Williams test in Washington

38 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1980–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. JMgreen wash · 2001 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2
State v. J.M.green wash · 2001 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2
State v. Kilburngreen wash · 2004 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2
State v. Cartergreen wash · 2004 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006 2 sentences 2006See State v. Carter, 151 Wash.2d 118, 125 , 85 P.3d 887 (2004). 2006See State v. Carter, 151 Wn.2d 118, 125 , 85 P.3d 887 (2004).	2	2
State v. Cartergreen wash · 2004 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006 2 sentences 2006See State v. Carter, 151 Wash.2d 118, 125 , 85 P.3d 887 (2004). 2006See State v. Carter, 151 Wn.2d 118, 125 , 85 P.3d 887 (2004).	2	2
State v. Graygreen washctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026 1 sentence 2026See, e.g., Gray, 151 Wn.	1	1
WASH. ASS'N FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE v. Stategreen wash · 2012 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 1 sentence 2022See id. 2 Instead, under our precedent, the fact that court rules bar Williams’ claim for damages stemming from the past infraction does not determine whether he has 2 Conversely, under federal law’s narrower standing requirements, even someone who suffered grievous injury in the past is not entitled to future injunctive relief unless they show a higher likelihood of injury than this court demands.	1	1
Organized Village of Kake v. Egangreen scotus · 1962 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (39)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Williams green · 1981 2 sentences 2020Williams, 96 Wn.2d at 223 . 2013"The absence of any one of the five factors is grounds for the denial of a new triaL" Id. at 223 . 5 No. 30231-8-III; No. 30239-3-III State v. Hawkins The State argues that four of the five Williams factors-all but factor (2}-do not support the trial court's ruling.	2	2013–2020
In Re Petition of Fields green wash · 2009 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2016–2016
State v. France green wash · 2014 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2016–2016
State v. Johnston green wash · 2006 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2016–2016
State v. Schaler green wash · 2010 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2016–2016
State v. Allen green wash · 2013 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2016–2016
State v. Johnston green wash · 2006 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test. 2016See, e.g., State v. J.M., 144 Wn.2d 472, 477-78 , 28 P.3d 720 (2001) (quoting the Williams test); Kilburn, 151 Wn.2d at 43 (same); State v. Johnston, 156 Wn.2d 355, 361 , 127 P.3d 707 (2006) (same); State v. Schaler, 169 Wn.2d 274, 283 , 236 P.3d 858 (2010) (same); State v. Allen, 176 Wn.2d 611, 626 , 294 P.3d 679 (2013) (plurality opinion) (same); State v. France, 180 Wn.2d 809, 818 , 329 P.3d 864 (2014) (same). ¶18 Notably, in Kilburn this court rejected the same request that appellant and amicus make here—to abandon Williams in favor of a subjective intent test.	2	2016–2016
United States v. Tashiri Wayne Williams green ca9 · 2006 2 sentences 2015Williams, 435 F.3d at 1160-61 . ¶15 Turning to the first Williams inquiry, the objective evidence presented at Rhoden’s CrR 3.5 suppression hearing demonstrated a deliberate use of the two-step interrogation procedure. 2015Thus, the objective evidence of “the timing, setting and completeness of the prewarning interrogation, the continuity of police personnel and the overlapping content of the pre- and postwarning statements” all support the conclusion that the two-step interrogation procedure used here was deliberate under Williams, 435 F.3d at 1159 . ¶16 The second Williams inquiry examines the effectiveness of the midstream Miranda warnings.	2	2015–2015
State v. Johnson green wash · 1994 2 sentences 2010CP at 118; State v. Johnson, 124 Wn.2d 57, 77 , 873 P.2d 514 (1994) (jurors are presumed to follow the trial court’s limiting instructions). 2010CP at 118; State v. Johnson, 124 Wn.2d 57, 77 , 873 P.2d 514 (1994) (jurors are presumed to follow the trial court’s limiting instructions).	2	2010–2010
United States v. Williams green scotus · 2008 2 sentences 2009Id. 2009Id.	2	2009–2009
City of Bellevue v. Jacke green washctapp · 1999 2 sentences 2007ANALYSIS ¶ 9 Williams contends the RALJ court erred in disregarding the district court's findings and reversing the decision to award attorney fees to Williams as the prevailing party under the ARA. ¶ 10 Under RALJ 9.1, we determine whether the district court committed an error of law and if substantial evidence supports the factual findings. [2] City of Bellevue v. Jacke, 96 Wash.App. 209, 211 , 978 P.2d 1116 (1999). 2007ANALYSIS ¶9 Williams contends the RALJ court erred in disregarding the district court’s findings and reversing the decision to award attorney fees to Williams as the prevailing party under the ARA. ¶10 Under RALJ 9.1, we determine whether the district court committed an error of law and if substantial evidence supports the factual findings. 2 City of Bellevue v. Jacke, 96 Wn.	2	2007–2007
State v. Chapin green wash · 1992 2 sentences 2007The key to the second requirement is “spontaneity.” Chapin, 118 Wn.2d at 688 . ¶28 Williams claims that the record does not show spontaneity because J.A.D. responded to Sharon’s questions, instead of making the statements voluntarily. 2007The key to the second requirement is "spontaneity." Chapin, 118 Wash.2d at 688 , 826 P.2d 194 . ¶ 28 Williams claims that the record does not show spontaneity because JAD responded to Sharon's questions, instead of making the statements voluntarily.	2	2007–2007
