Lee motion (California) · Go Syfert
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Lee motion in California

40 California opinions name it 3 courts 2001–2026 16 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Lee v. Hanleygreen
cal · 2015 · cited in 4 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2019
2 sentences

2019But because Lee's claim of conversion does not necessarily depend on proof that Hanley violated a professional obligation, her suit is not barred by section 340.6(a)." ( Id. at p. 1240, 191 Cal.Rptr.3d 536 , 354 P.3d 334 .) Lee did not expressly consider the application of the statute to malicious prosecution claims against attorneys.

2019But because Lee's claim of conversion does not necessarily depend on proof that Hanley violated a professional obligation, her suit is not barred by section 340.6(a)." ( Id. at p. 1240, 191 Cal.Rptr.3d 536 , 354 P.3d 334 .) Lee did not expressly consider the application of the statute to malicious prosecution claims against attorneys.

14
Parrish v. Latham & Watkinsgreen
cal · 2017 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019It disapproved Roger Cleveland "to the extent [it is] inconsistent with this opinion," but in so doing Lee highlighted Roger Cleveland's *458 characterization of section 340.6(a)" 'as a professional negligence statute.' " ( Lee, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1239 , 191 Cal.Rptr.3d 536 , 354 P.3d 334 .) Lee did cite Vafi and Yee's holdings that section 340.6(a) applies to malicious prosecution claims, as part of a string citation following a statement that one purpose of the statute was to ensure that "the applicable limitations period for [malpractice] claims would turn on the conduct alleged and ul

2019It disapproved Roger Cleveland "to the extent [it is] inconsistent with this opinion," but in so doing Lee highlighted Roger Cleveland's *458 characterization of section 340.6(a)" 'as a professional negligence statute.' " ( Lee, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 1239 , 191 Cal.Rptr.3d 536 , 354 P.3d 334 .) Lee did cite Vafi and Yee's holdings that section 340.6(a) applies to malicious prosecution claims, as part of a string citation following a statement that one purpose of the statute was to ensure that "the applicable limitations period for [malpractice] claims would turn on the conduct alleged and ul

12
People v. Gurulegreen
cal · 2002 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024As the Supreme Court has explained, however, “the absence of a defense challenge to particular aspects of the prosecution’s case or its witnesses does not render victim photographs irrelevant.” (Lewis, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 641 .) Moreover, the mere fact that the video or photographic “evidence may have been cumulative to other evidence does not render it inadmissible [citation], although the trial court should consider that fact when ruling on a motion to exclude evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 352.” (People v. Gurule (2002) 28 Cal.4th 557, 625 (Gurule).) And as the prosecutor ar

11
Soldate v. Fidelity National Financial, Inc.green
calctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022It is not altogether clear to us that this due process claim is within the scope of Lee’s appeal of the June 1, 2020 order.14 (See Soldate v. Fidelity National Financial, Inc. (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 1069, 1073 [“ ‘Our jurisdiction on appeal is limited in scope to the notice of appeal and the judgment or order appealed from.’ [Citation.]”].) Even if we could consider this claim, it would fail because “[t]he mere fact that the [family] court issued rulings adverse to [Lee] on several matters in this case, even assuming one or more of those rulings were erroneous,” is insufficient to establish a v

11
Sutter Health Uninsured Pricing Casesgreen
calctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022(See Sutter Health Uninsured Pricing Cases (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 495, 513 [“We need not address [the other reasons given by the trial court in support of its ruling], as one good reason is sufficient to sustain the order from which the appeal was taken.”].) Lee seems to argue the family court could not sanction him for reasserting arguments previously raised and rejected because Wong had referred to the prior filings “in her request for attorney fees in the underlying September 19th, 2018 judgment . . . .” He 16 thus claims that “Res Judicata” barred Wong from citing those filings to show tha

2022(See Sutter Health Uninsured Pricing Cases (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 495, 513 [“We need not address [the other reasons given by the trial court in support of its ruling], as one good reason is sufficient to sustain the order from which the appeal was taken.”].) Lee seems to argue the family court could not sanction him for reasserting arguments previously raised and rejected because Wong had referred to the prior filings “in her request for attorney fees in the underlying September 19th, 2018 judgment . . . .” He 16 thus claims that “Res Judicata” barred Wong from citing those filings to show tha

11
Sea & Sage Audubon Society, Inc. v. Planning Commissiongreen
cal · 1983 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022(See, e.g., Sea & Sage Audubon Society, Inc. v. Planning Com. (1983) 34 Cal.3d 412, 417 [noting “ ‘issues not raised in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal’ ”].) Plaintiffs also contend the court should have denied or continued Lee’s motion for summary judgment under section 437c, subdivision (h).

