impact error (New Jersey) · Go Syfert
← New Jersey issues

impact error in New Jersey

30 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1957–2026 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (22)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Beygreen
nj · 1988 · cited in 4 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–1999
2 sentences

1999In State v. Bey, 112 N.J. 45 , 548 A.2d 846 (1988) (Bey II), the Court examined the standard of review for constitutional violations in death penalty cases: [I]n assessing the impact of error in either the guilt or penalty phase of a capital case, we ... determine reversibility on the basis of a qualitative determination that considers, in the context of the entire case, whether the error was clearly capable of affecting either the verdict or the sentence.

1999In State v. Bey, 112 N.J. 45 , 548 A.2d 846 (1988) (Bey II), the Court examined the standard of review for constitutional violations in death penalty cases: [I]n assessing the impact of error in either the guilt or penalty phase of a capital case, we ... determine reversibility on the basis of a qualitative determination that considers, in the context of the entire case, whether the error was clearly capable of affecting either the verdict or the sentence.

14
Satterwhite v. Texasgreen
scotus · 1988 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1988–1999
2 sentences

1999The only exception involves “constitutional violations ... [that] by their very nature east so much doubt on the fairness of the trial process that, as a matter of law, they can never be considered harmless.” [Bey II, supra, 112 N.J. at 94-95, 548 A.2d 846 (quoting Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 250 , 108 S.Ct 1792, 1794 , 100 L.Ed.2d 284, 293 (1988).)] The United States Supreme Court in Satterwhite, supra, held that Sixth Amendment constitutional violations that may be considered under a harmless error analysis and those that require automatic reversal are distinguished by whether or not

1999The only exception involves “constitutional violations ... [that] by their very nature east so much doubt on the fairness of the trial process that, as a matter of law, they can never be considered harmless.” [Bey II, supra, 112 N.J. at 94-95, 548 A.2d 846 (quoting Satterwhite v. Texas, 486 U.S. 249, 250 , 108 S.Ct 1792, 1794 , 100 L.Ed.2d 284, 293 (1988).)] The United States Supreme Court in Satterwhite, supra, held that Sixth Amendment constitutional violations that may be considered under a harmless error analysis and those that require automatic reversal are distinguished by whether or not

13
State v. Hammgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1986 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1987–1988
2 sentences

1988See State v. Hamm, 207 N.J.Super. 40 (App.Div.1986).

1987But see State v. Hamm, 207 N.J.

12
Falzone v. Buschgreen
nj · 1965 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1971–1986
2 sentences

1986The trend away from the impact rule in New Jersey began with the decision in Falzone v. Bush, 45 N.J. 559 (1965) where plaintiff suffered substantial injury from fright as a result of having been put in fear for her own safety when defendant's vehicle "negligently veered across the highway and headed in [her] direction." Id. at 561 .

1986The trend away from the impact rule in New Jersey began with the decision in Falzone v. Bush, 45 N.J. 559 (1965) where plaintiff suffered substantial injury from fright as a result of having been put in fear for her own safety when defendant's vehicle "negligently veered across the highway and headed in [her] direction." Id. at 561 .

12
State v. Wildergreen
nj · 2008 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 , 939 A.2d 781 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 , 478 A.2d 364 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.Super. 9, 18-19 , 504 A.2d 1184 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 102 N.J. 370 , 508 A.2d 235 (1985).

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.

11
State v. Allisongreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1985 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 , 939 A.2d 781 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 , 478 A.2d 364 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.Super. 9, 18-19 , 504 A.2d 1184 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 102 N.J. 370 , 508 A.2d 235 (1985).

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.

11
State v. Kellygreen
nj · 1984 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 , 939 A.2d 781 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 , 478 A.2d 364 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.Super. 9, 18-19 , 504 A.2d 1184 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 102 N.J. 370 , 508 A.2d 235 (1985).

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.

11
Bank of New York v. Laksgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2011 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012Second, the Appellate Division panel deciding Laks held that “the remedy of dismissal without prejudice is consistent with the statutory mandate that a plaintiff in a residential foreclosure action plead compliance with the notice of intention precondition in *479 its complaint.” 422 N.J.Super, at 212, 27 A.3d 1222 (citing N.J.S.A. 2A:50-56(f); Rule 4:64-l(b)(13)).

