ineffective assistance of counsel claim (Idaho) · Go Syfert
← Idaho issues

ineffective assistance of counsel claim in Idaho

477 Idaho opinions name it 2 courts 1985–2026 105 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Idaho courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (61)

CaseFollowedCited
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 404 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1985–2026
2 sentences

2022The State also cited Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688 (1984) for the proposition that to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a petitioner must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the petitioner was prejudiced by the deficiency.

2021When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, “there is no reason for a court . . . to address both components of the [Strickland] inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 . “[A] court need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.” Id.

355404
Self v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 2007 · cited in 199 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2026
2 sentences

2026Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984); Self v. State, 145 Idaho 578, 580 , 181 P.3d 504, 506 (Ct. App. 2007).

2026Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984); Self v. State, 145 Idaho 578, 580 , 181 P.3d 504, 506 (Ct. App. 2007).

195199
Hassett v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 1995 · cited in 170 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–2026
2 sentences

2014To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the petitioner must show that the attomey's performance was deficient and that the petitioner was prejudiced by the deficiency. stricHand v. washington,466 u.s. 66g, 6g7-gg (19g4); Hassett v. state, 127 ldaho 313,316, 900 P.2d 221,224 (ct.

1998In order to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim brought pursuant to the UPCPA, an applicant must demonstrate both “that his attorney’s performance was deficient, and that he was prejudiced thereby.” Hassett v. State, 127 Idaho 313, 316 , 900 P.2d 221, 224 (Ct.App.1995), citing Davis v. State, 116 Idaho 401, 406 , 775 P.2d 1243, 1248 (Ct.App.1989).

166170
Davis v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 1989 · cited in 26 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1990–2011
2 sentences

1998In order to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim brought pursuant to the UPCPA, an applicant must demonstrate both “that his attorney’s performance was deficient, and that he was prejudiced thereby.” Hassett v. State, 127 Idaho 313, 316 , 900 P.2d 221, 224 (Ct.App.1995), citing Davis v. State, 116 Idaho 401, 406 , 775 P.2d 1243, 1248 (Ct.App.1989).

1998In order to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim brought pursuant to the UPCPA, an applicant must demonstrate both “that his attorney’s performance was deficient, and that he was prejudiced thereby.” Hassett v. State, 127 Idaho 313, 316 , 900 P.2d 221, 224 (Ct.App.1995), citing Davis v. State, 116 Idaho 401, 406 , 775 P.2d 1243, 1248 (Ct.App.1989).

2526
Pratt v. Stategreen
idaho · 2000 · cited in 13 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2006–2023
2 sentences

2013“When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, this Court does not second-guess strategic and tactical decisions, and such decisions cannot serve as a basis for post-conviction relief unless the decision is shown to have resulted from inadequate preparation, ignorance of the relevant law, or other shortcomings capable of objective review.” State v. Shackelford, 150 Idaho 355, 382-83 , 247 P.3d 582, 609-10 (2010) (citing Pratt v. State, 134 Idaho 581, 584 , 6 P.3d 831, 834 (2000)).

2013“When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, this Court does not second-guess strategic and tactical decisions, and such decisions cannot serve as a basis for post-conviction relief unless the decision is shown to have resulted from inadequate preparation, ignorance of the relevant law, or other shortcomings capable of objective review.” State v. Shackelford, 150 Idaho 355, 382-83 , 247 P.3d 582, 609-10 (2010) (citing Pratt v. State, 134 Idaho 581, 584 , 6 P.3d 831, 834 (2000)).

1313
DeRushé v. Stategreen
idaho · 2009 · cited in 9 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2011–2025
2 sentences

2025See DeRushé, 146 Idaho at 601-02 , 200 P.3d at 1150-51 .

2025See DeRushé, 146 Idaho at 601-02 , 200 P.3d at 1150-51 .

79
Aragon v. Stategreen
idaho · 1988 · cited in 9 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1998–2016
2 sentences

2016The district court cited Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and Aragon v. State, 114 Idaho 758, 760 , 760 P.2d 1174, 1176 (1988), for the proposition that to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the defendant was prejudiced by the deficiency.

2016The district court cited Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and Aragon v. State, 114 Idaho 758, 760 , 760 P.2d 1174, 1176 (1988), for the proposition that to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the defendant was prejudiced by the deficiency.

