known rule (Georgia) · Go Syfert
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known rule in Georgia

20 Georgia opinions name it 2 courts 1895–2016 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Georgia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Georgia Board of Chiropractic Examiners v. Ballgreen
ga · 1968 · cited in 3 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1979–2016
2 sentences

2016See Ga. Bd. of Chiropractic Examiners v. Ball, 224 Ga. 85, 89 (1) ( 160 SE2d 340 ) (1968) (“It is a well known rule that in construing a statute where certain acts are specified which are followed by a general expression referring to other acts, such other acts must be of like character with those named.

2016See Ga. Bd. of Chiropractic Examiners v. Ball, 224 Ga. 85, 89 (1) ( 160 SE2d 340 ) (1968) (“It is a well known rule that in construing a statute where certain acts are specified which are followed by a general expression referring to other acts, such other acts must be of like character with those named.

33
Standard Oil Co. v. Swansongreen
ga · 1904 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent [as reflected in the plain meaning of the relevant text].” (punctuation omitted) (emphasis added)); Standard Oil Co. v. Swanson, 121 Ga. 412, 415 ( 49 SE 262 ) (1904) (“[When] a statute or other document enumerates several classes of persons or things, and immediately following, and classed with such enumeration, the clause embraces ‘other’ persons or things, the word ‘other’ will generally be read as ‘other such like,’ so that persons or things therein comprised may be read as ejusdem generis with, an

2016Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent [as reflected in the plain meaning of the relevant text].” (punctuation omitted) (emphasis supplied)); Standard Oil Co. v. Swanson, 121 Ga. 412, 415 ( 49 SE 262, 263 ) (1904) (“[When] a statute or other document enumerates several classes of persons or things, and immediately following, and classed with such enumeration, the clause embraces ‘other’ persons or things, the word ‘other’ will generally be read as ‘other such like,’ so that persons or things therein comprised may be read as ejusdem generis

22
Millen v. Caldwellgreen
ga · 1984 · cited in 2 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Thus, the District failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that Hersh intentionally refused or consciously neglected to comply with a known rule, and the superior court properly reversed the ruling of the DOL Board of Review denying Hersh benefits.3 See Millen v. Caldwell, 253 Ga. at 115 (finding insufficient evidence to sustain denial of benefits where employee was fired for exactly the same conduct she had engaged in many times before and no evidence existed of a written rule or an unwritten rule properly communicated to employee); Slade v. Butler, 317 Ga. App. 688 ( 732 SE2d 543 )

2013Thus, the District failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that Hersh intentionally refused or consciously neglected to comply with a known rule, and the superior court properly reversed the ruling of the DOL Board of Review denying Hersh benefits. 3 See Millen v. Caldwell, 253 Ga. at 115 (finding insufficient evidence to sustain denial of benefits where employee was fired for exactly the same conduct she had engaged in many times before and no evidence existed of a written rule or an unwritten rule properly communicated to employee); Slade v. Butler, 317 Ga. App. 688 ( 732 SE2d 543

22
Ellis v. Caldwellgreen
ga · 2012 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013We note that in Ellis v. Caldwell, 290 Ga. 336, 339 (2) (a) ( 720 SE2d 628 ) (2012), the Supreme Court of Georgia determined that the trial court made its attorney fee award under OCGA § 9-15-14 (b) based on the language in the order even though the specific subsection was not cited.

2013We note that in Ellis v. Caldwell, 290 Ga. 336, 339 (2) (a) ( 720 SE2d 628 ) (2012), the Supreme Court of Georgia determined that the trial court made its attorney fee award under OCGA § 9-15-14 (b) based on the language in the order even though the specific subsection was not cited.

11
Interfinancial Midtown, Inc. v. Choate Construction Co.green
gactapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Co., 284 Ga. App. 747, 752 (3) (b) ( 644 SE2d 281 ) (2007).

2013Co., 284 Ga. App. 747, 752 (3) (b) ( 644 SE2d 281 ) (2007).

