change defense (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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change defense in Pennsylvania

106 Pennsylvania opinions name it 6 courts 1931–2026 29 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (20)

CaseFollowedCited
Commonwealth v. Mentzergreen
pasuperct · 2011 · cited in 21 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2014–2026
2 sentences

2025Relevant factors for Rule 564 prejudice include: (1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the description of the charges changed with the amendment; (5) whether a change in defense strategy was necessitated by the amendment; and (6) whether the timing of the Commonwealth’s request for amendment allowed for ample notice and preparation. - 11 - J-S27025-25 Commonwealth v. Mentzer, 18 A.3

2024In determining whether a defendant would suffer prejudice, the following factors are taken into consideration: (1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the description of the charges changed with the amendment; (5) whether a change in defense strategy was necessitated by the amendment; and (6) whether the timing of the Commonwealth’s request for amendment allowed for ample notice and p

1621
Commonwealth v. Sinclairgreen
pasuperct · 2006 · cited in 34 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2006–2025
2 sentences

2025Sinclair, 897 A.2d at 1223 (citation omitted). -8- J-S15005-25 In determining whether a defendant suffered prejudice, we consider the following factors: (1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the description of the charges changed with the amendment; (5) whether a change in defense strategy was necessitated by the amendment; and (6) whether the timing of the Commonwealth's request fo

2018If so, then the defendant is deemed to have been placed on notice regarding his alleged criminal conduct." Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1194 (Pa.Super. 2001)). 5 The Superior Court has set out some of the factors to be considered when determining whether the defendant will be prejudiced by the amendment: "( 1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the de- scripti

1534
Commonwealth v. Grekisgreen
pasuperct · 1992 · cited in 7 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2006–2021
2 sentences

2021Sinclair, supra (citing Commonwealth v. Grekis, 601 A.2d 1284, 1292 (Pa. Super. 1992)).

2021Sinclair, supra (citing Commonwealth v. Grekis, 601 A.2d 1284, 1292 (Pa. Super. 1992)).

57
Commonwealth v. Witmayergreen
pasuperct · 2016 · cited in 6 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2024
2 sentences

2018Upon amendment, the court may grant such postponement of trial or other relief as is necessary in the interests of justice. 5 The rule at issue in Brown was Rule 229, which was subsequently renumbered as Rule 564 in 2000. 6 Again, those considerations include "(1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the description of the charges changed with the amendment; (5) whether a change in def

2018If so, then the defendant is deemed to have been placed on notice regarding his alleged criminal conduct." Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1194 (Pa.Super. 2001)). 5 The Superior Court has set out some of the factors to be considered when determining whether the defendant will be prejudiced by the amendment: "( 1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the de- scripti

56
Commonwealth v. Rosergreen
pasuperct · 2006 · cited in 9 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2009–2025
2 sentences

2025Relevant factors for Rule 564 prejudice include: (1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the description of the charges changed with the amendment; (5) whether a change in defense strategy was necessitated by the amendment; and (6) whether the timing of the Commonwealth’s request for amendment allowed for ample notice and preparation. - 11 - J-S27025-25 Commonwealth v. Mentzer, 18 A.3

2024In determining whether an amendment prejudiced a defendant, the court considers, inter alia, whether “a change in defense strategy was necessitated[.]” Commonwealth v. Roser, 914 A.2d 447, 454 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted).

49
Commonwealth v. Beckgreen
pasuperct · 2013 · cited in 6 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
2 sentences

2023See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(c). - 21 - J-A08003-23 We turn to the fifth factor, “whether a change in defense strategy was necessitated by the amendment.” Beck, 78 A.3d at 660 .

2023See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 306(c). - 21 - J-A08003-23 We turn to the fifth factor, “whether a change in defense strategy was necessitated by the amendment.” Beck, 78 A.3d at 660 .

46
Commonwealth v. Veongreen
pasuperct · 2015 · cited in 8 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019
2 sentences

2019Commonwealth v. Witmayer, 144 A.3d 949 (Pa. Super. 2016); Commonwealth v. Veon, 109 A.3d 754 (Pa. Super.2015).

2017Id.