11
Jablonowska v. Suthergreen
nj · 2008 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011From a policy standpoint, courts also feared a “flood of litigation[ ] in cases where the injury complained of may be easily feigned without detection, and where the damages must rest upon mere conjecture and speculation.” Id. at 386 , 47 A. 561 ; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 436A comment b (1965) (discussing skepticism of claims for emotional disturbance absent physical injury). [ Id. at 102, 948 A.2d 610 .] ‘With the passage of time and the decisions in a series of cases in which practically nonexistent impact was the peg upon which recovery for serious emotional disturbance was

11
Strachan v. John F. Kennedy Memorial Hosp.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1986 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011From a policy standpoint, courts also feared a “flood of litigation[ ] in cases where the injury complained of may be easily feigned without detection, and where the damages must rest upon mere conjecture and speculation.” Id. at 386 , 47 A. 561 ; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 436A comment b (1965) (discussing skepticism of claims for emotional disturbance absent physical injury). [ Id. at 102, 948 A.2d 610 .] ‘With the passage of time and the decisions in a series of cases in which practically nonexistent impact was the peg upon which recovery for serious emotional disturbance was

2011From a policy standpoint, courts also feared a “flood of litigation[ ] in cases where the injury complained of may be easily feigned without detection, and where the damages must rest upon mere conjecture and speculation.” Id. at 386 , 47 A. 561 ; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 436A comment b (1965) (discussing skepticism of claims for emotional disturbance absent physical injury). [ Id. at 102, 948 A.2d 610 .] ‘With the passage of time and the decisions in a series of cases in which practically nonexistent impact was the peg upon which recovery for serious emotional disturbance was

11
State v. Natalegreen
nj · 2005 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

11
Griffith v. Kentuckygreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

11
Rios v. Szivosgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2002 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See also Rios v. Szivos, 354 N.J.Super. 578, 580 , 808 A. 2d 868 (App.Div.2002).

2005See also Rios v. Szivos, 354 N.J.Super. 578, 580 , 808 A. 2d 868 (App.Div.2002).

11
Fowler v. Crystal Motors, Inc.green
njsuperctappdiv · 2001 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See Fowler, supra, 340 N.J.Super. at 40 , 773 A. 2d 730 (finding Oswin limited the serious impact test to Types 6, 7, and 8 under the 1988 Act); Vellucci v. DiMella, 338 N.J.Super. 345, 348 , 769 A. 2d 410 (App.Div.2001) (finding serious impact test not necessary for type 9 injury); Puso v. Kenyon, 272 N.J.Super. 280, 290 , 639 A. 2d 1120 (App. Div.1994) (finding Oswin's serious impact test not applicable to injuries which define themselves).

2004See Fowler, supra, 340 N.J.Super. at 40 , 773 A. 2d 730 (finding Oswin limited the serious impact test to Types 6, 7, and 8 under the 1988 Act); Vellucci v. DiMella, 338 N.J.Super. 345, 348 , 769 A. 2d 410 (App.Div.2001) (finding serious impact test not necessary for type 9 injury); Puso v. Kenyon, 272 N.J.Super. 280, 290 , 639 A. 2d 1120 (App. Div.1994) (finding Oswin's serious impact test not applicable to injuries which define themselves).

11
Wayne Carl Coleman v. Ralph Kemp, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center, Respondentgreen
ca11 · 1986 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Redington Ranch Associates v. Redmangreen
arizctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Harris v. New Yorkgreen
scotus · 1971 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
State v. MacOngreen
nj · 1971 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11
Sandler v. Lawn-A-Mat Chem. & Equip. Corp.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1976 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
11
Roselle v. La Fera Contracting Co.green
njsuperctappdiv · 1952 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
11
Opinion of the Justicesgreen
nh · 1950 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1957–1957
11
United States v. Garssongreen
nysd · 1923 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1957–1957
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
State v. Hammgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1986 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1987–1988
2 sentences

1988See State v. Hamm, 207 N.J.Super. 40 (App.Div.1986).

1987But see State v. Hamm, 207 N.J.

