statutory notice requirement (Maryland) · Go Syfert
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statutory notice requirement in Maryland

20 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 2000–2020 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Leppo v. State Highway Administrationgreen
md · 1993 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2002–2011
2 sentences

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

33
Heron v. Stradergreen
md · 2000 · cited in 8 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2002–2011
2 sentences

2011Kleinke v. Ocean City, 147 N.J.Super. 575 , 371 A.2d 785 (N.J.Super.App.Div.1977); serious physical or mental injury and/or location out-of-state; the inability to retain counsel in cases involving complex litigation; and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement. ..." Heron, 361 Md. at 272-73 , 761 A.2d at 63-64 (citations omitted).

2011They are “ ‘excusable neglect or mistake (generally determined in reference to a reasonably prudent person standard), serious physical or mental injury and/or location out-of-state, the inability to retain counsel in cases involving complex litigation, and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement.’ ” Id. (quoting Heron, at 272, 761 A.2d 56 ) (citations omitted).

28
White v. Prince George's Countygreen
mdctspecapp · 2005 · cited in 5 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2006–2011
2 sentences

2009We therefore concluded that the claimant “did not substantially comply with the statutory notice requirement by filing a complaint with I.A.D. about police brutality.” Id. at 147 , 877 A.2d 1129 .

2009We therefore concluded that the claimant “did not substantially comply with the statutory notice requirement by filing a complaint with I.A.D. about police brutality.” Id. at 147 , 877 A.2d 1129 .

25
Redfern v. Holtite Manufacturing Co.green
md · 1991 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2002–2011
2 sentences

2011Co., 209 Md. 106, 111-12 , 120 A.2d 370, 372-73 (1956) (finding that statutory notice was a condition precedent to applying for payment for deaths pursuant to the Workmen’s Compensation Act). 386 Md. at 126-27 , 872 A.2d 1 .

2011Co., 209 Md. 106, 111-12 , 120 A.2d 370, 372-73 (1956) (finding that statutory notice was a condition precedent to applying for payment for deaths pursuant to the Workmen’s Compensation Act). 386 Md. at 126-27 , 872 A.2d 1 .

23
Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Commissiongreen
md · 1946 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2005–2011
2 sentences

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

22
Arnold v. Prince George's Countygreen
md · 1973 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2005–2011
2 sentences

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

22
Grubbs v. Prince George's Countygreen
md · 1972 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2005–2011
2 sentences

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

22
Rios v. Montgomery Countygreen
md · 2005 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2005–2013
2 sentences

2013In certain other jurisdictions, a plaintiff shows good cause for his or her failure to comply with a tort claims act’s notice requirement where the plaintiff was: (1) responsible for “excusable neglect or mistake (generally determined in reference to a reasonably prudent person standard)”; (2) suffering a “serious physical or mental injury”; (3) “locat[ed] out-of-state”; (4) unable “to retain counsel in [a] case[] involving complex litigation”; or (5) “ignoran[t] of the statutory notice requirement^]” Id. at 141 , 872 A.2d at 22-23 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

2013In certain other jurisdictions, a plaintiff shows good cause for his or her failure to comply with a tort claims act’s notice requirement where the plaintiff was: (1) responsible for “excusable neglect or mistake (generally determined in reference to a reasonably prudent person standard)”; (2) suffering a “serious physical or mental injury”; (3) “locat[ed] out-of-state”; (4) unable “to retain counsel in [a] case[] involving complex litigation”; or (5) “ignoran[t] of the statutory notice requirement^]” Id. at 141 , 872 A.2d at 22-23 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

13
Moore v. Norouzigreen
md · 2002 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2002–2007
2 sentences

2007Moore [v. Norouzi], 371 Md. [154] at 169, 807 A.2d 632 .

2004In a footnote in Heron, 361 Md. at 272 n. 13, 761 A.2d 56 , the Heron Court cited our decision in Williams v. Montgomery County, 123 Md.App. 119 , 716 A.2d 1100 (1998), for the proposition that this Court “has specifically rejected ignorance of the law requiring notice as good cause.” Thereafter, in Hargrove, 146 Md.App. at 467 , 807 A.2d 149 , we discussed Heron , noting that the Heron Court “reaffirmed that Maryland has specifically rejected the ignorance of the law requirement as good cause.” In the consolidated case of Moore v. Norouzi, 371 Md. at 159, 807 A.2d 632 , the claimants were inj

13
Mayor of Baltimore v. Stokesgreen
mdctspecapp · 2014 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Stokes, 217 Md.App. 471, 486-88 , 94 A.3d 159 (2014) (quoting Wilbon v. Hunsicker, 172 Md.App. 181, 205-06 , 913 A.2d 678 (2006)).