69
State v. Paynegreen
idaho · 2008 · cited in 8 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2021
2 sentences

2017“When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, this Court does not second-guess strategic and tactical deci *721 sions, and such decisions cannot serve as a basis for post-conviction relief unless the decision is shown to have resulted from inadequate preparation, ignorance of the relevant law or other shortcomings capable of objective review.” Payne, 146 Idaho at 661 , 199 P.3d at 136 .

2017“When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, this Court does not second-guess strategic and tactical deci *721 sions, and such decisions cannot serve as a basis for post-conviction relief unless the decision is shown to have resulted from inadequate preparation, ignorance of the relevant law or other shortcomings capable of objective review.” Payne, 146 Idaho at 661 , 199 P.3d at 136 .

58
Schoger v. Stategreen
idaho · 2010 · cited in 5 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019
2 sentences

2019In Schoger v. State, 148 Idaho 622, 624 , 226 P.3d 1269, 1271 (2010), the Idaho Supreme Court articulated the standard for summary dismissal of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim as follows: For an application for post-conviction relief based on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel to survive summary dismissal, the petitioner must establish that: (1) a material issue of fact exists as to whether counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) a material issue of fact exists as to whether the deficiency prejudiced the [petitioner’s] case.

2019In Schoger v. State, 148 Idaho 622, 624 , 226 P.3d 1269, 1271 (2010), the Idaho Supreme Court articulated the standard for summary dismissal of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim as follows: For an application for post-conviction relief based on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel to survive summary dismissal, the petitioner must establish that: (1) a material issue of fact exists as to whether counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) a material issue of fact exists as to whether the deficiency prejudiced the [petitioner’s] case.

55
McKeeth v. Stategreen
idaho · 2004 · cited in 5 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2007–2014
2 sentences

2014This inquiry is similar to the prejudice analysis in an ineffective assistance of counsel claim where the defendant’s chances of success at trial — in the absence of counsel’s errors — “is a factor a court may use when determining the plausibility of the defendant’s claim that those errors played a significant role in the decision to plead guilty.” See McKeeth v. State, 140 Idaho 847, 852 , 103 P.3d 460, 465 (2004) (emphasis in original); Gardner, 126 Idaho at 436 n. 9, 885 P.2d at 1152 n. 9.

2014This inquiry is similar to the prejudice analysis in an ineffective assistance of counsel claim where the defendant’s chances of success at trial — in the absence of counsel’s errors — “is a factor a court may use when determining the plausibility of the defendant’s claim that those errors played a significant role in the decision to plead guilty.” See McKeeth v. State, 140 Idaho 847, 852 , 103 P.3d 460, 465 (2004) (emphasis in original); Gardner, 126 Idaho at 436 n. 9, 885 P.2d at 1152 n. 9.

55
Russell v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 1990 · cited in 16 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–2006
2 sentences

2006Hassett v. State, 127 Idaho 313, 316 , 900 P.2d 221, 224 (Ct.App.1995); Russell, 118 Idaho at 67 , 794 P.2d at 656 ; Davis v. State, 116 Idaho 401, 406 , 775 P.2d 1243, 1248 (Ct.App.1989).

2006Hassett v. State, 127 Idaho 313, 316 , 900 P.2d 221, 224 (Ct.App.1995); Russell, 118 Idaho at 67 , 794 P.2d at 656 ; Davis v. State, 116 Idaho 401, 406 , 775 P.2d 1243, 1248 (Ct.App.1989).

416
John David Wurdemann v. Stategreen
idaho · 2017 · cited in 5 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2019–2021
2 sentences

2021State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 561, 199 P.3d 123, 136 (2008); see Marsalis, 166 Idaho at 346, 458 P.3d at 215 (same); Wurdemann v. State, 161 Idaho 713, 720- 21, 390 P.3d 439, 446-47 (2017) (same); Abdullah, 158 Idaho at 498-99, 348 P.3d at 113-14 (same). 1.

2021State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 561, 199 P.3d 123, 136 (2008); see Marsalis, 166 Idaho at 346, 458 P.3d at 215 (same); Wurdemann v. State, 161 Idaho 713, 720- 21, 390 P.3d 439, 446-47 (2017) (same); Abdullah, 158 Idaho at 498-99, 348 P.3d at 113-14 (same). 1.