38
Commonwealth v. Williamsgreen
pasuperct · 2017 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2022
2 sentences

2022Commonwealth v. Jackson, 2019 PA Super 221 , 215 A.3d 972 , 979--80 (2019) (internal citations omitted). 30 Appellant relied on Commonwealth v. Mentzer, 18 A.3d 1200, 1203 (Pa. Super., 2011) and Commonwealth v. Williams, 2017 PA Super 204 , 166 A.3d 460, 462 (2017) t0 support his position, neither of which are particularly helpful to said position.

2022Commonwealth v. Jackson, 2019 PA Super 221 , 215 A.3d 972 , 979--80 (2019) (internal citations omitted). 30 Appellant relied on Commonwealth v. Mentzer, 18 A.3d 1200, 1203 (Pa. Super., 2011) and Commonwealth v. Williams, 2017 PA Super 204 , 166 A.3d 460, 462 (2017) t0 support his position, neither of which are particularly helpful to said position.

22
Commonwealth v. Browngreen
pa · 1999 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2018
2 sentences

2018See Brown, 727 A.2d at 543 (concluding prejudice results if new charges render defenses to original charges ineffective).

2017(Citing Commonwealth v. Brown, 556 Pa. 131, 135 , 727 A.2d 541, 543 (1999)). 49 Id.

22
Commonwealth v. Davalosgreen
pasuperct · 2001 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2018
2 sentences

2018If so, then the defendant is deemed to have been placed on notice regarding his alleged criminal conduct." Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1194 (Pa.Super. 2001)). 5 The Superior Court has set out some of the factors to be considered when determining whether the defendant will be prejudiced by the amendment: "( 1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the de- scripti

2018If so, then the defendant is deemed to have been placed on notice regarding his alleged criminal conduct." Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Davalos, 779 A.2d 1190, 1194 (Pa.Super. 2001)). 5 The Superior Court has set out some of the factors to be considered when determining whether the defendant will be prejudiced by the amendment: "( 1) whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the de- scripti

22
Commonwealth v. Pagegreen
pasuperct · 2009 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2023
2 sentences

2017In Page, we stated that the factors to be considered when determining whether a defendant was prejudiced by the Commonwealth's amendment include: “whether the amendment changes the factual scenario; whether new facts, previously unknown to appellant, were added; whether the description of the charges changed; whether the amendment -4- J-S21009-17 necessitated a change in defense strategy; and whether the timing of the request for the amendment allowed for ample notice and preparation by [defendant].” Id.

2015Factors to be considered when determining whether Appellant was prejudiced by the Commonwealth's 7 Circulated 10/13/2015 11:03 AM amendment include "whether the amendment changes the factual scenario; whether new facts, previously unknown to appellant, were added; whether the description of the charges changed; whether the amendment necessitated a change in defense strategy; and whether the timing of the request for the amendment allowed for ample notice and preparation by appellant." Id.

14
Commonwealth v. Quinonesgreen
pasuperct · 2018 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2025
2 sentences

2023As a result, a change in defense strategy was necessitated in order to defend against the new charges, which were unrelated to the original charges and painted a different picture of the events[.] - 18 - J-A08003-23 Quinones, 200 A.3d at 1012-13 .

2023As a result, a change in defense strategy was necessitated in order to defend against the new charges, which were unrelated to the original charges and painted a different picture of the events[.] - 18 - J-A08003-23 Quinones, 200 A.3d at 1012-13 .

12
Commonwealth v. Hoffmangreen
pasuperct · 2018 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Commonwealth v. Hoffman, 198 A.3d 1112, 1122 (Pa.Super. 2018) (quoting Commonwealth v. Mentzer, 18 A.3d 1200, 1203 (Pa.Super. 2011)).

11
Com. v. Sandoval, J.green
pasuperct · 2021 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Id. (citations omitted). “[T]he test is whether the crimes specified in the original indictment or information involve the same basic elements and evolved out of the same factual situation as the crimes specified in the amended indictment or information.” Sandoval, 266 A.3d at 1102 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

11
Commonwealth v. Picchiantigreen
pasuperct · 1991 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Id. (citation omitted) .... 'The mere possibility amendment of information may result in a more severe penalty ... is not, of itself, prejudice.' Commonwealth v. Picchianti, 410 Pa.Super. 563 , 600 A.2d 597, 599 (1991 ), appeal denied, 530 Pa. 660 , 609 A.2d 168 (1992).