Matter of Disciplinary Proceeding Against Curran green wash · 1990 2 sentences 2007Even under Justice Williams' analysis, a lawyer molesting a former client who is a minor qualifies as an act of moral turpitude warranting disbarment. "[C]onduct reflecting adversely on a lawyer's fitness to practice law" exists "when there is some nexus between the lawyer's conduct and those characteristics relevant to law practice." Curran, 115 Wash.2d at 768 , 801 P.2d 962 . 2007Even under Justice Williams’ analysis, a lawyer molesting a former client who is a minor qualifies as an act of moral turpitude warranting disbarment. “[C]onduct reflecting adversely on a lawyer’s fitness to practice law” exists “when there is some nexus between the lawyer’s conduct and those characteristics relevant to law practice.” Curran, 115 Wn.2d at 768 .	2	2007–2007
Williams v. Lifestyle Lift Holding, Inc. green washctapp · 2013 1 sentence 2025Williams, 175 Wn.	1	2025–2025
Holland v. City of Tacoma green washctapp · 1998 1 sentence 2023Holland v. City of Tacoma, 90 Wn.	1	2023–2023
Swak v. Department of Labor & Industries green wash · 1952 2 sentences 2021RAP 10.4(c); Swak v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 40 Wn.2d 51, 53 , 240 P.2d 560 (1952) (appellate court may take judicial notice of the record in the case presently before the court or “in proceedings engrafted, ancillary, or supplementary to it”). 10 No. 81718-3-I/11 emergency orders. 2021RAP 10.4(c); Swak v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 40 Wn.2d 51, 53 , 240 P.2d 560 (1952) (appellate court may take judicial notice of the record in the case presently before the court or “in proceedings engrafted, ancillary, or supplementary to it”). 10 No. 81718-3-I/11 emergency orders.	1	2021–2021
Crawford v. Washington green scotus · 2004 2 sentences 2020Ed. 2d 215 (1963). 7 541 U.S. 36 , 124 S. Ct. 1354 , 158 L. 2020Ed. 2d 215 (1963). 7 541 U.S. 36 , 124 S. Ct. 1354 , 158 L.	1	2020–2020
Graham v. Florida green scotus · 2010 2 sentences 2020This factor is derived from the second step in a “categorical bar” analysis that requires “judicial exercise of independent judgment,” to evaluate “‘whether the challenged sentencing practice serves legitimate penological goals.’” State v. Bassett, 192 Wn.2d 67 , 87, 428 P.3d 343 (2018) (quoting Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 67 , 130 S. Ct. 2011 , 176 L. 2020“We are free to evolve our state constitutional framework as novel issues arise to ensure the most appropriate factors are considered.” Id. at 85 .	1	2020–2020
State v. Bassett green wash · 2018 1 sentence 2020This factor is derived from the second step in a “categorical bar” analysis that requires “judicial exercise of independent judgment,” to evaluate “‘whether the challenged sentencing practice serves legitimate penological goals.’” State v. Bassett, 192 Wn.2d 67 , 87, 428 P.3d 343 (2018) (quoting Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 67 , 130 S. Ct. 2011 , 176 L.	1	2020–2020
State v. Brown green wash · 1997 1 sentence 2020Id.	1	2020–2020
Brady v. Maryland green scotus · 1963 2 sentences 2020Williams’s correspondence 5 Since we determine that Knapstad and RAP 2.2 bar Williams’s motion, we decline to address the State’s alternative argument that Williams waived the right to appeal the denial of the Knapstad motion because he pleaded guilty. 6 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S. Ct. 1194 , 10 L. 2020Williams’s correspondence 5 Since we determine that Knapstad and RAP 2.2 bar Williams’s motion, we decline to address the State’s alternative argument that Williams waived the right to appeal the denial of the Knapstad motion because he pleaded guilty. 6 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S. Ct. 1194 , 10 L.	1	2020–2020
Kusah v. McCorkle green wash · 1918 2 sentences 2020Williams also refers to the Department’s longstanding duty to keep an incarcerated person “in health and safety.” Kusah v. McCorkle, 100 Wash. 318, 323 , 170 P. 1023 (1918). 2020Williams also refers to the Department’s longstanding duty to keep an incarcerated person “in health and safety.” Kusah v. McCorkle, 100 Wash. 318, 323 , 170 P. 1023 (1918).	1	2020–2020
State Of Washington, V Kevin S. Robinson green washctapp · 2016 2 sentences 2020While Mr. Williams’s motion was timely under CrR 7.8(b), a timely motion still must be transferred if there is not a substantial showing of entitlement to relief and if there is no need for a factual hearing. 3 No. 37075-5-III State v. Williams CrR 7.8(c)(2); State v. Robinson, 193 Wn. 2020App. 215, 218 , 374 P.3d 175 (2016).	1	2020–2020
State v. McFarland green wash · 1995	1	2018–2018
State v. Blazina green wash · 2015	1	2016–2016
State v. Duncan green wash · 2016	1	2016–2016
State v. Mayer neutral washctapp · 2004	1	2016–2016
State v. Bythrow green wash · 1990	1	2016–2016
North Carolina v. Alford green scotus · 1970	1	2016–2016
State v. Mayer green washctapp · 2004	1	2016–2016
State v. Rhoden green washctapp · 2015	1	2016–2016
State v. Macon green wash · 1996	1	2015–2015
State v. Noltie green wash · 1991	1	2015–2015
In Re PD green washctapp · 1990	1	2013–2013
Williams v. Leone & Keeble, Inc. green wash · 2011	1	2012–2012
State v. Friend green wash · 2009	1	2009–2009
Matter of Personal Restraint of Young red wash · 1993	1	2006–2006
McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission green scotus · 1973	1	1980–1980
Washington v. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation green scotus · 1980	1	1980–1980