11
Powell v. Dougherty Christian Academy, Inc.green
gactapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Powell v. Dougherty Christian Academy, 215 Ga. App. 551, 553 ( 451 SE2d 465 ) (1994) (“an individual [may] not receive other compensation based on his previous work and unemployment benefits based on the same work”). 11 2.

2013See Powell v. Dougherty Christian Academy, 215 Ga. App. 551, 553 ( 451 SE2d 465 ) (1994) (“an individual [may] not receive other compensation based on his previous work and unemployment benefits based on the same work”). 11 2.

11
Terry v. Houston County Board of Educationgreen
gactapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010In Brawner v. Marietta City Bd. of Ed., 285 Ga. App. 10, 12 ( 646 SE2d 89 ) (2007), we construed insubordination to mean “willful disobedience of, or refusal to obey, a reasonable and valid rule, regulation or order issued by the school board or an administrative superior.” Similarly, a wilful neglect of duty is demonstrated by “a flagrant act or omission, intentional violation of a known rule or policy, or a continuous course of reprehensible conduct.” Terry v. Houston County Bd. of Ed., 178 Ga. App. 296, 299 ( 342 SE2d 774 ) (1986).

2010In Brawner v. Marietta City Bd. of Ed., 285 Ga. App. 10, 12 ( 646 SE2d 89 ) (2007), we construed insubordination to mean “willful disobedience of, or refusal to obey, a reasonable and valid rule, regulation or order issued by the school board or an administrative superior.” Similarly, a wilful neglect of duty is demonstrated by “a flagrant act or omission, intentional violation of a known rule or policy, or a continuous course of reprehensible conduct.” Terry v. Houston County Bd. of Ed., 178 Ga. App. 296, 299 ( 342 SE2d 774 ) (1986).

11
Brawner v. Marietta City Board of Educationgreen
gactapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010In Brawner v. Marietta City Bd. of Ed., 285 Ga. App. 10, 12 ( 646 SE2d 89 ) (2007), we construed insubordination to mean “willful disobedience of, or refusal to obey, a reasonable and valid rule, regulation or order issued by the school board or an administrative superior.” Similarly, a wilful neglect of duty is demonstrated by “a flagrant act or omission, intentional violation of a known rule or policy, or a continuous course of reprehensible conduct.” Terry v. Houston County Bd. of Ed., 178 Ga. App. 296, 299 ( 342 SE2d 774 ) (1986).

2010In Brawner v. Marietta City Bd. of Ed., 285 Ga. App. 10, 12 ( 646 SE2d 89 ) (2007), we construed insubordination to mean “willful disobedience of, or refusal to obey, a reasonable and valid rule, regulation or order issued by the school board or an administrative superior.” Similarly, a wilful neglect of duty is demonstrated by “a flagrant act or omission, intentional violation of a known rule or policy, or a continuous course of reprehensible conduct.” Terry v. Houston County Bd. of Ed., 178 Ga. App. 296, 299 ( 342 SE2d 774 ) (1986).

11
Myers v. Phillipsgreen
ga · 1944 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988However, it is a well known principle of law that “[circumstantial evidence from which the existence of a fact might be inferred, but which did not demand a finding ... to that effect, will not support a verdict [judgment or ruling of the court], when by positive and uncontradicted testimony of unimpeached witnesses, which was perfectly consistent with the circumstantial evidence relied on by the [party], it was affirmatively shown that no such fact existed.” Myers v. Phillips, 197 Ga. 536, 542 ( 29 SE2d 700 ); Dozier v. Wallace, 169 Ga. App. 126 (4) (b) ( 311 SE2d 839 ).

1988However, it is a well known principle of law that “[circumstantial evidence from which the existence of a fact might be inferred, but which did not demand a finding ... to that effect, will not support a verdict [judgment or ruling of the court], when by positive and uncontradicted testimony of unimpeached witnesses, which was perfectly consistent with the circumstantial evidence relied on by the [party], it was affirmatively shown that no such fact existed.” Myers v. Phillips, 197 Ga. 536, 542 ( 29 SE2d 700 ); Dozier v. Wallace, 169 Ga. App. 126 (4) (b) ( 311 SE2d 839 ).