2018Id. (citation omitted) .... 'The mere possibility amendment of information may result in a more severe penalty ... is not, of itself, prejudice.' Commonwealth v. Picchianti, 410 Pa.Super. 563 , 600 A.2d 597, 599 (1991 ), appeal denied, 530 Pa. 660 , 609 A.2d 168 (1992).

11
Commonwealth v. Brickergreen
pasuperct · 2005 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Commonwealth v. Bricker, 882 A.2d 1008, 1019 (Pa. Super. 2005).

11
McCarthy v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Reviewgreen
pacommwct · 2003 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005“The question of whether a unilateral change in terms of employment constitutes ‘cause of a necessitous and compelling nature’ is subject to a substantial change analysis.” McCarthy v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 829 A.2d 1266, 1270 (Pa.Cmwlth.2003) (quoting Kaolin Mushroom Farms v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 669 A.2d 438 , 442 n. 3 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995)).

2005McCarthy, 829 A.2d. at 1271 . 3 The Board did not engage in a substantial change analysis, and its factual findings are lacking on that issue.

11
Commonwealth v. Chilcotegreen
pa · 1990 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
Commonwealth v. Ernstgreen
pa · 1977 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
11
Opperman's Estate (No. 1)green
pa · 1934 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1939–1939
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (28)

CaseCitedYears
Com. v. POSTLEY green
pa · 2007
2 sentences

2021Commonwealth v. Jackson, 215 A.3d 972 , 979-80 (Pa. Super. 2019), appeal denied, 927 A.2d 624 (2007); Sinclair, 897 A.2d at 1223 .

2014Commonwealth v. Roser, 914 A.2d 447, 454 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied 592 Pa. 788 , 927 A.2d 624 (Pa. 2007); Sinclair, 897 A.2d at 1223 . - 13 - J-S72012-14 Factors to be considered when determining whether [an a]ppellant was prejudiced by the Commonwealth's amendment include whether the amendment changes the factual scenario; whether new facts, previously unknown to [the] appellant, were added; whether the description of the charges changed; whether the amendment necessitated a change in defense strategy; and whether the timing of the request for the amendment allowed for ample notice and

22014–2021
Kaolin Mushroom Farms, Inc. v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review neutral
pacommwct · 1995
2 sentences

2005"The question of whether a unilateral change in terms of employment constitutes `cause of a necessitous and compelling nature' is subject to a substantial change analysis." McCarthy v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 829 A.2d 1266, 1270 (Pa.Cmwlth.2003) (quoting Kaolin Mushroom Farms v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 669 A.2d 438 , 442 n. 3 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995)).

2005“The question of whether a unilateral change in terms of employment constitutes ‘cause of a necessitous and compelling nature’ is subject to a substantial change analysis.” McCarthy v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 829 A.2d 1266, 1270 (Pa.Cmwlth.2003) (quoting Kaolin Mushroom Farms v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 669 A.2d 438 , 442 n. 3 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995)).

22003–2005
Steinberg Vision v. Unemp. Comp. Bd. green
pacommwct · 1993
2 sentences

2003“The question of whether a unilateral change in terms of employment constitutes ‘cause of a necessitous and compelling nature’ is subject to a substantial change analysis.” Kaolin Mushroom Farms v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 669 A.2d 438 , 442 n. 3 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995) (quoting Steinberg Vision Associates v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 154 Pa.Cmwlth. 486 , 624 A.2d 237 (1993)).

2003“The question of whether a unilateral change in terms of employment constitutes ‘cause of a necessitous and compelling nature’ is subject to a substantial change analysis.” Kaolin Mushroom Farms v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 669 A.2d 438 , 442 n. 3 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995) (quoting Steinberg Vision Associates v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 154 Pa.Cmwlth. 486 , 624 A.2d 237 (1993)).

