other papers
- Rule 5.1. Privacy Protection for Court Filings
- Rule 6. Computing and Extending Time; Time for Motion Papers
- Rule 7. Pleadings allowed; form of motions
- Rule 8. General rules of pleading
- Rule 9. Pleading special matters
- Rule 10. Form of pleadings
- Rule 11. Signing of pleadings, motions, or other papers
- Rule 12. Defenses and objections—When and how presented—By pleading or
- Rule 13. Counterclaim and cross-claim
- Rule 14. Third-party practice
- Rule 15. Amended and supplemental pleadings
- Rule 16. Pre-trial conferences; scheduling; management
- Rule 17. Parties plaintiff and defendant; capacity
- Rule 18. Joinder of claims and remedies
- Rule 19. Joinder of persons needed for just adjudication
- Rule 20. Permissive joinder of parties
- Rule 21. Misjoinder and nonjoinder of parties
- Rule 22. Interpleader
- Rule 23. Class actions
- Rule 23.1. Derivative actions by shareholders
- Rule 23.2. Actions relating to unincorporated associations
- Rule 24. Intervention
- Rule 25. Substitution of parties
- Rule 26. General provisions governing discovery
- Rule 27. Discovery before action or pending appeal
- Rule 28. Persons before whom depositions may be taken
- Rule 29. Stipulations regarding discovery procedure
- Rule 30. Depositions upon oral examination
- Rule 31. Depositions upon written questions
- Rule 32. Use of depositions in court proceedings
- Rule 33. Interrogatories to parties
- Rule 34. Production of documents and things and entry up
- Rule 35. Physical and mental examination of persons
- Rule 36. Requests for admission
- Rule 37. Failure to make discovery: Sanctions
- Rule 38. Jury trial of right
- Rule 39. Trial by jury or by the court
- Rule 40. Assignment of cases for trial
- Rule 41. Dismissal of actions
- Rule 42. Consolidation: Separate trials
- Rule 43. Evidence
- Rule 44. Proof of documents
- Rule 44.1
- Rule 45. Subpoena
- Rule 46. Exceptions unnecessary
- Rule 47. Jurors
- Rule 48. Juries of less than twelve — Majority verdict
- Rule 49. General verdicts, special verdicts, and interrogatories
- Rule 50. Judgment as a matter of law in actions tried by jury; alternative motion for
- Rule 51. Instructions to jury: Objection
- Rule 52. Findings by the court; judgment on partial findings
- Rule 53. Masters
- Rule 54. Judgments; costs
- Rule 55. Default
- Rule 56. Summary judgment
- Rule 57. Declaratory judgments
- Rule 58. Rendition and entry of orders and judgments
- Rule 59. New trials; amendment of judgments
- Rule 59.1
- Rule 60. Relief from judgment or order
- Rule 61. Harmless error
- Rule 62. Stay of proceedings to enforce a judgment
- Rule 63. Inability of a judge to proceed
- Rule 64. Seizure of person or property
- Rule 64.A. Notice to Defendant of Right to Claim Exemption
- Rule 64.B. Contest of claim of exemption — Garnishment of money, choses in action
- Rule 65. Injunctions
- Rule 65.1. Security: Proceedings against sureties
- Rule 66. Receivers
- Rule 67. Deposit in court
- Rule 68. Offer of judgment
- Rule 69. Execution
- Rule 70. Judgment for specific acts; vesting title
- Rule 70.A. Contempt in civil cases
- Rule 71. Process in behalf of and against persons not parties
- Rule 71.A. Condemnation of property. [Omitted.]