11
North Georgia Technical & Vocational School v. Boatwrightgreen
gactapp · 1977 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
2 sentences

1986School v. Boatwright, 144 Ga. App. 66, 68 ( 240 SE2d 563 ) (1977).

1986School v. Boatwright, 144 Ga. App. 66, 68 ( 240 SE2d 563 ) (1977).

11
Freeman v. Martingreen
gactapp · 1967 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
2 sentences

1976Freeman v. Martin, 116 Ga. App. 237, 242 ( 156 SE2d 511 ).

1976Freeman v. Martin, 116 Ga. App. 237, 242 ( 156 SE2d 511 ).

11
Childers v. Ackerman Construction Co.green
ga · 1955 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
2 sentences

1975Campbell v. Powell, 206 Ga. 768, 770 (3) ( 58 SE2d 829 ); Childers v. Ackerman Const. Co., 211 Ga. 350, 356 ( 86 SE2d 227 ); Midland Properties v. Kennedy, 100 Ga. App. 37, 38 ( 110 SE2d 120 ); Harwell v. People's Loan &c.

1975Campbell v. Powell, 206 Ga. 768, 770 (3) ( 58 SE2d 829 ); Childers v. Ackerman Const. Co., 211 Ga. 350, 356 ( 86 SE2d 227 ); Midland Properties v. Kennedy, 100 Ga. App. 37, 38 ( 110 SE2d 120 ); Harwell v. People's Loan &c.

11
Campbell v. Powellgreen
ga · 1950 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
2 sentences

1975Campbell v. Powell, 206 Ga. 768, 770 (3) ( 58 SE2d 829 ); Childers v. Ackerman Const. Co., 211 Ga. 350, 356 ( 86 SE2d 227 ); Midland Properties v. Kennedy, 100 Ga. App. 37, 38 ( 110 SE2d 120 ); Harwell v. People's Loan &c.

1975Campbell v. Powell, 206 Ga. 768, 770 (3) ( 58 SE2d 829 ); Childers v. Ackerman Const. Co., 211 Ga. 350, 356 ( 86 SE2d 227 ); Midland Properties v. Kennedy, 100 Ga. App. 37, 38 ( 110 SE2d 120 ); Harwell v. People's Loan &c.

11
MIDLAND PROPERTIES COMPANY v. Kennedygreen
gactapp · 1959 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
2 sentences

1975Campbell v. Powell, 206 Ga. 768, 770 (3) ( 58 SE2d 829 ); Childers v. Ackerman Const. Co., 211 Ga. 350, 356 ( 86 SE2d 227 ); Midland Properties v. Kennedy, 100 Ga. App. 37, 38 ( 110 SE2d 120 ); Harwell v. People's Loan &c.

1975Campbell v. Powell, 206 Ga. 768, 770 (3) ( 58 SE2d 829 ); Childers v. Ackerman Const. Co., 211 Ga. 350, 356 ( 86 SE2d 227 ); Midland Properties v. Kennedy, 100 Ga. App. 37, 38 ( 110 SE2d 120 ); Harwell v. People's Loan &c.

11
Weill v. Browngreen
ga · 1944 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1968–1968
2 sentences

1968In the case at bar the facts as to vagueness, indefiniteness and uncertainty are even more glaring than in the Green case, 222 Ga. 195 , supra. These deficiencies were not cured by performance of the plaintiff, because the agreement relied upon was so vague, indefinite and uncertain “as to make it impossible for courts to determine what, if anything, was agreed upon, therefore rendering it impossible to determine whether there had been performance.” See Weill v. Brown, 197 Ga. 328, 333-334 ( 29 SE2d 54 ) (one Justice absent).

1968In the case at bar the facts as to vagueness, indefiniteness and uncertainty are even more glaring than in the Green case, 222 Ga. 195 , supra. These deficiencies were not cured by performance of the plaintiff, because the agreement relied upon was so vague, indefinite and uncertain “as to make it impossible for courts to determine what, if anything, was agreed upon, therefore rendering it impossible to determine whether there had been performance.” See Weill v. Brown, 197 Ga. 328, 333-334 ( 29 SE2d 54 ) (one Justice absent).