21995–2003
Com. v. Belgrave, J. green
pasuperct · 2023
1 sentence

2024There are six factors that the court must consider in determining whether an amendment is prejudicial to the defendant: (1) Whether the amendment changes the factual scenario supporting the charges; (2) whether the amendment adds new facts previously unknown to the defendant; (3) whether the entire factual scenario was developed during a preliminary hearing; (4) whether the description of the charges changed with the amendment; (5) whether a change in defense strategy was necessitated by the amendment; and (6) whether the timing of the Commonwealth’s request for amendment allowed for ample not

12024–2024
Alabama Insurance Guaranty Ass'n v. Reliance Insurance Co. in Liquidation green
pa · 2015
1 sentence

2016Commonwealth v. Veon, 109 A.3d 754, 768 (Pa.Super. 2015), appeal granted in part, 121 A.3d 954 (Pa. 2015) (citation omitted).

12016–2016
Com. v. Morgan green
pa · 2007
1 sentence

2014Commonwealth v. Roser, 914 A.2d 447, 454 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied 592 Pa. 788 , 927 A.2d 624 (Pa. 2007); Sinclair, 897 A.2d at 1223 . - 13 - J-S72012-14 Factors to be considered when determining whether [an a]ppellant was prejudiced by the Commonwealth's amendment include whether the amendment changes the factual scenario; whether new facts, previously unknown to [the] appellant, were added; whether the description of the charges changed; whether the amendment necessitated a change in defense strategy; and whether the timing of the request for the amendment allowed for ample notice and

12014–2014
D'Antona v. Hampton Grinding Wheel Co. green
pasuperct · 1973
2 sentences

2005Eck v. Powermatic Houdaille, 364 Pa. Super. 178 , 527 A.2d 1012 (1987); Thompson v. Motch & Merryweather Machinery, 358 Pa. Super. 149 , 516 A.2d 1226 (1986); D’Antona v. Hampton Grinding Wheel Company, 225 Pa. Super. 120 , 310 A.2d 307 (1973).

2005Eck v. Powermatic Houdaille, 364 Pa. Super. 178 , 527 A.2d 1012 (1987); Thompson v. Motch & Merryweather Machinery, 358 Pa. Super. 149 , 516 A.2d 1226 (1986); D’Antona v. Hampton Grinding Wheel Company, 225 Pa. Super. 120 , 310 A.2d 307 (1973).

12005–2005
Eck v. Powermatic Houdaille green
pa · 1987
2 sentences

2005Eck v. Powermatic Houdaille, 364 Pa. Super. 178 , 527 A.2d 1012 (1987); Thompson v. Motch & Merryweather Machinery, 358 Pa. Super. 149 , 516 A.2d 1226 (1986); D’Antona v. Hampton Grinding Wheel Company, 225 Pa. Super. 120 , 310 A.2d 307 (1973).

2005Eck v. Powermatic Houdaille, 364 Pa. Super. 178 , 527 A.2d 1012 (1987); Thompson v. Motch & Merryweather Machinery, 358 Pa. Super. 149 , 516 A.2d 1226 (1986); D’Antona v. Hampton Grinding Wheel Company, 225 Pa. Super. 120 , 310 A.2d 307 (1973).

12005–2005
Thompson v. Motch & Merryweather MacHinery Co. green
pa · 1986
2 sentences

2005Eck v. Powermatic Houdaille, 364 Pa. Super. 178 , 527 A.2d 1012 (1987); Thompson v. Motch & Merryweather Machinery, 358 Pa. Super. 149 , 516 A.2d 1226 (1986); D’Antona v. Hampton Grinding Wheel Company, 225 Pa. Super. 120 , 310 A.2d 307 (1973).

2005Eck v. Powermatic Houdaille, 364 Pa. Super. 178 , 527 A.2d 1012 (1987); Thompson v. Motch & Merryweather Machinery, 358 Pa. Super. 149 , 516 A.2d 1226 (1986); D’Antona v. Hampton Grinding Wheel Company, 225 Pa. Super. 120 , 310 A.2d 307 (1973).