12

Also cited on this issue (36)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Wilbely green
nj · 1973
1 sentence

2026We cannot, as defendant asks us to do here, review "that portion[] of [the] charge alleged to be erroneous . . . in isolation." Wilbely, 63 N.J. at 422 .

12026–2026
State v. Torres green
nj · 2005
1 sentence

2026It is hopeful that you will be able to do that without violence to individual judgment." The court continued, "[e]ach of you must decide the case for yourself, but you are to do so only after an impartial consideration of the evidence with your fellow jurors." And, the court instructed the jury, "do A-0564-24 22 not surrender your honest conviction as to the weight or effect of the evidence solely because of the opinion of your fellow jurors." When considering the impact of an error in a jury instruction, we must read the charge "as a whole." Torres, 183 N.J. at 564 .

12026–2026
State v. Jackson green
njsuperctappdiv · 2018
1 sentence

2018The argument does not nullify the limits found in Rule 3:22-12(a)(2), which "cannot be relaxed by invoking Rule 1:1-2 or Rule 3:22-12(a)(1) . . ." State v. Jackson, 454 N.J.

12018–2018
State v. Allison neutral
nj · 1985
2 sentences

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 , 939 A.2d 781 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 , 478 A.2d 364 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.Super. 9, 18-19 , 504 A.2d 1184 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 102 N.J. 370 , 508 A.2d 235 (1985).

2017See State v. Wilder, 193 N.J. 398, 415 , 939 A.2d 781 (2008); State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 218 , 478 A.2d 364 (1984); State v. Allison, 208 N.J.Super. 9, 18-19 , 504 A.2d 1184 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 102 N.J. 370 , 508 A.2d 235 (1985).

12017–2017
Ward v. West Jersey & Seashore Railroad green
nj · 1900
2 sentences

2011From a policy standpoint, courts also feared a “flood of litigation[ ] in cases where the injury complained of may be easily feigned without detection, and where the damages must rest upon mere conjecture and speculation.” Id. at 386 , 47 A. 561 ; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 436A comment b (1965) (discussing skepticism of claims for emotional disturbance absent physical injury). [ Id. at 102, 948 A.2d 610 .] ‘With the passage of time and the decisions in a series of cases in which practically nonexistent impact was the peg upon which recovery for serious emotional disturbance was

2011From a policy standpoint, courts also feared a “flood of litigation[ ] in cases where the injury complained of may be easily feigned without detection, and where the damages must rest upon mere conjecture and speculation.” Id. at 386 , 47 A. 561 ; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts § 436A comment b (1965) (discussing skepticism of claims for emotional disturbance absent physical injury). [ Id. at 102, 948 A.2d 610 .] ‘With the passage of time and the decisions in a series of cases in which practically nonexistent impact was the peg upon which recovery for serious emotional disturbance was

12011–2011
Strachan v. John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital green
nj · 1988
2 sentences

2011L.J. 1237 *77 (1971)), aff'd, in part and rev’d in part, 109 N.J. 523 , 538 A.2d 346 (1988).

2011L.J. 1237 *77 (1971)), aff'd, in part and rev’d in part, 109 N.J. 523 , 538 A.2d 346 (1988).

12011–2011
State v. Purnell green
nj · 1999
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

12006–2006
State v. Fortin green
nj · 2004
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

2006See, e.g., Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 322-28 , 107 S.Ct. 708, 712-16 , 93 L.Ed. 2d 649, 658-61 (1987); State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 481, 492-96 , 878 A. 2d 724 (2005); State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 647-48 , 843 A. 2d 974 (2004); State v. Purnell, 161 N.J. 44, 58-64 , 735 A. 2d 513 (1999).

12006–2006
Beltran v. DeLima green
njsuperctappdiv · 2005
2 sentences

2005Since the James opinion had been widely followed by trial judges and appellate judges, the court in Beltran held that the Supreme Court did establish a new rule of law as to which retroactive analysis is appropriate. 379 N.J.Super. at 173 , 877 A. 2d 307 .

2005Since the James opinion had been widely followed by trial judges and appellate judges, the court in Beltran held that the Supreme Court did establish a new rule of law as to which retroactive analysis is appropriate. 379 N.J.Super. at 173 , 877 A. 2d 307 .