2022(See, e.g., Sea & Sage Audubon Society, Inc. v. Planning Com. (1983) 34 Cal.3d 412, 417 [noting “ ‘issues not raised in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal’ ”].) Plaintiffs also contend the court should have denied or continued Lee’s motion for summary judgment under section 437c, subdivision (h).

11
Hernandez v. First Student, Inc.green
calctapp5d · 2019 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(See Hernandez v. First Student, Inc. (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 270, 277 (Hernandez) [“We may and do ‘disregard conclusory arguments that . . . fail to disclose the reasoning by which the appellant reached the conclusions he wants us to adopt.’ [Citation.]”].) In addition, the indices for the two clerk’s transcripts for this appeal indicate that the record before us does not contain any of the prior filings Wong cites to establish that Lee’s motion was frivolous.

11
Jones v. Wachovia Bankgreen
calctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Lee’s Evidence As the moving party, Lee had the initial burden to show that plaintiffs’ claims have no merit—that is, that one or more elements of the cause of action cannot be established, or that there is a complete defense to that cause of action. (§ 437c, subd. (o); see Jones v. Wachovia Bank (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 935, 945 (Jones).) “If a defendant’s moving papers make a prima facie showing that justifies a judgment in its favor, the burden of production shifts to the plaintiff to make a prima facie showing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact.” (Jones, at p. 945; Professi

11
People v. Gilbertgreen
cal · 1965 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020(People v. Lee, supra, B088132, at pp. *6–*7; see Gilbert, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 705 [“even though malice aforethought may not be implied under section 189 to make a killing murder unless the defendant or his accomplice commits the killing in the perpetration of an inherently dangerous felony [citations], when a murder is otherwise established, section 189 may be invoked to determine its degree”].) 14 Applying the above quoted rule from Gilbert, we rejected Lee’s challenge to a jury instruction “that a murder ‘which occurs during the commission or attempt to commit the crime of robbery, when

11
California Shellfish, Inc. v. United Shellfish Co.green
calctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
In Re Francisco W.green
calctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Franz v. Board of Medical Quality Assurancegreen
cal · 1982 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
People v. Morgangreen
calctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
People v. Garciagreen
calctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Cruz v. PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc.green
cal · 2003 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Vernon S. v. Jerome C.green
cal · 1995 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Carboni v. Arrospidegreen
calctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Votaw Precision Tool Co. v. Air Canadagreen
calctapp · 1976 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (38)

CaseCitedYears
Benson Elec. Co. v. Hale Bros. Assoc., Inc. green
calctapp · 1966
2 sentences

2025Associates, Inc. (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 686, 697 .) Here, Restoration amended to conform to proof based on the Lee’s defense denying the existence of an express contract; therefore, the amended allegations present no inconsistency.

2025Associates, Inc. (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d 686, 697 .) Here, Restoration amended to conform to proof based on the Lee’s defense denying the existence of an express contract; therefore, the amended allegations present no inconsistency.

22025–2025
People v. Concha green
cal · 2009
2 sentences

2024This began to change with People v. Concha (2009) 47 Cal.4th 653 , which held 7 that a killing by a third party in response to an attempted murder could support first degree, as opposed to second degree, murder so long as the jury found that the individual defendant personally acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation.

2020Nor does Lee argue that Senate Bill No. 1437 impacts the rule from Gilbert.8 Lee argues that “[p]rovocative act murder as charged in the instant case is a combination of felony murder and natural and probable consequence murder.” In support, Lee quotes People v. Concha (2009) 47 Cal.4th 653 (Concha), in which our Supreme Court stated, “where the defendant perpetrates an inherently dangerous felony, the victim’s self-defensive killing is a natural and probable response.” (Id. at p. 661.) The Supreme Court made this statement in the context of explaining that a conviction for provocative act mur

22020–2024
People v. Lewis green
cal · 2001
2 sentences

2024As the Supreme Court has explained, however, “the absence of a defense challenge to particular aspects of the prosecution’s case or its witnesses does not render victim photographs irrelevant.” (Lewis, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 641 .) Moreover, the mere fact that the video or photographic “evidence may have been cumulative to other evidence does not render it inadmissible [citation], although the trial court should consider that fact when ruling on a motion to exclude evidence pursuant to Evidence Code section 352.” (People v. Gurule (2002) 28 Cal.4th 557, 625 (Gurule).) And as the prosecutor ar

