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5 Virginia opinions name it 3 courts 1997–2025 2 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
DOE v. THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH U.S.A. OF TULSAgreen1 sentence2025See, e.g., Doe v. First Presbyterian Church U.S.A., 421 P.3d 284, 289-90 (Okla. 2017) (noting that “a church has no defense of ecclesiastical jurisdiction for a claim brought by a non-member . . . where it is undisputed, . . . that ‘by admission of both parties, [a party] did not ask to become a full member and otherwise be bound further by the numerous rules of the church and its denomination’” (quoting Guinn v. Church of Christ of Collinsville, 775 P.2d 766, 778 (Okla. 1989))), overruled in part on other grounds by Okla. | 1 | 1 |
Guinn v. Church of Christ of Collinsvillegreen1 sentence2025See, e.g., Doe v. First Presbyterian Church U.S.A., 421 P.3d 284, 289-90 (Okla. 2017) (noting that “a church has no defense of ecclesiastical jurisdiction for a claim brought by a non-member . . . where it is undisputed, . . . that ‘by admission of both parties, [a party] did not ask to become a full member and otherwise be bound further by the numerous rules of the church and its denomination’” (quoting Guinn v. Church of Christ of Collinsville, 775 P.2d 766, 778 (Okla. 1989))), overruled in part on other grounds by Okla. | 1 | 1 |
Watson v. Jonesgreen1 sentence2024Orthodox, 426 U.S. at 714 (emphasis altered) (quoting Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679, 714 (1871)). | 1 | 1 |
Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for United States and Canada v. Milivojevichgreen1 sentence2024Orthodox, 426 U.S. at 714 (emphasis altered) (quoting Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679, 714 (1871)). | 1 | 1 |
Fun v. Virginia Military Institutegreen2 sentences1998See Fun v. Virginia Military Inst., 245 Va. 249 , 427 S.E.2d 181 (1993). 1998See Fun v. Virginia Military Inst., 245 Va. 249 , 427 S.E.2d 181 (1993). | 1 | 1 |
White v. Commonwealthgreen2 sentences1997See id. 1997See id. | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Womack v. Eldridge
green
2 sentences1997In the case of Womack v. Eldridge, 215 Va. 338 , 210 S.E.2d 145 (1974), the Supreme Court outlined the elements of the tort known as “outrage” or “intentional infliction of emotional harm.” We adopt the view that a cause of action will lie for emotional distress, unaccompanied by physical injury, provided four elements are shown: One, the wrongdoer’s conduct was intentional or reckless. 1997In the case of Womack v. Eldridge, 215 Va. 338 , 210 S.E.2d 145 (1974), the Supreme Court outlined the elements of the tort known as “outrage” or “intentional infliction of emotional harm.” We adopt the view that a cause of action will lie for emotional distress, unaccompanied by physical injury, provided four elements are shown: One, the wrongdoer’s conduct was intentional or reckless. | 1 | 1997–1997 |
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.