definitive test (Texas) · Go Syfert
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definitive test in Texas

21 Texas opinions name it 3 courts 1993–2025 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
In Re Poly-America, L.P.green
tex · 2008 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Monsanto Co., 494 S.W.2d at 536 ; Kreighbaum, 2007 WL 1829729 , at * 2-3; see also In re Poly-America, L.P., 262 S.W.3d 337, 349 (Tex.2008) (orig. proceeding) (recognizing that, because trial court has no discretion to determine what the law is or apply the law incorrectly, its clear failure to properly analyze or apply the law constitutes an abuse of discretion).

2013See Monsanto Co., 494 S.W.2d at 536 ; Kreighbaum, 2007 WL 1829729 , at *2–3; see also In re Poly–America, L.P., 262 S.W.3d 337, 349 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding) (recognizing that, because trial court has no discretion to determine what the law is or apply the law incorrectly, its clear failure to properly analyze or apply the law constitutes an abuse of discretion). 26 pleading requesting attorney’s fees under specific theories.

22
Monsanto Company v. Milamgreen
tex · 1973 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Monsanto Co., 494 S.W.2d at 536 ; Kreighbaum, 2007 WL 1829729 , at * 2-3; see also In re Poly-America, L.P., 262 S.W.3d 337, 349 (Tex.2008) (orig. proceeding) (recognizing that, because trial court has no discretion to determine what the law is or apply the law incorrectly, its clear failure to properly analyze or apply the law constitutes an abuse of discretion).

2013See Monsanto Co., 494 S.W.2d at 536 ; Kreighbaum, 2007 WL 1829729 , at *2–3; see also In re Poly–America, L.P., 262 S.W.3d 337, 349 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding) (recognizing that, because trial court has no discretion to determine what the law is or apply the law incorrectly, its clear failure to properly analyze or apply the law constitutes an abuse of discretion). 26 pleading requesting attorney’s fees under specific theories.

22
Littrell v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2008 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2020
2 sentences

2020PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.01(2) (Supp.). 6 Blockburger analysis if the Legislature has made this intention clear.” McCrary, 327 S.W.3d at 173 (citing Littrell v. State, 271 S.W.3d 273, 276 (Tex. Crim.

2010Littrell, 271 S.W.3d at 276 .

15
Okoli v. Texas Department of Human Servicesgreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See Okoli, 117 S.W.3d at 479 .

11
Troxel v. Granvillegreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020In Troxel, the United States Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of Washington’s nonparent visitation statute, which allowed “[a]ny person” to petition for visitation with a child “at any time” and authorized the trial court to grant such visitation if it would be in the best interest of the child. 530 U.S. at 60 (plurality opinion) (quotation omitted).

11
Ex Parte Brisenogreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015See id.

11
People v. Seatongreen
cal · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
Guzman v. Stategreen
fla · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

11
Drury v. Stategreen
wyo · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

11
United States v. Garzagreen
ca1 · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
Stuart v. Stategreen
idaho · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
United States v. Daygreen
dc · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
State v. Dulaneygreen
iowa · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

11
State v. Hernandezgreen
nd · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

11
State v. Bousumgreen
sd · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

11
Collins v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
Garry Vincent Featherstone v. Wayne E. Estelle, Wardengreen
ca9 · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
Dufour v. Stategreen
fla · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

11
State v. Baileygreen
minn · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

11
United States v. Juan Chaparro-Alcantara and Jaime Romero-Bautistagreen
ca7 · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
Gausvik v. Perezgreen
ca9 · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
State v. Lindseygreen
la · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

11
State v. Fryegreen
texcrimapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Geesa v. Statered
texcrimapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (11)

CaseCitedYears
Min v. Avila green
texapp · 1999
2 sentences

2022“Whatever the source of the evidence, the definitive test ‘is whether it demonstrates independent facts and circumstances that support, and thus corroborate, the challenger’s claim.’” Id. (quoting Min, 991 S.W.2d at 503 ).

2014Whatever the source of the evidence, the definitive test “is whether it demonstrates independent facts and circumstances that support, and thus corroborate, the challenger’s claim.” Id.