45
LaBelle v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 1997 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2000–2001
2 sentences

2001LaBelle v. State, 180 Idaho 115, 118, 937 P.2d 427, 430 (Ct.App.1997) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674, 693 (1984)).

2001LaBelle v. State, 130 Idaho 115, 118 , 937 P.2d 427, 430 (Ct.App.1997), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 .

44
State v. Timothy Alan Dunlapgreen
idaho · 2013 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025See generally State v. Dunlap, 155 Idaho 345, 383-85 , 313 P.3d 1, 39-41 (2013); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , (1984).

2025See generally State v. Dunlap, 155 Idaho 345, 383-85 , 313 P.3d 1, 39-41 (2013); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , (1984).

34
Roman v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 1994 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1997–2009
2 sentences

2009In regard to a motion for summary dismissal, “if the applicant facing such a motion fails to present evidence making a prima facie case, i.e., establishing each essential element of the claim, then summary dismissal is appropriate.” Roman, 125 Idaho at 647 , 873 P.2d at 901 .

2009In regard to a motion for summary dismissal, “if the applicant facing such a motion fails to present evidence making a prima facie case, i.e., establishing each essential element of the claim, then summary dismissal is appropriate.” Roman, 125 Idaho at 647 , 873 P.2d at 901 .

34
Kelly v. Stategreen
idaho · 2010 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2011–2022
2 sentences

2022Kelly v. State, 149 Idaho 517, 522 , 236 P.3d 1277, 1282 (2010).

2022Kelly v. State, 149 Idaho 517, 522 , 236 P.3d 1277, 1282 (2010).

33
Irwin Ryan Ray Adams v. Stategreen
idaho · 2015 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2016
2 sentences

2016Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064-65 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 693-94 ; Adams v. State, 158 Idaho 530, 536 , 348 P.3d 145, 151 (2015).

2016Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88 , 104 S.Ct. at 2064-65 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 693-94 ; Adams v. State, 158 Idaho 530, 536 , 348 P.3d 145, 151 (2015).

33
United States v. Sabrina Limehouse, Also Known as Sabrina Whitegreen
ca7 · 1992 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015This case is similar to a Seventh Circuit case where the court held that a hearing impairment, without a showing of prejudice, is insufficient for an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 1 United States v. Limehouse, 950 F.2d 501, 503 (7th Cir.1991).

2015This case is similar to a Seventh Circuit case where the court held that a hearing impairment, without a showing of prejudice, is insufficient for an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.1 United States v. Limehouse, 950 F.2d 501, 503 (7th Cir. 1991).

33
Hughes v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 2009 · cited in 9 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2010–2012
2 sentences

2012Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984); Hughes, 148 Idaho at 451 , 224 P.3d at 518 .

2012Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984); Hughes, 148 Idaho at 451 , 224 P.3d at 518 .

29
Barcella v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 2009 · cited in 8 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2012–2025
2 sentences

2025Barcella v. State, 148 Idaho 469, 477 , 224 P.3d 536, 544 (Ct. App. 2009).

2025Barcella v. State, 148 Idaho 469, 477 , 224 P.3d 536, 544 (Ct. App. 2009).

28
Carter v. Stategreen
idaho · 1985 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1991–2013
2 sentences

1991As we stated in Carter v. State, 108 Idaho 788 , 702 P.2d 826 (1985): The Supreme Court recently set out the test for analyzing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim under the sixth amendment.

1991As we stated in Carter v. State, 108 Idaho 788 , 702 P.2d 826 (1985): The Supreme Court recently set out the test for analyzing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim under the sixth amendment.

24
Murray v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 1992 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Murray, 121 Idaho at 924-25 , 828 P.2d at 1329-30 .

2015Murray, 121 Idaho at 924-25 , 828 P.2d at 1329-30 .

