two-tiered test in Minnesota

12 Minnesota opinions name it 2 courts 1986–2017 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Minnesota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (9)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Carongreen minn · 1974 · cited in 5 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2006–2016 2 sentences 2016But the party asserting the privilege has the burden to show that it applies. 3 We note, however, that the Minnesota Supreme Court has indicated that the two-tiered test under State v. Caron, 300 Minn. 123, 127-28 , 218 N.W.2d 197, 200 (1974), is of questionable viability. 2016But the party asserting the privilege has the burden to show that it applies. 3 We note, however, that the Minnesota Supreme Court has indicated that the two-tiered test under State v. Caron, 300 Minn. 123, 127-28 , 218 N.W.2d 197, 200 (1974), is of questionable viability.	3	5
State v. McCraygreen minn · 2008 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2011–2016 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d 739, 749 (Minn. 2010); State v. McCray, 753 N.W.2d 746 , 754 n. 2 (Minn. 2008). 5 Kobluk v. Univ. of Minn., 574 N.W.2d 436, 440 (Minn. 1998); see also Sprader v. Mueller, 265 Minn. 111, 117 , 121 N.W.2d 176, 180 (1963) (“The existence of the privilege is a question of fact which must be proved by the one asserting it.”). 2011See State v. McCray, 753 N.W.2d 746 , 754 n. 2 (Minn.2008); State v. Pendleton, 759 N.W.2d 900 , 911 n. 3 (Minn.2009).	1	2
AFSCME Councils 6, 14, 65 & 96, AFL-CIO v. Sundquistgreen minn · 1983 · cited in 2 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 1986–1989 2 sentences 1989Harhut, 385 N.W.2d at 311 (citing Western and Southern Life Insurance Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648, 668 , 101 S.Ct. 2070, 2083 , 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981); AFSCME Council 6, 14, 65 & 96 v. Sundquist, 338 N.W.2d 560, 570 (Minn.1983)). 1986Western & Southern Life Insurance Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648, 668 , 101 S.Ct. 2070, 2083 , 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981); Sundquist, 338 N.W.2d at 570 .	1	2
State v. Carridinegreen minn · 2012 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 1 sentence 2017State v. Carridine, 812 N.W.2d 130, 146 (Minn. 2012).	1	1
State v. McDanielgreen minn · 2010 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 1 sentence 2016See, e.g., State v. McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d 739, 749 (Minn. 2010); State v. McCray, 753 N.W.2d 746 , 754 n. 2 (Minn. 2008). 5 Kobluk v. Univ. of Minn., 574 N.W.2d 436, 440 (Minn. 1998); see also Sprader v. Mueller, 265 Minn. 111, 117 , 121 N.W.2d 176, 180 (1963) (“The existence of the privilege is a question of fact which must be proved by the one asserting it.”).	1	1
Sprader v. Muellergreen minn · 1963 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See, e.g., State v. McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d 739, 749 (Minn. 2010); State v. McCray, 753 N.W.2d 746 , 754 n. 2 (Minn. 2008). 5 Kobluk v. Univ. of Minn., 574 N.W.2d 436, 440 (Minn. 1998); see also Sprader v. Mueller, 265 Minn. 111, 117 , 121 N.W.2d 176, 180 (1963) (“The existence of the privilege is a question of fact which must be proved by the one asserting it.”). 2016See, e.g., State v. McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d 739, 749 (Minn. 2010); State v. McCray, 753 N.W.2d 746 , 754 n. 2 (Minn. 2008). 5 Kobluk v. Univ. of Minn., 574 N.W.2d 436, 440 (Minn. 1998); see also Sprader v. Mueller, 265 Minn. 111, 117 , 121 N.W.2d 176, 180 (1963) (“The existence of the privilege is a question of fact which must be proved by the one asserting it.”).	1	1