11
Gilmore v. Gilmoregreen
ga · 1947 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1968–1968
2 sentences

1968“Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.” Jenkins v. Jones, 209 Ga. 758, 761 ( 75 SE2d 815 ); Gilmore v. Gilmore, 201 Ga. 770, 777 ( 41 SE2d 229 ).

1968“Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.” Jenkins v. Jones, 209 Ga. 758, 761 ( 75 SE2d 815 ); Gilmore v. Gilmore, 201 Ga. 770, 777 ( 41 SE2d 229 ).

11
Jenkins v. Jonesgreen
ga · 1953 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1968–1968
2 sentences

1968“Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.” Jenkins v. Jones, 209 Ga. 758, 761 ( 75 SE2d 815 ); Gilmore v. Gilmore, 201 Ga. 770, 777 ( 41 SE2d 229 ).

1968“Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.” Jenkins v. Jones, 209 Ga. 758, 761 ( 75 SE2d 815 ); Gilmore v. Gilmore, 201 Ga. 770, 777 ( 41 SE2d 229 ).

11
West v. Downergreen
ga · 1962 · cited in 1 Georgia opinions naming this issue, 1968–1968
2 sentences

1968What was said in the Green case, 222 Ga. 195 , supra, was the application of the well known principle: “The first requirement of the law relative to contracts is that there must be a meeting of the minds of the parties, and mutuality [citations], and in order for the contract to be valid the agreement must ordinarily *662 be expressed plainly and explicitly enough to show what the parties agreed upon. [Citations.] A contract cannot be enforced in any form of action if its terms are incompete or incomprehensible. . .” West v. Downer, 218 Ga. 235, 241 ( 127 SE2d 359 ).

1968What was said in the Green case, 222 Ga. 195 , supra, was the application of the well known principle: “The first requirement of the law relative to contracts is that there must be a meeting of the minds of the parties, and mutuality [citations], and in order for the contract to be valid the agreement must ordinarily *662 be expressed plainly and explicitly enough to show what the parties agreed upon. [Citations.] A contract cannot be enforced in any form of action if its terms are incompete or incomprehensible. . .” West v. Downer, 218 Ga. 235, 241 ( 127 SE2d 359 ).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Georgia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (15)

CaseCitedYears
Brantley v. Taylor neutral
ga · 1904
2 sentences

2016Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent [as reflected in the plain meaning of the relevant text].” (punctuation omitted) (emphasis added)); Standard Oil Co. v. Swanson, 121 Ga. 412, 415 ( 49 SE 262 ) (1904) (“[When] a statute or other document enumerates several classes of persons or things, and immediately following, and classed with such enumeration, the clause embraces ‘other’ persons or things, the word ‘other’ will generally be read as ‘other such like,’ so that persons or things therein comprised may be read as ejusdem generis with, an

2016Ejusdem generis is a rule of construction to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent [as reflected in the plain meaning of the relevant text].” (punctuation omitted) (emphasis supplied)); Standard Oil Co. v. Swanson, 121 Ga. 412, 415 ( 49 SE 262, 263 ) (1904) (“[When] a statute or other document enumerates several classes of persons or things, and immediately following, and classed with such enumeration, the clause embraces ‘other’ persons or things, the word ‘other’ will generally be read as ‘other such like,’ so that persons or things therein comprised may be read as ejusdem generis

22016–2016
Slade v. Butler neutral
gactapp · 2012
2 sentences

2013Thus, the District failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that Hersh intentionally refused or consciously neglected to comply with a known rule, and the superior court properly reversed the ruling of the DOL Board of Review denying Hersh benefits. 3 See Millen v. Caldwell, 253 Ga. at 115 (finding insufficient evidence to sustain denial of benefits where employee was fired for exactly the same conduct she had engaged in many times before and no evidence existed of a written rule or an unwritten rule properly communicated to employee); Slade v. Butler, 317 Ga. App. 688 ( 732 SE2d 543