2016Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Stokes, 217 Md.App. 471, 486-88 , 94 A.3d 159 (2014) (quoting Wilbon v. Hunsicker, 172 Md.App. 181, 205-06 , 913 A.2d 678 (2006)).

12
Hughes v. Moyergreen
md · 2017 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020CODE ANN., SPP § 11- 106(a)(5) was to ensure fair process. 452 Md. 77, 99 , 156 A.3d 770, 783 (2017).

2020CODE ANN., SPP § 11- 106(a)(5) was to ensure fair process. 452 Md. 77, 99 , 156 A.3d 770, 783 (2017).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (13)

CaseCitedYears
Wilbon v. Hunsicker green
mdctspecapp · 2006
2 sentences

2010These were summarized in Wilbon : excusable neglect or mistake (generally determined in reference to a reasonably prudent person standard), [2] serious physical or mental injury and/or location out-of-state, [3] the inability to retain counsel in cases involving complex litigation, ... [4j ignorance of the statutory notice requirement!,] or [5] misleading representations made by [a] representative of the local government. 172 Md.App. at 205-06 , 913 A.2d 678 (Quotations and citations omitted.) 35 Appellants argue that none of these conditions are present here.

2010These were summarized in Wilbon : excusable neglect or mistake (generally determined in reference to a reasonably prudent person standard), [2] serious physical or mental injury and/or location out-of-state, [3] the inability to retain counsel in cases involving complex litigation, ... [4j ignorance of the statutory notice requirement!,] or [5] misleading representations made by [a] representative of the local government. 172 Md.App. at 205-06 , 913 A.2d 678 (Quotations and citations omitted.) 35 Appellants argue that none of these conditions are present here.

52009–2016
Williams v. Montgomery County green
mdctspecapp · 1998
2 sentences

2006In Williams v. Montgomery County, 123 Md.App. 119, 134 , 716 A.2d 1100 (1998), this Court specifically rejected ignorance of the statutory notice requirement as good cause. 16 .

2006In Williams v. Montgomery County, 123 Md.App. 119, 134 , 716 A.2d 1100 (1998), this Court specifically rejected ignorance of the statutory notice requirement as good cause. 16 .

32004–2006
Faulk v. Ewing green
md · 2002
2 sentences

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

2011Faulk, 371 Md. at 304 , 808 A.2d at 1276 ; Grubbs v. Prince George’s County, 267 Md. 318, 320-21 , 297 A.2d 754, 755-56 (1972) (stating “we have regarded it [the predecessor statute to the LGTCA, Md.Code (1957, 1972 RepLVoL), Art. 57, § 18] as a condition precedent to the right to maintain an action for damages”); see also Neuenschwander v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 187 Md. 67, 77 , 48 A.2d 593, 599 (1946) (stating that “the notice is a condition precedent to the right to maintain the suit”), overruled on other grounds by statute as stated in Arnold v. Prince George’s County, 270 Md

22005–2011
Bell v. County of Camden green
njsuperctappdiv · 1977
2 sentences

2005Ctr., 140 N.J.Super. 323 , 356 A.2d 75 (1976); and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement, see, e.g., Bell v. Camden County, 147 N.J.Super. 139 , 370 A.2d 886 (1977).

2005Ctr., 140 N.J.Super. 323 , 356 A.2d 75 (1976); and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement, see, e.g., Bell v. Camden County, 147 N.J.Super. 139 , 370 A.2d 886 (1977).

22000–2005
Torres v. Jersey City Medical Center green
njsuperctappdiv · 1976
2 sentences

2005Ctr., 140 N.J.Super. 323 , 356 A.2d 75 (1976); and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement, see, e.g., Bell v. Camden County, 147 N.J.Super. 139 , 370 A.2d 886 (1977).

2005Ctr., 140 N.J.Super. 323 , 356 A.2d 75 (1976); and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement, see, e.g., Bell v. Camden County, 147 N.J.Super. 139 , 370 A.2d 886 (1977).

22000–2005
Westfarm Associates Limited Partnership v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission green
ca3 · 1995
1 sentence

2011They are “ ‘excusable neglect or mistake (generally determined in reference to a reasonably prudent person standard), serious physical or mental injury and/or location out-of-state, the inability to retain counsel in cases involving complex litigation, and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement.’ ” Id. (quoting Heron, at 272, 761 A.2d 56 ) (citations omitted).