Kobluk v. University of Minnesotagreen minn · 1998 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 1 sentence 2016See, e.g., State v. McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d 739, 749 (Minn. 2010); State v. McCray, 753 N.W.2d 746 , 754 n. 2 (Minn. 2008). 5 Kobluk v. Univ. of Minn., 574 N.W.2d 436, 440 (Minn. 1998); see also Sprader v. Mueller, 265 Minn. 111, 117 , 121 N.W.2d 176, 180 (1963) (“The existence of the privilege is a question of fact which must be proved by the one asserting it.”).	1	1
State v. Swansongreen minn · 2006 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006 2 sentences 2006Compare State v. Caron, 300 Minn. 123, 127-28 , 218 N.W.2d 197, 200 (1974) (using two-tiered standard), with State v. Swanson, 707 N.W.2d 645, 658 (Minn.2006) (applying harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard). 2006Compare State v. Caron, 300 Minn. 123, 127-28 , 218 N.W.2d 197, 200 (1974) (using two-tiered standard), with State v. Swanson, 707 N.W.2d 645, 658 (Minn.2006) (applying harmless beyond a reasonable doubt standard).	1	1
State v. Washingtongreen minn · 1994 · cited in 1 Minnesota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 1 sentence 2001State v. Washington, 521 N.W.2d 35, 39-40 (Minn.1994).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Minnesota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (5)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Ramey green minn · 2006 2 sentences 2016Id. 2015Id.	3	2014–2016
Western & Southern Life Ins. Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization of Cal. green scotus · 1981 2 sentences 1989Harhut, 385 N.W.2d at 311 (citing Western and Southern Life Insurance Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648, 668 , 101 S.Ct. 2070, 2083 , 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981); AFSCME Council 6, 14, 65 & 96 v. Sundquist, 338 N.W.2d 560, 570 (Minn.1983)). 1989Harhut, 385 N.W.2d at 311 (citing Western and Southern Life Insurance Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648, 668 , 101 S.Ct. 2070, 2083 , 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981); AFSCME Council 6, 14, 65 & 96 v. Sundquist, 338 N.W.2d 560, 570 (Minn.1983)).	2	1986–1989
State v. Pendleton green minn · 2009 1 sentence 2011See State v. McCray, 753 N.W.2d 746 , 754 n. 2 (Minn.2008); State v. Pendleton, 759 N.W.2d 900 , 911 n. 3 (Minn.2009).	1	2011–2011
State v. Wren green minn · 2007 1 sentence 2010Cf. State v. Wren, 738 N.W.2d 378 , 394 n. 13 (Minn.2007) (concluding that the court did not need to decide whether the two-tiered standard announced in State v. Caron, 300 Minn. 123 , 218 N.W.2d 197 (1974), for determining whether objected-to prosecutorial misconduct was harmless was still viable because the misconduct was harmless under both tiers).	1	2010–2010
Matter of Harhut green minn · 1986 1 sentence 1989Harhut, 385 N.W.2d at 311 (citing Western and Southern Life Insurance Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 451 U.S. 648, 668 , 101 S.Ct. 2070, 2083 , 68 L.Ed.2d 514 (1981); AFSCME Council 6, 14, 65 & 96 v. Sundquist, 338 N.W.2d 560, 570 (Minn.1983)).	1	1989–1989

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MN § Minn. Stat. § 480A.08 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IN 887 (1985–2026) OH 115 (1990–2026) LA 51 (1989–2025) ID 46 (1975–2026) NY 36 (1976–2026) IL 33 (1981–2026) FL 16 (1982–2012) AL 13 (1984–2002) MN 12 (1986–2017) MI 11 (1978–2009) TX 10 (1986–2024) GA 10 (1993–2015) NC 9 (1983–2025) CA 9 (1975–2014) PA 8 (1973–2020) MT 8 (1990–2008) RI 8 (1990–2023) WI 7 (1992–2025) MD 5 (1981–2019) MS 5 (1993–2004) NJ 5 (1977–2022) CO 5 (1999–2019) UT 4 (1997–2007) OK 4 (1984–2009) AK 4 (1974–2021) WV 3 (1988–2021) CT 3 (1982–1996) OR 2 (1985–2013) HI 2 (2004–2010) NM 2 (1988–2006) MA 2 (1991–2018) AZ 2 (2015–2024) WA 2 (2004–2004)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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