2016Section 954 provides in part: "An acquittal of one or more counts shall not be deemed an acquittal of any other count." "It is well established that, under section 954, inconsistent verdicts are allowed to stand if the verdicts are otherwise supported by substantial evidence." (People v. Miranda (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 398, 405 , citing People v. Lewis (2001) 25 Cal.4th 610, 656 .) We conclude the court did not err in denying Lee's motion to dismiss his convictions of counts 4 and 7 because (1) the court properly found the first jury's verdicts 24 finding Lee guilty of those two counts were not

22016–2024
People v. Lee green
cal · 2011
2 sentences

2022In People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620 (Lee), our Supreme Court observed that “[a] trial court has no sua sponte duty to revise or improve upon an accurate statement of law without a request from counsel [citation], and failure to request clarification of an otherwise correct instruction forfeits the claim of error for purposes of 15 appeal [citations].” (Id. at p. 638.) Like defendant here, the defendant in Lee argued that CALJIC No. 1.23.1, which defines consent in sex offense cases, “improperly reduced the prosecution’s burden of proof.” ( Lee, supra, at p. 638 .) The Lee defendant forfeite

2022In People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620 (Lee), our Supreme Court observed that “[a] trial court has no sua sponte duty to revise or improve upon an accurate statement of law without a request from counsel [citation], and failure to request clarification of an otherwise correct instruction forfeits the claim of error for purposes of 15 appeal [citations].” (Id. at p. 638.) Like defendant here, the defendant in Lee argued that CALJIC No. 1.23.1, which defines consent in sex offense cases, “improperly reduced the prosecution’s burden of proof.” ( Lee, supra, at p. 638 .) The Lee defendant forfeite

22022–2022
People v. Catley green
calctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2022(Ibid.) Like the challenged instruction in Lee, CALJIC No. 1.23 “correctly expressed the law,” so if defendant “believed the instruction on consent required elaboration or clarification, he was obliged to request such elaboration or clarification in the trial court.” (Lee, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 638 ; People v. Catley, supra, 148 Cal.App.4th at p. 505 .) By failing to do so, defendant forfeited his first two challenges to CALJIC No. 1.23. ( Lee, supra, at p. 638 .) We therefore reject defendant’s argument that we should consider his forfeited arguments under section 1259.

2022(Ibid.) Like the challenged instruction in Lee, CALJIC No. 1.23 “correctly expressed the law,” so if defendant “believed the instruction on consent required elaboration or clarification, he was obliged to request such elaboration or clarification in the trial court.” (Lee, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 638 ; People v. Catley, supra, 148 Cal.App.4th at p. 505 .) By failing to do so, defendant forfeited his first two challenges to CALJIC No. 1.23. ( Lee, supra, at p. 638 .) We therefore reject defendant’s argument that we should consider his forfeited arguments under section 1259.

22022–2022
Levin v. Graham & James green
calctapp · 1995
2 sentences

2014The court observed that the plaintiff had asserted no claim independent of attorney malpractice, such as money had and received, and had not suggested another statute of limitations. ( Levin, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at pp. 804-805.) According to Attorney Hanley, Levin, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th 798 shows that Lee’s claim for a refund of attorney fees is subject to the one-year statute of limitations contained in section 340.6.

2014The court observed that the plaintiff had asserted no claim independent of attorney malpractice, such as money had and received, and had not suggested another statute of limitations. ( Levin, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th at pp. 804-805.) According to Attorney Hanley, Levin, supra, 37 Cal.App.4th 798 shows that Lee’s claim for a refund of attorney fees is subject to the one-year statute of limitations contained in section 340.6.

22014–2014
Garcia v. Hyster Co. green
calctapp · 1994
1 sentence

2026(See Estate of Bodmann, supra, 116 Cal.App.5th at p. 417 [applying wrong legal standard to the facts is abuse of discretion].) Accordingly, remand is appropriate for the trial court to determine, in its discretion and under the correct legal standard, the amount of reasonable expenses incurred by Lee to prove matters denied in the RFAs underlying her motion.5 (§ 2033.420; Macias, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 1031 [court has discretion to determine reasonable expenses, receive further evidence, and exclude any costs related to issues outside the scope of the RFAs, but “[w]hat it cannot do is den

12026–2026
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green green
scotus · 1973
1 sentence

2025The absence of this causal connection is fatal to Lee’s claim under Labor Code section 1102.5.9 8 See McDonnell Douglas, supra, 411 U.S. at pages 802–806. 9 Lee argues that because his causes of action for retaliation are viable, his claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy is also viable.