23
State v. Ruthgreen
idaho · 1978 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1985–2013
2 sentences

1985(Citation omitted.) The resolution of those factual issues for the first time upon appeal, based upon a trial record in which competence of counsel was not at issue, is at best conjectural.” Justice Bistline, concurring in State v. Ruth, 98 Idaho 879, 881 , 574 P.2d 1357, 1359 (1978), outlined the quandry facing an appellant with an ineffective assistance of counsel claim: “If, on appeal, counsel prematurely raises the competency of counsel issue, and gains an adverse determination in this Court, he may very well subject himself to like charges of incompetency — keeping in mind the threat of r

1985(Citation omitted.) The resolution of those factual issues for the first time upon appeal, based upon a trial record in which competence of counsel was not at issue, is at best conjectural.” Justice Bistline, concurring in State v. Ruth, 98 Idaho 879, 881 , 574 P.2d 1357, 1359 (1978), outlined the quandry facing an appellant with an ineffective assistance of counsel claim: “If, on appeal, counsel prematurely raises the competency of counsel issue, and gains an adverse determination in this Court, he may very well subject himself to like charges of incompetency — keeping in mind the threat of r

23
State v. Woodgreen
idaho · 1998 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1999–2004
2 sentences

2004Wood, 132 Idaho at 96 , 967 P.2d at 710 .

2004Wood, 132 Idaho at 96 , 967 P.2d at 710 .

23
Lint v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2019–2023
2 sentences

2023See Lint v. State, 145 Idaho 472, 477 , 180 P.3d 511, 516 (Ct. App. 2008) (noting that failure to file a motion that would not be granted is generally dispositive of both the deficient performance and prejudice requirements of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim).

2023See Lint v. State, 145 Idaho 472, 477 , 180 P.3d 511, 516 (Ct. App. 2008) (noting that failure to file a motion that would not be granted is generally dispositive of both the deficient performance and prejudice requirements of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim).

22
State v. Azad Haji Abdullahgreen
idaho · 2015 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 561, 199 P.3d 123, 136 (2008); see Marsalis, 166 Idaho at 346, 458 P.3d at 215 (same); Wurdemann v. State, 161 Idaho 713, 720- 21, 390 P.3d 439, 446-47 (2017) (same); Abdullah, 158 Idaho at 498-99, 348 P.3d at 113-14 (same). 1.

2021State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 561, 199 P.3d 123, 136 (2008); see Marsalis, 166 Idaho at 346, 458 P.3d at 215 (same); Wurdemann v. State, 161 Idaho 713, 720- 21, 390 P.3d 439, 446-47 (2017) (same); Abdullah, 158 Idaho at 498-99, 348 P.3d at 113-14 (same). 1.

22
Marsalis v. Stategreen
idaho · 2020 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 561, 199 P.3d 123, 136 (2008); see Marsalis, 166 Idaho at 346, 458 P.3d at 215 (same); Wurdemann v. State, 161 Idaho 713, 720- 21, 390 P.3d 439, 446-47 (2017) (same); Abdullah, 158 Idaho at 498-99, 348 P.3d at 113-14 (same). 1.

2021State v. Payne, 146 Idaho 548, 561, 199 P.3d 123, 136 (2008); see Marsalis, 166 Idaho at 346, 458 P.3d at 215 (same); Wurdemann v. State, 161 Idaho 713, 720- 21, 390 P.3d 439, 446-47 (2017) (same); Abdullah, 158 Idaho at 498-99, 348 P.3d at 113-14 (same). 1.

22
Rhoades v. Stategreen
idaho · 2009 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
22
State v. Shackelfordgreen
idaho · 2010 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
22
State v. Kraftgreen
idaho · 1975 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–2013
22
State v. Kochgreen
idahoctapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–2013
22
State v. Rendongreen
idahoctapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–2013
22
Kraft v. Stategreen
idaho · 1979 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–2013
22
Parrott v. Stategreen
idaho · 1990 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1995–2013
22
State v. Osbornegreen
idahoctapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1998–2011
12
State v. Hayesgreen
idahoctapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2006–2010
12
Marshall v. Hendricksgreen
ca3 · 2002 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Gentry v. Sinclairgreen
ca9 · 2012 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Berg v. Stategreen
idaho · 1998 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Hall v. Stategreen
idahoctapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Idaho. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (19)

CaseCitedYears
Brady v. Maryland green
scotus · 1963
2 sentences

2025Snyder’s petition alleged: (1) an equal protection violation; (2) a Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) violation; and (3) an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

2014On appeal, Hall treats this as a claim that the State violated its obligation under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S.Ct. 1194 , 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963) to disclose exculpatory evidence, and not as an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

42014–2025
Roeder v. State green
idahoctapp · 2007
2 sentences

2015Id. at 419 , 162 P.3d at 798 . 1.

2015Id. at 419 , 162 P.3d at 798 . 1.