2013Thus, the District failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that Hersh intentionally refused or consciously neglected to comply with a known rule, and the superior court properly reversed the ruling of the DOL Board of Review denying Hersh benefits. 3 See Millen v. Caldwell, 253 Ga. at 115 (finding insufficient evidence to sustain denial of benefits where employee was fired for exactly the same conduct she had engaged in many times before and no evidence existed of a written rule or an unwritten rule properly communicated to employee); Slade v. Butler, 317 Ga. App. 688 ( 732 SE2d 543

22013–2013
Dozier v. Wallace green
gactapp · 1983
2 sentences

1988However, it is a well known principle of law that “[circumstantial evidence from which the existence of a fact might be inferred, but which did not demand a finding ... to that effect, will not support a verdict [judgment or ruling of the court], when by positive and uncontradicted testimony of unimpeached witnesses, which was perfectly consistent with the circumstantial evidence relied on by the [party], it was affirmatively shown that no such fact existed.” Myers v. Phillips, 197 Ga. 536, 542 ( 29 SE2d 700 ); Dozier v. Wallace, 169 Ga. App. 126 (4) (b) ( 311 SE2d 839 ).

1988However, it is a well known principle of law that “[circumstantial evidence from which the existence of a fact might be inferred, but which did not demand a finding ... to that effect, will not support a verdict [judgment or ruling of the court], when by positive and uncontradicted testimony of unimpeached witnesses, which was perfectly consistent with the circumstantial evidence relied on by the [party], it was affirmatively shown that no such fact existed.” Myers v. Phillips, 197 Ga. 536, 542 ( 29 SE2d 700 ); Dozier v. Wallace, 169 Ga. App. 126 (4) (b) ( 311 SE2d 839 ).

11988–1988
Kendall v. State green
gactapp · 1911
2 sentences

1986Such an approach is in line with our treatment of wilful acts in the tort arena (Davey v. Evans, 156 Ga. App. 698 ( 275 SE2d 769 ) (1980)); and in the criminal arena (Kendall v. State, 9 Ga. App. 794 ( 72 SE 164 ) (1911)).

1986Such an approach is in line with our treatment of wilful acts in the tort arena (Davey v. Evans, 156 Ga. App. 698 ( 275 SE2d 769 ) (1980)); and in the criminal arena (Kendall v. State, 9 Ga. App. 794 ( 72 SE 164 ) (1911)).

11986–1986
Davey v. Evans green
gactapp · 1980
2 sentences

1986Such an approach is in line with our treatment of wilful acts in the tort arena (Davey v. Evans, 156 Ga. App. 698 ( 275 SE2d 769 ) (1980)); and in the criminal arena (Kendall v. State, 9 Ga. App. 794 ( 72 SE 164 ) (1911)).

1986Such an approach is in line with our treatment of wilful acts in the tort arena (Davey v. Evans, 156 Ga. App. 698 ( 275 SE2d 769 ) (1980)); and in the criminal arena (Kendall v. State, 9 Ga. App. 794 ( 72 SE 164 ) (1911)).

11986–1986
Green v. Zaring green
ga · 1966
2 sentences

1968What was said in the Green case, 222 Ga. 195 , supra, was the application of the well known principle: “The first requirement of the law relative to contracts is that there must be a meeting of the minds of the parties, and mutuality [citations], and in order for the contract to be valid the agreement must ordinarily *662 be expressed plainly and explicitly enough to show what the parties agreed upon. [Citations.] A contract cannot be enforced in any form of action if its terms are incompete or incomprehensible. . .” West v. Downer, 218 Ga. 235, 241 ( 127 SE2d 359 ).

1968In the case at bar the facts as to vagueness, indefiniteness and uncertainty are even more glaring than in the Green case, 222 Ga. 195 , supra. These deficiencies were not cured by performance of the plaintiff, because the agreement relied upon was so vague, indefinite and uncertain “as to make it impossible for courts to determine what, if anything, was agreed upon, therefore rendering it impossible to determine whether there had been performance.” See Weill v. Brown, 197 Ga. 328, 333-334 ( 29 SE2d 54 ) (one Justice absent).