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (10) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.68A.090 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.44.010 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.73.090 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.030 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

FL 418 (1933–2026) CA 142 (1959–2026) GA 133 (1981–2026) TX 104 (1970–2025) IL 88 (1988–2026) CT 88 (2003–2025) OH 85 (1997–2026) PA 76 (1948–2026) MS 54 (1990–2024) AL 38 (1985–2025) WA 38 (1980–2026) IN 36 (1894–2023) VA 24 (1987–2026) MO 23 (1973–2025) LA 19 (1983–2025) NE 17 (1983–2024) TN 17 (1981–2026) AZ 17 (1985–2025) WI 17 (1998–2025) KS 16 (1983–2024) MD 15 (1975–2022) DC 14 (1977–2024) MN 14 (1967–2025) SC 13 (2015–2025) MI 13 (1966–2020) AR 13 (1974–2024) MT 13 (1973–2017) DE 12 (1970–2026) NC 12 (1983–2025) NY 11 (1974–2026) NM 10 (1976–2024) NJ 10 (1967–2022) AK 10 (1983–2023) CO 9 (1994–2026) UT 8 (1999–2019) ME 8 (2001–2024) MA 7 (1981–2013) NV 7 (1983–2021) ID 7 (1974–2018) OK 7 (1987–2018) WY 6 (1980–2026) ND 6 (1987–2025) WV 5 (1980–2017) IA 4 (1996–2020) NH 3 (1998–2011) HI 3 (2007–2020) VI 2 (2011–2016) VT 2 (1985–2019) KY 2 (2020–2023) SD 2 (2006–2008)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check

Your account

Appearance