12025–2025
Goddard v. Department of Fish & Wildlife green
calctapp · 2015
1 sentence

2023(See generally Hooked Media Group, Inc. v. Apple Inc. (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 323 , 336, fn. 1 [although Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (m)(2), provides that, “[b]efore a reviewing court affirms an order granting summary judgment or summary adjudication on a ground not relied upon by the trial court, the reviewing court shall afford the parties an opportunity to present their views on the issue by submitting supplemental briefs,” supplemental briefing is not required where the parties have already briefed the issue]; Goddard v. Department of Fish & Wildlife (2015) 243 Cal.App.

12023–2023
Flores v. Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital green
cal · 2016
1 sentence

2023That issue was not raised in Flores: The question before the Supreme Court in Flores was instead whether the violation that the plaintiff sought to prove involved “professional negligence.” ( Flores, supra, 63 Cal.4th at pp. 88-89 [concluding that maintaining a hospital bed’s rail involved professional negligence because it was “integrally related to the medical treatment and diagnosis of the patient”].) Nonetheless, Flores signaled that it would follow Lee’s approach in interpreting MICRA’s statute of limitations by observing that section 340.6 is “similarly worded” to MICRA’s statute of limi

12023–2023
People v. Fews green
calctapp5d · 2018
1 sentence

2023Even after the 2016 enactment of Proposition 64, which legalized the possession of up to 28.5 grams of marijuana by individuals 21 or older, “[i]t remains unlawful to possess, transport, or give away marijuana in excess of the statutorily permitted limits, to cultivate cannabis plants in excess of statutory limits and in violation of local ordinances, to engage in unlicensed ‘commercial cannabis activity,’ and to possess, smoke or ingest cannabis in various designated places, including in a motor vehicle while driving.” (People v. Fews (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 553, 561 .) Although Lee might have

12023–2023
Bay v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 1992
1 sentence

2022Under such circumstances, it strains credulity to suggest that a “reasonably trained officer would have concluded that the warrant was so facially deficient that he or she, as executing officer, could not reasonably presume it to be valid.” (Bay v. Superior Court, supra, 7 Cal.App.4th at p. 1030 .) Thus, because the seized evidence falls within the Leon exception to the exclusionary rule, the trial court properly denied Lee’s motion to suppress the evidentiary fruits of the Gmail warrant.

12022–2022
People v. Akins green
calctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2022Consequently, the court, after stating it had reviewed, and was taking judicial notice of, the complaint and other pleadings in the civil action, (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 1376, 1385 .) Even on the merits, given the record we have, Lee’s claim fails. 7 rejected Lee’s assertion that the attorney’s fees were not related to her criminal conduct.

12022–2022
People v. JTH Tax, Inc. green
calctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2022In his reply brief, Lee argues belatedly that such a failure should be deemed ineffective assistance of counsel. “ ‘Points raised in the reply brief for the first time will not be considered, unless good reason is shown for failure to present them before.’ ” (People v. JTH Tax, Inc. (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1219, 1232 .) Here, where no such good reason has been shown, we decline to consider Lee’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

12022–2022
Sanchez v. Kern Emergency Medical Transportation Corp. green
calctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2022Given that Lee satisfied his initial burden, the absence of opposition is fatal to plaintiffs’ claims against him. “ ‘Whenever the plaintiff claims negligence in the medical context, the plaintiff must present evidence from an expert that the defendant breached his or her duty to the plaintiff and that the breach caused the injury to the plaintiff.’ [Citation] ‘ “ ‘When a defendant moves for summary judgment and supports his motion with expert declarations that his conduct fell within the community standard of care, he is entitled to summary judgment unless the plaintiff comes forward with con

12022–2022
Professional Collection Consultants v. Lauron green
calctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2022Lee’s Evidence As the moving party, Lee had the initial burden to show that plaintiffs’ claims have no merit—that is, that one or more elements of the cause of action cannot be established, or that there is a complete defense to that cause of action. (§ 437c, subd. (o); see Jones v. Wachovia Bank (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 935, 945 (Jones).) “If a defendant’s moving papers make a prima facie showing that justifies a judgment in its favor, the burden of production shifts to the plaintiff to make a prima facie showing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact.” (Jones, at p. 945; Professi

12022–2022
Perow v. Uzelac (In re Perow) green
calctapp5d · 2019
1 sentence

2022(See In re Marriage of Perow & Uzelac, supra, 31 Cal.App.5th at p. 989 .) Family Code section 213, subdivision (a) provides: “In a hearing on an order to show cause, or on a modification thereof, or in a hearing on a motion, other than for contempt, the responding party may seek affirmative relief alternative to that requested by the moving party, on the same issues raised by the moving party, by filing a responsive declaration within the time set by statute or rules of court.” (Fam.