11968–1968
National Brands Stores Inc. v. Muse & Associates green
ga · 1936
1 sentence

1967Words having a primary meaning “may, by long use in connection with a business or trade, be understood by the public as designating the goods, services or business of a particular trader.” Multiple Realty Inc. v. Multiple Listing Service, Inc., 220 Ga. 437, 440 , supra. See National Brands *457 Stores, Inc. v. Muse & Assoc., supra. This is known as the doctrine of secondary meaning.

11967–1967
Multiple Realty, Inc. v. Multiple Listing Service, Inc. green
ga · 1964
1 sentence

1967Words having a primary meaning “may, by long use in connection with a business or trade, be understood by the public as designating the goods, services or business of a particular trader.” Multiple Realty Inc. v. Multiple Listing Service, Inc., 220 Ga. 437, 440 , supra. See National Brands *457 Stores, Inc. v. Muse & Assoc., supra. This is known as the doctrine of secondary meaning.

11967–1967
Golf Club Co. v. Rothstein green
gactapp · 1958
2 sentences

1962Golf Club Co. v. Rothstein, 97 Ga. App. 128 ( 102 SE2d 654 ).

1962Golf Club Co. v. Rothstein, 97 Ga. App. 128 ( 102 SE2d 654 ).

11962–1962
Lambert v. Doyle green
ga · 1903
1 sentence

1930This decision cites Rivers v. Wright, 117 Ga. 81 ( 43 S. E. 499 ), as authority for the following well known rule of law: “A partial assignment of a chose in action will not vest in the assignee such a title to the portion assigned as can be enforced in action at law without the consent of the debtor.

11930–1930
Rivers v. Wright & Co. green
ga · 1903
1 sentence

1930This decision cites Rivers v. Wright, 117 Ga. 81 ( 43 S. E. 499 ), as authority for the following well known rule of law: “A partial assignment of a chose in action will not vest in the assignee such a title to the portion assigned as can be enforced in action at law without the consent of the debtor.

11930–1930
Varner v. State neutral
ga · 1900
2 sentences

1926It follows that the ruling of the Supreme Court in Varner v. State, 110 Ga. 595 (1, 2) ( 36 S. E. 93 ), made before the code section was amended by the act of 1920, is still the law of this State.

1926It follows that the ruling of the Supreme Court in Varner v. State, 110 Ga. 595 (1, 2) ( 36 S. E. 93 ), made before the code section was amended by the act of 1920, is still the law of this State.

11926–1926
Tillman v. Webb & Co. neutral
gactapp · 1916
11917–1917
Union Casualty v. Harroll green
tenn · 1897
11914–1914
Hays v. Lasater neutral
ark · 1841
11895–1895

Statutes the citing opinions construe

GA § 20-2-940 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 57 (1878–2026) PA 46 (1836–2025) KY 44 (1912–2024) MO 43 (1885–2024) IN 43 (1857–2020) CA 42 (1911–2022) TX 41 (1893–2025) AL 39 (1837–1998) NY 38 (1846–2023) WV 32 (1894–2024) IA 23 (1866–2025) TN 22 (1900–2021) WA 22 (1889–2021) MA 21 (1841–2014) CT 21 (1904–2022) OR 21 (1923–2022) GA 20 (1895–2016) FL 20 (1920–2016) LA 18 (1843–2012) AR 16 (1910–2002) NJ 16 (1913–2019) ID 16 (1926–2019) CO 15 (1909–2019) MD 14 (1903–2025) MS 14 (1940–2019) OH 11 (1895–2019) MN 11 (1918–2025) NC 11 (1903–2008) VA 10 (1896–2008) MI 9 (1975–2022) WY 9 (1928–2014) AZ 8 (1924–2000) WI 8 (1912–2020) KS 7 (1922–2020) ME 7 (1845–2019) OK 6 (1905–1996) VT 5 (1919–2016) DE 4 (1995–2020) SC 4 (1938–2026) RI 4 (2000–2022) MT 3 (1944–2008) UT 3 (2003–2025) DC 3 (1984–2021) AK 2 (2019–2019) NE 2 (1957–2025) NM 2 (1940–1967) PR 2 (1936–1967) HI 2 (1921–2008)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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