12005–2005
Serrano v. Serrano green
nj · 2005
2 sentences

2005After carefully reviewing the policy considerations relevant to a retroactivity analysis, the court concluded that the recent Supreme Court decisions in DiProspero and Serrano v. Serrano, 183 N.J. 508 , 874 A. 2d 1058 (2005) undeniably marked a departure from James , where the court found that the serious impact requirement was implicitly *214 incorporated in N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8a.

2005After carefully reviewing the policy considerations relevant to a retroactivity analysis, the court concluded that the recent Supreme Court decisions in DiProspero and Serrano v. Serrano, 183 N.J. 508 , 874 A. 2d 1058 (2005) undeniably marked a departure from James , where the court found that the serious impact requirement was implicitly *214 incorporated in N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8a.

12005–2005
DiProspero v. Penn green
nj · 2005
2 sentences

2005DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 506 , 874 A.2d 1039 (2005).

2005DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 506 , 874 A.2d 1039 (2005).

12005–2005
James v. Torres green
njsuperctappdiv · 2002
2 sentences

2005In James v. Torres, 354 N.J.Super. 586, 588 , 808 A. 2d 873 (App.Div.2002), after consideration of contrary arguments, we found that the serious impact requirement of Oswin survived the passage of AICRA and was implicitly incorporated within it.

2005In James v. Torres, 354 N.J.Super. 586, 588 , 808 A. 2d 873 (App.Div.2002), after consideration of contrary arguments, we found that the serious impact requirement of Oswin survived the passage of AICRA and was implicitly incorporated within it.

12005–2005
Vellucci v. DiMella green
njsuperctappdiv · 2001
2 sentences

2004See Fowler, supra, 340 N.J.Super. at 40 , 773 A. 2d 730 (finding Oswin limited the serious impact test to Types 6, 7, and 8 under the 1988 Act); Vellucci v. DiMella, 338 N.J.Super. 345, 348 , 769 A. 2d 410 (App.Div.2001) (finding serious impact test not necessary for type 9 injury); Puso v. Kenyon, 272 N.J.Super. 280, 290 , 639 A. 2d 1120 (App. Div.1994) (finding Oswin's serious impact test not applicable to injuries which define themselves).

2004See Fowler, supra, 340 N.J.Super. at 40 , 773 A. 2d 730 (finding Oswin limited the serious impact test to Types 6, 7, and 8 under the 1988 Act); Vellucci v. DiMella, 338 N.J.Super. 345, 348 , 769 A. 2d 410 (App.Div.2001) (finding serious impact test not necessary for type 9 injury); Puso v. Kenyon, 272 N.J.Super. 280, 290 , 639 A. 2d 1120 (App. Div.1994) (finding Oswin's serious impact test not applicable to injuries which define themselves).

12004–2004
Puso v. Kenyon green
njsuperctappdiv · 1994
2 sentences

2004See Fowler, supra, 340 N.J.Super. at 40 , 773 A. 2d 730 (finding Oswin limited the serious impact test to Types 6, 7, and 8 under the 1988 Act); Vellucci v. DiMella, 338 N.J.Super. 345, 348 , 769 A. 2d 410 (App.Div.2001) (finding serious impact test not necessary for type 9 injury); Puso v. Kenyon, 272 N.J.Super. 280, 290 , 639 A. 2d 1120 (App. Div.1994) (finding Oswin's serious impact test not applicable to injuries which define themselves).

2004See Fowler, supra, 340 N.J.Super. at 40 , 773 A. 2d 730 (finding Oswin limited the serious impact test to Types 6, 7, and 8 under the 1988 Act); Vellucci v. DiMella, 338 N.J.Super. 345, 348 , 769 A. 2d 410 (App.Div.2001) (finding serious impact test not necessary for type 9 injury); Puso v. Kenyon, 272 N.J.Super. 280, 290 , 639 A. 2d 1120 (App. Div.1994) (finding Oswin's serious impact test not applicable to injuries which define themselves).

