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41 Tennessee opinions name it 2 courts 1967–2022 1 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Tennessee courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Robinson v. LeCorpsgreen2 sentences2011In 2002, the claimant requested this Court in Robinson to “enlarge the scope of the ‘locality rule’ ... by adopting a national standard of care that would reflect the modern changes and improvements in the practice of medicine, medical technology, and communication.” 83 S.W.3d at 722 (emphasis added). 2011But we further stated that “[t]his Court is mindful, however, that in many instances the national standard would indeed be representative of the local standard, especially for board certified specialists” and observed that “an expert’s discussion of the applicability of a national standard does not require exclusion of the testimony.” Id. | 5 | 19 |
Stovall v. Clarkegreen2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 5 | 13 |
Mabon v. Jackson-Madison County General Hospitalgreen2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 3 | 10 |
Donna Faye Shipley v. Robin Williamsgreen2 sentences2022Id. at 553 (“[I]n this case we do not adopt a national standard of care in medical malpractice cases.”). 2022As a result, we must conclude that Dr. Steege offered nothing more than “a bare assertion of the existence of an applicable national standard of care.” Shipley, 350 S.W.3d at 553–54. | 3 | 4 |
Totty v. Thompsongreen2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 2 | 3 |
Conley v. Life Care Centers of America, Inc.green2 sentences2011Further, the “claims that are based upon alleged violations of federal regulatory standards constitute a national standard of care that runs afoul [of] the” TMMA, and, more specifically, its “locality rule.” Id. at 733-34 . -15- As to the case before us, the Court of Appeals properly ruled that a negligence per se claim cannot co-exist with a medical malpractice claim. 2011Further, the “claims that are based upon alleged violations of federal regulatory standards constitute a national standard of care that runs afoul [of] the” TMMA, and, more specifically, its “locality rule.” Id. at 733-34. | 2 | 2 |
Ayers Ex Rel. Ayers v. Rutherford Hospital, Inc.green2 sentences2011When he was asked if he was familiar with the skills of the practitioners in Mur-freesboro, the proffered expert answered: “Insofar as they are trained and examined and have developed the same sets of skills, read the same literature, update their skills, go to the same conferences for continuous education that I do, come to my conferences when I give them in Tennessee.” He testified that the standard of care “does not vary throughout the country,” that it is a national standard, and “doesn’t change with the locality.” Id. 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 1 | 5 |
Sutphin v. Plattgreen2 sentences2011They include: (1) physicians in smaller communities “do[ ] not have access to the same opportunities and medical resources as do physicians in [urban areas]”; (2) “the quality of medical information and resources continues to vary geographically”; (3) some diseases have regional concentrations which suggest “concomitant regional variations in medical practices and resource allocations”; (4) holding rural physicians to a national standard might discourage physicians from practicing in rural areas; (5) because of the important role that physicians play, “society should not allow just anyone to s 2003We also clarified that while an expert’s discussion of a national standard of care does not require exclusion of the testimony, “such evidence may not substitute for evidence that first establishes the requirements of Tenn.Code Ann. § 29-26-115(a)(l).” Id.; see also Sutphin v. Platt, 720 S.W.2d 455, 457 (Tenn.1986). | 1 | 3 |
District of Columbia v. Arnold & Portergreen1 sentence2019See Dist. of Columbia v. Arnold & Porter, 756 A.2d 427, 429, 434 (D.D.C. 2000) (holding “that expert testimony is required to establish the national standard of care for the operation and maintenance of a municipal water system and the handling of leaks in that system” because such activities “are not subjects within the common knowledge of jurors”); Frankenmuth Ins. v. City of Hickory, 760 S.E.2d 98 (N.C. | 1 | 1 |