32014–2025
Ex Parte Napper green
texcrimapp · 2010
1 sentence

2020Although the Court of Criminal Appeals has not settled on a definitive test for determining when evidence is merely potentially useful, it has indicated that evidence is not potentially exculpatory when its potential value is based on (1) “mere speculation,” (2) when the evidence was “legally irrelevant to the crime charged,” or (3) when the chance that the evidence would exonerate the defendant was “virtually nil.” Ex parte Napper, 322 S.W.3d at 231 .

12020–2020
McCrary v. State green
texapp · 2010
1 sentence

2020PENAL CODE ANN. § 20.01(2) (Supp.). 6 Blockburger analysis if the Legislature has made this intention clear.” McCrary, 327 S.W.3d at 173 (citing Littrell v. State, 271 S.W.3d 273, 276 (Tex. Crim.

12020–2020
Sterling Bank v. Willard M, L.L.C. green
texapp · 2006
1 sentence

2016Id.

12016–2016
Davenport v. Garcia green
tex · 1992
1 sentence

2015DAVENPORT FAILS TO CONSIDER COMPETING CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES The sole issue the Texas Supreme Court addressed in Davenport was “whether the court’s gag orders violate the guarantee of free expression contained in article I, section 8 of the Texas Constitution, which provides in pertinent part: Every person shall be at liberty to speak, write or publish his opinions on any subject, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege….” 1 Id. at 7 .

12015–2015
United States v. Eric Lee Jobson green
ca6 · 1996
2 sentences

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

12010–2010
State v. Berkley green
me · 1989
1 sentence

2010App. 1997) (“Nothing in the record on appeal hints, even remotely, that the police destroyed the car so that [defendant] could not examine it, or have it viewed by an expert.”); Dufour v. State, 905 So. 2d 42, 68 (Fla. 2005) (quoting Guzman v. State, 868 So.2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003): “Under Youngblood, bad faith exists only when police intentionally destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”); Guzman, 868 So. 2d at 510 (no showing that “any State actor intentionally deprived [defendant] of evidence which the State actor believed to be exculpatory”); Dulaney, 493 N.W.2d at 791 (n

12010–2010
United States v. Billy Mac Thompson green
ca5 · 1997
1 sentence

2010Some courts have expressly adopted the Trombetta formulation as the definitive test of bad faith.110 Other courts have focused on one or both of the Trombetta situations, characterizing bad faith as involving improper motivation or malice,111 108 Id. 109 Id. 110 Jobson, 102 F.3d at 218 ; United States v. Chaparro-Alcantara, 226 F.3d 616, 624 (7th Cir. 2000); Stuart v. State, 127 Idaho 806, 816 , 907 P.2d 783, 793 (1995); State v. Lindsey, 543 So. 2d 886, 891 (La. 1989). 111 United States v. Garza, 435 F.3d 73, 75 (1st Cir. 2006) (Defendant must show “independent evidence that the [government]

12010–2010
Davis v. State green
texcrimapp · 1994
11999–1999
Donnelly v. DeChristoforo green
scotus · 1974
11995–1995
Darden v. Wainwright green
scotus · 1986
11995–1995

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 31.03 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.01 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.02 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.02 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 58 (1965–2025) NC 32 (1997–2022) IL 21 (1975–2021) TX 21 (1993–2025) PA 18 (1984–2024) MD 17 (1978–2025) MI 15 (1959–2008) FL 14 (1959–2025) WA 11 (1940–2013) OH 10 (1994–2025) AZ 9 (2002–2025) MN 8 (1970–2019) LA 8 (1954–2018) MO 8 (1947–2004) NY 8 (1965–2014) WY 7 (1979–2015) MA 7 (1987–2025) GA 7 (1974–2024) NM 7 (1963–2016) NJ 6 (1956–2025) KS 6 (1976–2024) RI 6 (1986–2022) IA 6 (1974–2017) AL 6 (1957–2023) OR 6 (1970–2013) CO 4 (1994–2020) VT 4 (1995–2016) ID 4 (1956–1967) WI 4 (1986–2014) HI 4 (1946–1996) ND 3 (2011–2022) KY 3 (1955–2022) TN 3 (2013–2015) MT 3 (1973–2018) IN 3 (1977–2010) DE 3 (1979–2015) AK 3 (1990–1999) MS 3 (1979–2019) DC 3 (1985–2024) SD 2 (1996–2023) SC 2 (1991–2009) NE 2 (1956–1995) ME 2 (1996–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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