12011–2011
Kleinke v. City of Ocean City green
njsuperctappdiv · 1977
2 sentences

2011Kleinke v. Ocean City, 147 N.J.Super. 575 , 371 A.2d 785 (N.J.Super.App.Div.1977); serious physical or mental injury and/or location out-of-state; the inability to retain counsel in cases involving complex litigation; and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement. ..." Heron, 361 Md. at 272-73 , 761 A.2d at 63-64 (citations omitted).

2011Kleinke v. Ocean City, 147 N.J.Super. 575 , 371 A.2d 785 (N.J.Super.App.Div.1977); serious physical or mental injury and/or location out-of-state; the inability to retain counsel in cases involving complex litigation; and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement. ..." Heron, 361 Md. at 272-73 , 761 A.2d at 63-64 (citations omitted).

12011–2011
Whittlesey v. State green
md · 1995
2 sentences

2010The State’s Attorney’s Office for Washington County represented that it is that office’s practice to make personal service of the notice upon the defendant even if the defendant is represented by counsel. 3 *493 Although it is clear that oral notice is insufficient, Gorge v. State, 386 Md. 600, 613 , 873 A.2d 1171 (2005), and timely notice is essential, Hammersla v. State, 184 Md.App. 295, 313 , 965 A.2d 912 (2009), the discussion in Whittlesey v. State, 340 Md. 30, 83 , 665 A.2d 223 (1995), suggests that service upon counsel of record in accordance with Maryland Rule 1-321 (a) would satisfy t

2010The State’s Attorney’s Office for Washington County represented that it is that office’s practice to make personal service of the notice upon the defendant even if the defendant is represented by counsel. 3 *493 Although it is clear that oral notice is insufficient, Gorge v. State, 386 Md. 600, 613 , 873 A.2d 1171 (2005), and timely notice is essential, Hammersla v. State, 184 Md.App. 295, 313 , 965 A.2d 912 (2009), the discussion in Whittlesey v. State, 340 Md. 30, 83 , 665 A.2d 223 (1995), suggests that service upon counsel of record in accordance with Maryland Rule 1-321 (a) would satisfy t

12010–2010
Hammersla v. State green
mdctspecapp · 2009
2 sentences

2010The State’s Attorney’s Office for Washington County represented that it is that office’s practice to make personal service of the notice upon the defendant even if the defendant is represented by counsel. 3 *493 Although it is clear that oral notice is insufficient, Gorge v. State, 386 Md. 600, 613 , 873 A.2d 1171 (2005), and timely notice is essential, Hammersla v. State, 184 Md.App. 295, 313 , 965 A.2d 912 (2009), the discussion in Whittlesey v. State, 340 Md. 30, 83 , 665 A.2d 223 (1995), suggests that service upon counsel of record in accordance with Maryland Rule 1-321 (a) would satisfy t

2010The State’s Attorney’s Office for Washington County represented that it is that office’s practice to make personal service of the notice upon the defendant even if the defendant is represented by counsel. 3 *493 Although it is clear that oral notice is insufficient, Gorge v. State, 386 Md. 600, 613 , 873 A.2d 1171 (2005), and timely notice is essential, Hammersla v. State, 184 Md.App. 295, 313 , 965 A.2d 912 (2009), the discussion in Whittlesey v. State, 340 Md. 30, 83 , 665 A.2d 223 (1995), suggests that service upon counsel of record in accordance with Maryland Rule 1-321 (a) would satisfy t

12010–2010
Gorge v. State green
md · 2005
2 sentences

2010The State’s Attorney’s Office for Washington County represented that it is that office’s practice to make personal service of the notice upon the defendant even if the defendant is represented by counsel. 3 *493 Although it is clear that oral notice is insufficient, Gorge v. State, 386 Md. 600, 613 , 873 A.2d 1171 (2005), and timely notice is essential, Hammersla v. State, 184 Md.App. 295, 313 , 965 A.2d 912 (2009), the discussion in Whittlesey v. State, 340 Md. 30, 83 , 665 A.2d 223 (1995), suggests that service upon counsel of record in accordance with Maryland Rule 1-321 (a) would satisfy t