12005–2005
Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Zdrok green
pa · 1994
1 sentence

2000Thus, there is simply no retroactive application of a law. 645 A.2d at 834 .

12000–2000
Pacewicz v. Young green
pa · 1960
1 sentence

1999Although the substantial change analysis is generally more favorable to employers than the strike/ lock-out analysis under Vrotney Unemployment Compensation Case, 400 Pa. 440 , 163 A.2d 91 (1960), the referee determined that Employer unilaterally imposed a substantial change and concluded that Petitioners were eligible for benefits.

11999–1999
Erie Forge & Steel Corp. v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review green
pa · 1960
1 sentence

1999Although the substantial change analysis is generally more favorable to employers than the strike/ lock-out analysis under Vrotney Unemployment Compensation Case, 400 Pa. 440 , 163 A.2d 91 (1960), the referee determined that Employer unilaterally imposed a substantial change and concluded that Petitioners were eligible for benefits.

11999–1999
Farber v. Perkiomen Mutual Insurance green
pa · 1952
1 sentence

1997The plain language of Farber invites the insurance companies to change the terms of their policies if they dislike the result in that case. "[I]f the [companies] wish to bring about a different result ... they will have to change the terms of their policies in order to achieve that end.” Farber, 88 A.2d at 780 .

11997–1997
Commonwealth v. DeSumma green
pa · 1989
11991–1991
United States v. Johnson red
scotus · 1982
11982–1982
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. v. Kelly green
scotus · 1916
11980–1980
Steele v. Sheppard green
pa · 1960
11975–1975
Land Title Bank & Trust Co. v. Cheltenham National Bank green
pa · 1949
11975–1975
Thompson Maple Products, Inc. v. Citizens National Bank green
pasuperct · 1967
11973–1973
Loraine v. Pittsburg, Johnstown, Ebensburg & Eastern Railroad green
pa · 1903
11968–1968
Joseph Aguilar Gaitan and Dolores Marie Gaitan v. United States green
ca10 · 1961
11963–1963
United States v. Gilberto Santana green
ca2 · 1962
11963–1963
Cooper v. Pate green
scotus · 1962
11963–1963
Crawford Estate green
pa · 1949
11962–1962
Shaffer v. Hoke neutral
pasuperct · 1923
11940–1940
Forrest v. Safety Banking & Trust Co. neutral
circtedpa · 1909
11940–1940
G. B. Hurt, Inc. v. Fuller Canneries Co. green
pa · 1919
11936–1936
Mindlin v. Saxony Spinning Co. green
pa · 1918
11931–1931

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3802 (6) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 2701 (5) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 2705 (4) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3121 (4) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3502 (4) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 901 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 106 (1931–2026) FL 51 (1941–2025) TN 39 (1903–2026) CA 36 (1866–2024) TX 35 (1880–2026) IN 32 (1859–2019) NY 28 (1873–2020) WA 20 (1926–2026) IL 20 (1899–2025) WI 17 (1875–2023) MD 16 (1921–2022) OR 16 (1896–2020) MO 15 (1876–2025) MA 13 (1946–2023) AL 12 (1902–2018) MI 12 (1933–2021) KS 12 (1891–2024) IA 11 (1867–2025) OH 11 (1960–2026) CO 11 (1913–2019) NC 9 (1915–2025) UT 8 (1905–2024) AZ 8 (1967–2026) OK 8 (1947–2017) NJ 8 (1953–2025) CT 7 (1946–2021) NM 7 (1935–2009) GA 7 (1907–2016) DC 6 (1979–2010) VT 6 (1962–2025) VA 6 (1875–2021) ND 6 (1899–2009) WV 6 (1902–1965) DE 6 (1972–2023) MN 6 (1889–2007) LA 5 (1970–2003) AR 5 (1877–1991) MS 4 (1843–2005) KY 4 (1964–2012) ME 4 (1919–2017) NE 3 (1935–1975) ID 3 (1998–2018) MT 3 (1910–1987) NH 3 (1964–1990) HI 2 (1905–1982) SC 2 (1931–2005) WY 2 (1991–2019) SD 2 (1993–1997) AK 2 (1990–2025) NV 2 (2011–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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