12022–2022
People v. Dung Dinh Anh Trinh green
cal · 2014
1 sentence

2022Section 1424, subdivision (a)(1) provides that such a motion “may not be granted unless the evidence shows that a conflict of interest exists that would render it unlikely that the defendant would receive a fair trial.” Thus, the “ ‘statute “articulates a two-part test: ‘(i) is there a conflict of interest?; and (ii) is the conflict so severe as to disqualify the district attorney from acting?’ ” ’ [Citation.] The defendant ‘bear[s] the burden of demonstrating a genuine conflict; in the absence of any such conflict, a trial court should not interfere with the People’s prerogative to select who

12022–2022
Jae Lee v. United States green
scotus · 2017
1 sentence

2021Lee stated in his plea colloquy that possible deportation would affect his decision about whether to plead guilty. ( Lee, supra, 137 S.Ct. at pp. 1963, 1967– 1968.) Evidence beyond Lee’s self-serving declaration corroborated his claim that immigration consequences predominated at the time of his plea.

12021–2021
Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche green
cal · 2003
1 sentence

2019To demonstrate a probability of prevailing on the second prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis, Lee was required to produce admissible evidence from which a trier of fact could find in his favor, as to every element Lee needed to prove at trial to establish malicious prosecution. (§ 426.16, subd. (b)(1); Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. La Marche, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 739 .) Lee takes the unfounded position that because the trial court did not discuss either the lack of probable cause or malice elements, he is likewise excused from addressing them.

12019–2019
People v. Superior Court (Romero) green
cal · 1996
12016–2016
People v. Miranda green
calctapp · 2011
1 sentence

2016Section 954 provides in part: "An acquittal of one or more counts shall not be deemed an acquittal of any other count." "It is well established that, under section 954, inconsistent verdicts are allowed to stand if the verdicts are otherwise supported by substantial evidence." (People v. Miranda (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 398, 405 , citing People v. Lewis (2001) 25 Cal.4th 610, 656 .) We conclude the court did not err in denying Lee's motion to dismiss his convictions of counts 4 and 7 because (1) the court properly found the first jury's verdicts 24 finding Lee guilty of those two counts were not

12016–2016
People v. Williams green
cal · 1998
12014–2014
Robinson Helicopter Co., Inc. v. Dana Corp. green
cal · 2004
12014–2014
People v. Memro green
cal · 1995
12013–2013
Dana Point Safe Harbor Collective v. Superior Court green
cal · 2010
12013–2013
People v. Vera green
calctapp · 2004
12013–2013
Lien v. Lucky United Properties Investment, Inc. green
calctapp · 2008
12013–2013
People v. Giminez green
cal · 1975
12013–2013
Henry M. Lee Law Corp. v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 2012
12013–2013
People v. Cummins green
calctapp · 2005
12012–2012
People v. Lee red
cal · 2003
12012–2012
Wolin v. Jaguar Land Rover North America, LLC green
ca9 · 2010
12011–2011
Los Angeles Unified School District v. Wilshire Center Marketplace green
calctapp · 2001
12010–2010
Puerto v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 2008
12008–2008
Belaire-West Landscape, Inc. v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 2007
12008–2008
Pioneer Electronics (USA), Inc. v. Superior Court green
cal · 2007
12008–2008
Net2Phone, Inc. v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 2003
12007–2007

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 352 (3) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 452 (3) CA § Cal. Penal Code § 187 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 40 (2001–2026) TX 23 (2002–2026) IL 19 (1984–2026) GA 18 (1968–2024) WA 15 (1984–2024) FL 15 (1979–2024) NY 14 (1987–2022) IN 13 (1975–2020) PA 12 (1977–2025) AL 10 (1981–2017) MD 9 (1985–2024) VA 8 (2000–2026) HI 8 (1998–2025) OH 7 (1998–2025) DC 7 (1988–2021) AR 7 (1999–2017) MT 6 (1936–2008) LA 6 (1993–2012) NC 6 (1970–2020) UT 6 (2006–2024) MO 6 (1915–2016) NJ 5 (1978–2021) ID 5 (2015–2020) WI 5 (2009–2026) MI 4 (1918–2016) MS 4 (1987–2005) KY 4 (1949–2022) NE 4 (1987–2019) IA 3 (1992–2018) ND 3 (2012–2025) OR 3 (2002–2024) MN 3 (1992–2019) AK 3 (1988–2022) TN 2 (2007–2024) SC 2 (2019–2022) CO 2 (1973–1998) KS 2 (2011–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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