2010The State’s Attorney’s Office for Washington County represented that it is that office’s practice to make personal service of the notice upon the defendant even if the defendant is represented by counsel. 3 *493 Although it is clear that oral notice is insufficient, Gorge v. State, 386 Md. 600, 613 , 873 A.2d 1171 (2005), and timely notice is essential, Hammersla v. State, 184 Md.App. 295, 313 , 965 A.2d 912 (2009), the discussion in Whittlesey v. State, 340 Md. 30, 83 , 665 A.2d 223 (1995), suggests that service upon counsel of record in accordance with Maryland Rule 1-321 (a) would satisfy t

12010–2010
Hargrove v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore green
mdctspecapp · 2002
2 sentences

2004In a footnote in Heron, 361 Md. at 272 n. 13, 761 A.2d 56 , the Heron Court cited our decision in Williams v. Montgomery County, 123 Md.App. 119 , 716 A.2d 1100 (1998), for the proposition that this Court “has specifically rejected ignorance of the law requiring notice as good cause.” Thereafter, in Hargrove, 146 Md.App. at 467 , 807 A.2d 149 , we discussed Heron , noting that the Heron Court “reaffirmed that Maryland has specifically rejected the ignorance of the law requirement as good cause.” In the consolidated case of Moore v. Norouzi, 371 Md. at 159, 807 A.2d 632 , the claimants were inj

2004In a footnote in Heron, 361 Md. at 272 n. 13, 761 A.2d 56 , the Heron Court cited our decision in Williams v. Montgomery County, 123 Md.App. 119 , 716 A.2d 1100 (1998), for the proposition that this Court “has specifically rejected ignorance of the law requiring notice as good cause.” Thereafter, in Hargrove, 146 Md.App. at 467 , 807 A.2d 149 , we discussed Heron , noting that the Heron Court “reaffirmed that Maryland has specifically rejected the ignorance of the law requirement as good cause.” In the consolidated case of Moore v. Norouzi, 371 Md. at 159, 807 A.2d 632 , the claimants were inj

12004–2004
Friolo v. Frankel green
md · 2003
2 sentences

2003For a recent opinion of this Court setting forth standards for the awards of attorney fees under fee shifting statutes, see Friolo v. Frankel, 373 Md. 501 , 819 A.2d 354 (2003).

2003For a recent opinion of this Court setting forth standards for the awards of attorney fees under fee shifting statutes, see Friolo v. Frankel, 373 Md. 501 , 819 A.2d 354 (2003).

12003–2003
Keller v. County of Somerset green
njsuperctappdiv · 1975
2 sentences

2000Ctr., 140 N.J.Super. 323 , 356 A.2d 75 (Law Div.1976); and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement, 13 see, e.g., Bell v. Camden County, 147 N.J.Super. 139 , 370 A.2d 886 (App.Div.1977); Keller v. Somerset County, 137 N.J.Super. 1 , 347 A.2d 529 (App.Div.1975).

2000Ctr., 140 N.J.Super. 323 , 356 A.2d 75 (Law Div.1976); and ignorance of the statutory notice requirement, 13 see, e.g., Bell v. Camden County, 147 N.J.Super. 139 , 370 A.2d 886 (App.Div.1977); Keller v. Somerset County, 137 N.J.Super. 1 , 347 A.2d 529 (App.Div.1975).

12000–2000

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MD § Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-304 (4) MD § Md. Code Ann., State Gov't § 12-106 (4) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 110 (1931–2026) TX 38 (1953–2025) IL 34 (1975–2023) FL 32 (1954–2024) MI 30 (1980–2025) CA 29 (1946–2026) IN 25 (1975–2025) CT 22 (1983–2022) MD 20 (2000–2020) WA 15 (1929–2020) CO 14 (1982–2025) UT 13 (1988–2026) NC 12 (1991–2026) KS 10 (1994–2022) ID 10 (1967–2021) OH 10 (1996–2025) TN 10 (1991–2017) GA 10 (1937–2023) DC 9 (1978–2010) ME 9 (1930–2021) MS 8 (2002–2026) MA 8 (1979–2026) MN 8 (1941–2010) OR 7 (1990–2017) PA 7 (1927–2026) WI 7 (1881–2019) VA 6 (1991–2026) MO 6 (1977–2022) NM 6 (1980–2012) NJ 6 (1974–2012) MT 5 (1978–2001) NE 5 (1921–1987) IA 5 (1984–2022) ND 5 (2012–2023) RI 4 (1999–2006) SC 4 (2001–2013) OK 3 (1994–2015) NH 2 (1988–2003) AL 2 (1989–2007) NV 2 (1973–2018) AZ 2 (1959–1988) AR 2 (1985–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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