McDaniel v. CSX Transportation, Inc.green1 sentence2012Dr. Maceri’s position, in essence, is that the Memphis medical community is of sufficient size and level of sophistication that the standard generally applied in an urban medical community such as Los Angeles is applicable in Memphis, and specifically to Dr. Shea and Shea Clinic. -19- We are also cognizant of the emphasis in Shipley on the trial court’s role as gatekeeper, stressing that the trial court is to decide only whether the proffered expert meets the minimum competency requirements, with the expectation that the expert “will thereafter be tested with the crucible of vigorous cross-exa | 1 | 1 |
Pullum v. Robinettegreen2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 1 | 1 |
Shilkret v. Annapolis Emergency Hospital Ass'ngreen2 sentences2011Ass’n, 276 Md. 187 , 349 A.2d 245, 252 (1975) (reviewing rationales for locality rules and a national standard of medical care, and concluding that "justification for the locality rules no longer exists”). . 2011Ass’n, 276 Md. 187 , 349 A.2d 245, 252 (1975) (reviewing rationales for locality rules and a national standard of medical care, and concluding that "justification for the locality rules no longer exists”). . | 1 | 1 |
In Matter of MLPgreen1 sentence2011The court reached this conclusion despite its recognition that, as we observed in Robinson, “in many cases and particularly in cases that involve a board-certified specialty, such as the case now before us, the national standard is representative of the local standard.” Eckler, 281 S.W.3d at 387. | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Tennessee. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Kenyon v. Handal
green
2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 5 | 2006–2011 |
Williams v. Baptist Memorial Hospital
green
2 sentences2011Williams, 193 S.W.3d at 553 . “[W]hile an expert’s discussion of a national standard of care does not require exclusion of the testimony, ‘such evidence may not substitute for evidence that first establishes the requirements of [Section] 29-26-115(a)(1).’” Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 722 (quoting Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 724 ). 2006Williams, 193 S.W.3d at 553 . “[WJhile an expert’s discussion of a national standard of care does not require exclusion of the testimony, ‘such evidence may not substitute for evidence that first establishes the requirements of [Section] 29-26-115(a)(1).’” Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 722 (quoting Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 724 ). | 3 | 2006–2011 |
Hunter v. Ura
green
2 sentences2011After reviewing our holdings in Robinson and Stovall , we reiterated that a medical expert may not “rely solely on a national standard of care” but instead must “ ‘show[ ] some underlying basis for his testimony.’ ” Id. (emphasis added). 2011After reviewing our holdings in Robinson and Stovall, we reiterated that a medical expert may not “rely solely on a national standard of care” but instead must “‘show[] some underlying basis for his testimony.” Id. (emphasis added). | 2 | 2006–2011 |
Brenda Griffith, next of kin of Decedent, Bob Griffith v. Dr. Stephen Goryl and Upper Cumberland Urology Associates, P.C.
green
1 sentence2022The case of Griffith v. Goryl, 403 S.W.3d 198 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012), is instructive on this issue. | 1 | 2022–2022 |
Frankenmuth Insurance v. City of Hickory
green
1 sentence2019See Dist. of Columbia v. Arnold & Porter, 756 A.2d 427, 429, 434 (D.D.C. 2000) (holding “that expert testimony is required to establish the national standard of care for the operation and maintenance of a municipal water system and the handling of leaks in that system” because such activities “are not subjects within the common knowledge of jurors”); Frankenmuth Ins. v. City of Hickory, 760 S.E.2d 98 (N.C. | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Wilson v. Patterson
green
2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Ledford v. Moskowitz
green
2 sentences2011In Ledford v. Moskowitz, 742 S.W.2d 645 (Tenn.Ct.App.1987), the defendant doctor practiced in Bradley, Polk, and McMinn counties, and the proffered expert practiced in Atlanta, with “one-third of this practice coming from referrals from small towns outside the Atlanta area.” Id. at 648 . 2011In Ledford v. Moskowitz, 742 S.W.2d 645 (Tenn.Ct.App.1987), the defendant doctor practiced in Bradley, Polk, and McMinn counties, and the proffered expert practiced in Atlanta, with “one-third of this practice coming from referrals from small towns outside the Atlanta area.” Id. at 648 . | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Carpenter v. Klepper