- Rule 71.B. Appeals from arbitration awards
- Rule 71.C. Enforcement of arbitration awards
- Rule 72thru76
- Rule 77. Circuit courts and clerks
- Rule 78. Motion day
- Rule 79. Books and records kept by the clerk and entries therein
- Rule 80. Stenographic report or transcript as evidence
- Rule 81. Applicability in general
- Rule 82. Jurisdiction and venue
- Rule 83. Local court rules
- Rule 84. Forms
- Rule 85. Title
- Rule 86. Effective date
- Rule 87. Limited-Scope Representation
Ala. R. Juv. P. — 37 rules
- Rule 1. General procedure and time limitations
- Rule 2. Juvenile court judge—Assignment
- Rule 2.1. Rescinded
- Rule 3. Juvenile court judge—Administrative authority
- Rule 4. Probation officers
- Rule 5. Chief probation officer
- Rule 5.1
- Rule 6. Volunteers in juvenile court
- Rule 7. Administrative reports
- Rule 8. Juvenile court intake officers
- Rule 8.1. Juvenile court magistrates
- Rule 9. Designation of detention or shelter care facility
- Rule 10. Disruptive behavior in detention
- Rule 11. Rights of the child
- Rule 12. Initiation of cases
- Rule 13. Issuance of notices and service of summons
- Rule 14. Appearance of counsel
- Rule 15. Informal adjustment
- Rule 15.1. Juvenile conference committees
- Rule 16. Continuance under supervision without adjudication—Consent decree
- Rule 17. Amending juvenile petition
- Rule 18. Release of confidential juvenile court statistical information
- Rule 19. Confidentiality of law enforcement records
- Rule 20. Record of juvenile court proceedings
- Rule 21. Admissibility of child’s statement
- Rule 22. Right to counsel
- Rule 23. Scheduling hearings—Waiver
- Rule 24. Conduct of adjudicatory hearings or taking of admissions
- Rule 25. Findings and orders
- Rule 26. Court costs
- Rule 27. Modification
- Rule 28. Appeals
- Rule 29. Title
- Rule 30. Effective date
- Rule 31. Procedure for making a parent, legal guardian, or legal custodian a party
- Rule 32. Foster care permanency hearing
- Rule 33. Conducting Certain Juvenile Court Hearings and Proceedings and Entering Pleas
Ala. R. Evid. — 77 rules
- Rule 101. Scope
- Rule 102. Purpose and construction
- Rule 103. Rulings on evidence
- Rule 104. Preliminary questions
- Rule 105. Limited admissibility
- Rule 106. Remainder of writings or recorded statements
- Rule 201. Judicial notice of adjudicative facts
- Rule 301. Presumptions in general in civil actions and proceedings
- Rule 302. Applicability of federal law in civil actions and proceedings
- Rule 401. Definition of “relevant evidence.”
- Rule 402. Relevant evidence generally admissible; irrelevant evidence inadmissible
- Rule 403. Exclusion of relevant evidence on grounds of prejudice, confusion, or waste of time
- Rule 404. Character evidence not admissible to prove conduct; exceptions; other
- Rule 405. Methods of proving character
- Rule 406. Habit; routine practice
- Rule 407. Subsequent remedial measures
- Rule 408. Compromise and offers to compromise
- Rule 409. Payment of medical and similar expenses
- Rule 410. Inadmissibility of pleas, plea discussions, and related statements
- Rule 411. Liability insurance
- Rule 412. Admissibility of evidence relating to complaining witness in prosecution for criminal
- Rule 501. Privileges recognized only as provided
- Rule 502. Attorney-client privilege
- Rule 503. Psychotherapist-patient privilege
- Rule 503.a. Counselor-client privilege
- Rule 504. Husband-wife privilege
- Rule 505. Communications to clergymen
- Rule 506. Political vote
- Rule 507. Trade secrets
- Rule 508. Secrets of state and other official information: Governmental privileges
- Rule 509. Identity of informer
- Rule 510. Waiver of privilege by voluntary disclosure
- Rule 511. Privileged matter disclosed under compulsion or without opportunity
- Rule 512. Comment upon or inference from claim of privilege in
- Rule 512.A. Comment upon or inference from claim of privilege in civil cases
- Rule 601. General rule of competency
- Rule 602. Lack of personal knowledge
- Rule 603. Oath or affirmation
- Rule 604. Interpreters
- Rule 605. Competency of judge as witness
- Rule 606. Competency of juror as witness
- Rule 607. Who may impeach
- Rule 608. Evidence of character and conduct of witness
- Rule 609. Impeachment by evidence of conviction of crime
- Rule 610. Religious beliefs or opinions
- Rule 611. Mode and order of interrogation and presentation
- Rule 612. Writing used to refresh memory
- Rule 613. Prior statements of witnesses
- Rule 614. Calling and interrogation of witnesses by court
- Rule 615. Exclusion of witnesses
- Rule 616. Impeachment by evidence of bias, prejudice, or interest
- Rule 701. Opinion testimony by lay witnesses
- Rule 702. Testimony by experts
- Rule 703. Bases of opinion testimony by experts
- Rule 704. Opinion on ultimate issue
- Rule 705. Disclosure of facts or data underlying expert opinion
- Rule 706. Court appointed experts
- Rule 801. Definitions
- Rule 802. Hearsay rule
- Rule 803. Hearsay exceptions; availability of declarant immaterial
- Rule 804. Hearsay exceptions; declarant unavailable
- Rule 805. Hearsay within hearsay
- Rule 806. Attacking and supporting credibility of declarant
- Rule 901. Requirement of authentication or identification
- Rule 902. Self-authentication
- Rule 903. Subscribing witness’s testimony unnecessary
- Rule 1001. Definitions
- Rule 1002. Requirement of original
- Rule 1003. Admissibility of duplicates
- Rule 1004. Admissibility of other evidence of contents
- Rule 1005. Public records
- Rule 1006. Summaries
- Rule 1007. Testimony or written admission of party
- Rule 1008. Functions of court and jury
- Rule 1101. Rules applicable
- Rule 1102. Title
- Rule 1103. Effective date