32014–2015
State v. Gardner green
idahoctapp · 1994
2 sentences

2014This inquiry is similar to the prejudice analysis in an ineffective assistance of counsel claim where the defendant’s chances of success at trial — in the absence of counsel’s errors — “is a factor a court may use when determining the plausibility of the defendant’s claim that those errors played a significant role in the decision to plead guilty.” See McKeeth v. State, 140 Idaho 847, 852 , 103 P.3d 460, 465 (2004) (emphasis in original); Gardner, 126 Idaho at 436 n. 9, 885 P.2d at 1152 n. 9.

2014This inquiry is similar to the prejudice analysis in an ineffective assistance of counsel claim where the defendant’s chances of success at trial — in the absence of counsel’s errors — “is a factor a court may use when determining the plausibility of the defendant’s claim that those errors played a significant role in the decision to plead guilty.” See McKeeth v. State, 140 Idaho 847, 852 , 103 P.3d 460, 465 (2004) (emphasis in original); Gardner, 126 Idaho at 436 n. 9, 885 P.2d at 1152 n. 9.

32007–2014
Booth v. State green
idaho · 2011
22014–2018
State v. Carter green
idaho · 1982
21995–2013
Kraft v. State green
idaho · 1978
21995–2013
Estrada v. State green
idaho · 2006
22010–2010
State v. Fee green
idahoctapp · 1993
21997–1997
Roe v. Flores-Ortega green
scotus · 2000
12026–2026
Savage v. State green
idaho · 2022
12023–2023
Timothy Alan Dunlap v. State green
idaho · 2015
12022–2022
Murphy v. State green
idahoctapp · 2006
12022–2022
Thumm v. State green
idaho · 2019
12020–2020
Hoffman v. State green
idahoctapp · 2012
12019–2019
Swader v. State green
idaho · 2007
12019–2019
Woodrow Grant v. State green
idahoctapp · 2014
12019–2019
Howard v. State green
idahoctapp · 1994
12014–2014
Workman v. State green
idaho · 2007
12013–2013
Baldwin v. State green
idaho · 2008
12012–2012

Statutes the citing opinions construe

ID § Idaho Code § 19-4906 (292) ID § Idaho Code § 19-4907 (276) ID § Idaho Code § 19-4903 (233) ID § Idaho Code § 19-4901 (88) ID § Idaho Code § 18-1508 (47) ID § Idaho Code § 19-4904 (30) ID § Idaho Code § 18-8004 (25) ID § Idaho Code § 19-2514 (25) ID § Idaho Code § 18-4001 (23) ID § Idaho Code § 18-903 (23) ID § Idaho Code § 19-4908 (18) ID § Idaho Code § 19-4902 (17)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 1531 (1989–2026) OH 1408 (1989–2026) TN 942 (1991–2026) IL 891 (1985–2026) PA 722 (1971–2026) WA 689 (1986–2026) MI 678 (1977–2026) GA 605 (1985–2026) IA 601 (1980–2026) CA 597 (1990–2026) MS 568 (1983–2026) ID 477 (1985–2026) UT 446 (1989–2026) WI 442 (1982–2026) NE 399 (1986–2026) MO 373 (1970–2025) FL 343 (1984–2026) IN 341 (1985–2026) NJ 279 (1986–2026) CT 219 (1985–2026) DE 200 (1990–2026) NY 179 (1987–2026) NC 167 (1981–2026) LA 163 (1983–2026) CO 158 (1985–2026) MN 157 (1991–2026) MA 146 (1988–2026) NM 145 (1989–2026) AL 131 (1985–2026) KS 130 (1994–2026) MT 120 (1991–2026) ND 108 (1987–2026) WV 82 (1982–2024) AZ 80 (1987–2026) AR 69 (1991–2026) KY 66 (1986–2026) OK 57 (1987–2026) MD 51 (1985–2025) NV 37 (1989–2022) DC 35 (1974–2026) HI 34 (1989–2024) WY 34 (1987–2025) VT 31 (1989–2025) SD 31 (1986–2026) NH 25 (1986–2023) SC 18 (2001–2025) ME 16 (1997–2018) VA 15 (1986–2023) AK 14 (1992–2025) RI 14 (1987–2012) OR 8 (2000–2025) VI 8 (2007–2026) GU 5 (2023–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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