green
2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Eckler v. Allen
green
2 sentences2011In Eckler v. Allen, 231 S.W.3d 379 (Tenn.Ct.App.2006), the Court of Appeals added a novel and significant layer of analysis to the issue of qualification of medical experts under the locality rule. 2011The court reached this conclusion despite its recognition that, as we observed in Robinson, “in many cases and particularly in cases that involve a board-certified specialty, such as the case now before us, the national standard is representative of the local standard.” Eckler, 231 S.W.3d at 387 . | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Allen v. Methodist Healthcare Memphis Hospitals
green
1 sentence2011Allen, 237 S.W.3d at 296-97 . | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Coyle v. Prieto
green
2 sentences2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Tatty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mahon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 . 12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar 2011Examples of such testimony are found in Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 719 ; Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 721 ; Taylor, 231 S.W.3d at 371-72 ; Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 479-80 ; Pullum, 174 S.W.3d at 131-32 ; Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762 ; Totty, 121 S.W.3d at 678 ; Wilson, 73 S.W.3d at 99 ; Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at 828 ; Coyle, 822 S.W.2d at 598 ; and Ayers, 689 S.W.2d at 159 .12 Therefore, expert medical testimony regarding a broader regional standard or a national standard should not be barred, but should be considered as an element of the expert witness’ knowledge of the standard of care in the same or similar | 1 | 2011–2011 |
Taylor Ex Rel. Gneiwek v. Jackson-Madison County General Hospital District
green
2 sentences2011The Taylor court, affirming the trial court’s qualification of Dr. Harkrider as an expert medical witness, stated that “[although Dr. Harkrider testified to a national standard of care, it appears ... that he did in fact rely upon a local standard of care in testifying regarding the duty of care owed to Mr. Taylor in this case, and whether such standard of care was breached.” Id. at 372 . 2011The Taylor court, affirming the trial court’s qualification of Dr. Harkrider as an expert medical witness, stated that “[a]lthough Dr. Harkrider testified to a national standard of care, it appears . . . that he did in fact rely upon a local standard of care in testifying regarding the duty of care owed to Mr. Taylor in this case, and whether such standard of care was breached.” Id. at 372 . | 1 | 2011–2011 |
National Mortgage Co. v. Washington
green
1 sentence1992Id. at 580-581 . | 1 | 1992–1992 |
Roth v. United States
green
2 sentences1967In the leading case of Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 , 77 S.Ct. 1304 , 1 L.Ed.2d 1498 (1957) the test of obscenity is stated to be "whether to the average person applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest." The issue is whether "community" as the word is used in determining standards of decency means the local standard as opposed to the national standard. 1967In the leading case of Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 , 77 S.Ct. 1304 , 1 L.Ed.2d 1498 (1957) the test of obscenity is stated to be "whether to the average person applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest." The issue is whether "community" as the word is used in determining standards of decency means the local standard as opposed to the national standard. | 1 | 1967–1967 |
Jacobellis v. Ohio
green
2 sentences1967Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 , 84 S.Ct. 1676 , 12 L.Ed.2d 793 (1964); State v. Vollmar, 389 S.W.2d 20 (Mo.1965). 1967Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 , 84 S.Ct. 1676 , 12 L.Ed.2d 793 (1964); State v. Vollmar, 389 S.W.2d 20 (Mo.1965). | 1 | 1967–1967 |
State v. Vollmar
green
2 sentences1967Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 , 84 S.Ct. 1676 , 12 L.Ed.2d 793 (1964); State v. Vollmar, 389 S.W.2d 20 (Mo.1965). 1967Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 , 84 S.Ct. 1676 , 12 L.Ed. 2d 793 (1964); State v. Vollmar, 389 S.W. 2d 20 (Mo.1965). | 1 | 1967–1967 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.