12004–2004
Moreno v. Greenfield green
njsuperctappdiv · 1994
2 sentences

2001Moreno v. Greenfield, 272 N.J.Super. 456 , 640 A. 2d 335 (App.Div.1994), also did not hold that a serious impact requirement is applicable to a type 4 injury.

2001Moreno v. Greenfield, 272 N.J.Super. 456 , 640 A. 2d 335 (App.Div.1994), also did not hold that a serious impact requirement is applicable to a type 4 injury.

12001–2001
Oswin v. Shaw red
nj · 1992
12001–2001
Sherry v. Buonansonti green
njsuperctappdiv · 1996
2 sentences

2001In Sherry v. Buonansonti, 287 N.J.Super. 518 , 671 A. 2d 606 (App.Div. 1996), plaintiff's injury did not involve a *738 fracture, but was "very suggestive of degeneration." Id. at 521 , 671 A. 2d 606 .

2001In Sherry v. Buonansonti, 287 N.J.Super. 518 , 671 A. 2d 606 (App.Div. 1996), plaintiff's injury did not involve a *738 fracture, but was "very suggestive of degeneration." Id. at 521 , 671 A. 2d 606 .

12001–2001
State v. PT & L. Construction Company, Inc. green
nj · 1978
11997–1997
Aronson v. Aronson green
njsuperctappdiv · 1991
11994–1994
State v. Johnson green
nj · 1964
11994–1994
South End Express, Inc. v. Sul America Terrestres Martimos E. Acidentes Companhia De Seguros neutral
nj · 1972
11990–1990
Vitolo v. St. Peter's Church neutral
nj · 1972
11990–1990
Vitolo v. St. Peter's Church neutral
njsuperctappdiv · 1972
11990–1990
United States v. Alfred Joseph Samango green
ca9 · 1979
11988–1988
United States v. Nabil S. Al Mudarris, and Salah S. Al Mudarris green
ca9 · 1983
11988–1988
United States v. Carcaise green
flmd · 1978
11988–1988
Mudarris v. United States green
scotus · 1983
11988–1988
Munoz v. United States green
scotus · 1983
11988–1988
Carter v. Missouri green
scotus · 1983
11988–1988
State v. Kreidler green
njsuperctappdiv · 1986
11987–1987
State v. Whidby green
njsuperctappdiv · 1985
11987–1987
Clifford v. Opdyke green
njsuperctappdiv · 1978
11986–1986
Builders Block & Supply Co. v. Saint Brendan Const., Co. green
nj · 1976
11981–1981
Cloyes v. Township of Delaware green
nj · 1957
11961–1961
Stringfield v. City of Hackensack green
njsuperctappdiv · 1961
11961–1961
State v. Canatella green
nh · 1950
11957–1957

Where else courts name it

FL 106 (1966–2026) CA 83 (1956–2025) TX 74 (1969–2021) IL 63 (1970–2025) MN 58 (1943–2018) DC 56 (1964–2026) PA 54 (1962–2026) IN 50 (1973–2025) GA 37 (1967–2025) NY 33 (1951–2026) NJ 30 (1957–2026) OR 25 (1986–2025) KS 22 (1972–2025) MD 19 (1963–2014) LA 18 (1975–2023) MA 17 (1978–2025) CO 16 (1977–2017) VA 14 (1968–2022) WA 14 (1968–2026) TN 14 (1973–2019) CT 13 (1982–2015) MI 12 (1972–2017) NM 12 (1987–2025) MO 11 (1950–2018) WI 10 (1979–2026) OH 9 (1961–2025) NC 9 (1980–2025) UT 9 (1989–2018) KY 8 (1971–2023) ME 8 (1982–2026) WV 7 (1982–2026) MS 7 (1975–2024) IA 7 (1981–2024) NV 6 (1985–2024) HI 6 (1974–2025) OK 5 (1969–2025) RI 5 (1997–2010) SC 4 (2002–2026) WY 4 (1986–2023) MT 4 (1980–2002) AZ 4 (1954–2023) AK 4 (1978–2023) DE 4 (1965–1987) AR 3 (1979–1999) NE 3 (1955–2003) ND 2 (1972–1990) VT 2 (2004–2014) AL 2 (1969–2001) NH 2 (1979–1989)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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