correctness rule (Texas) · Go Syfert
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correctness rule in Texas

79 Texas opinions name it 5 courts 1879–2025 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp.green
tex · 1990 · cited in 12 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2025
2 sentences

2025“An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits.” DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex. 1990).

2025“An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits.” DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex. 1990).

1012
Airborne Freight Corp. v. CRB Marketing, Inc.green
tex · 1978 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2014
2 sentences

2014Airborne Freight Corp. v. CRB Mktg., Inc., 566 S.W.2d 573, 574 (Tex. 1978).

2005Airborne Freight Corp. v. CRB Marketing, Inc., 566 S.W.2d 573, 574 (Tex.1978).

22
El Tacaso, Inc. v. Jireh Star, Inc.green
texapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018The trial court found that “Select ha[d] shown a probable right to relief at trial” and would suffer a “probable, imminent, and irreparable injury.” However, the reasons provided in a temporary injunction order “must be specific and legally sufficient, and not mere conclusory statements.” Collins, 261 S.W.3d at 795 ; see El Tacaso, Inc. v. Jireh Star, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 740 , 7 Select argues that it offered “uncontroverted evidence that Good Shepherd breached the express warranty of quiet enjoyment in the Lease.” It also argues that Good Shepherd breached the contract by developing and participa

11
Intercontinental Terminals Co. v. Vopak North America, Inc.green
texapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Nor does a finding of probable right of recovery indicate a trial court’s evaluation of the probability that the applicant will prevail at trial.” Id. (citing Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 211 (demonstrating probable right to relief does not require establishing that applicant will prevail on final trial)); see DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex.1990) (injunction plaintiff “need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief’).

2016“Instead, to show a probable right of recovery, the applicant must plead a cause of action and present some evidence that tends to sustain it,” meaning that “[t]he evidence must be sufficient to raise a bona fide issue as to the applicant’s right to ultimate relief.” Intercontinental Terminals, 354 S.W.3d at 897 (first citing Camp v. Shannon, 162 Tex. 515 , 348 S.W.2d 517, 519 (1961), then citing T-N-T Motorsports, Inc. v. Hennessey Motorsports, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 18, 23-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. dism’d), then citing 183/620 Group Joint Venture v. SPF Joint Venture, 765 S.W.2d

11
T-N-T Motorsports, Inc. v. Hennessey Motorsports, Inc.green
texapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016“Instead, to show a probable right of recovery, the applicant must plead a cause of action and present some evidence that tends to sustain it,” meaning that “[t]he evidence must be sufficient to raise a bona fide issue as to the applicant’s right to ultimate relief.” Intercontinental Terminals, 354 S.W.3d at 897 (first citing Camp v. Shannon, 162 Tex. 515 , 348 S.W.2d 517, 519 (1961), then citing T-N-T Motorsports, Inc. v. Hennessey Motorsports, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 18, 23-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. dism’d), then citing 183/620 Group Joint Venture v. SPF Joint Venture, 765 S.W.2d

11
Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co.green
tex · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Nor does a finding of probable right of recovery indicate a trial court’s evaluation of the probability that the applicant will prevail at trial.” Id. (citing Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 211 (demonstrating probable right to relief does not require establishing that applicant will prevail on final trial)); see DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex.1990) (injunction plaintiff “need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief’).

11
183/620 Group Joint Venture v. SPF Joint Venturegreen
texapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016“Instead, to show a probable right of recovery, the applicant must plead a cause of action and present some evidence that tends to sustain it,” meaning that “[t]he evidence must be sufficient to raise a bona fide issue as to the applicant’s right to ultimate relief.” Intercontinental Terminals, 354 S.W.3d at 897 (first citing Camp v. Shannon, 162 Tex. 515 , 348 S.W.2d 517, 519 (1961), then citing T-N-T Motorsports, Inc. v. Hennessey Motorsports, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 18, 23-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. dism’d), then citing 183/620 Group Joint Venture v. SPF Joint Venture, 765 S.W.2d

11
Camp v. Shannongreen
tex · 1961 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016“Instead, to show a probable right of recovery, the applicant must plead a cause of action and present some evidence that tends to sustain it,” meaning that “[t]he evidence must be sufficient to raise a bona fide issue as to the applicant’s right to ultimate relief.” Intercontinental Terminals, 354 S.W.3d at 897 (first citing Camp v. Shannon, 162 Tex. 515 , 348 S.W.2d 517, 519 (1961), then citing T-N-T Motorsports, Inc. v. Hennessey Motorsports, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 18, 23-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. dism’d), then citing 183/620 Group Joint Venture v. SPF Joint Venture, 765 S.W.2d

2016“Instead, to show a probable right of recovery, the applicant must plead a cause of action and present some evidence that tends to sustain it,” meaning that “[t]he evidence must be sufficient to raise a bona fide issue as to the applicant’s right to ultimate relief.” Intercontinental Terminals, 354 S.W.3d at 897 (first citing Camp v. Shannon, 162 Tex. 515 , 348 S.W.2d 517, 519 (1961), then citing T-N-T Motorsports, Inc. v. Hennessey Motorsports, Inc., 965 S.W.2d 18, 23-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. dism’d), then citing 183/620 Group Joint Venture v. SPF Joint Venture, 765 S.W.2d

11
ARGYLE INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DIST. v. Wolfgreen
texapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Bd. of Trustees v. Wolf, 234 S.W.3d 229 , 236 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.); see also DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex. 1990) (“An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits.”).

11
Solano v. SYNDICATED OFFICE SYSTEMSgreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011P. 185); Solano v. Syndicated Office Sys. , 225 S.W.3d 64, 67 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2005) (“The failure to follow Rule 185 precludes the defendant from raising a fact issue and from disputing the receipt of the items or services rendered or the correctness of the claim.

11
Stahl v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010In the first instance, the prosecutor agreed with the correctness of an instruction to disregard and, in the second, he did not attempt to justify Ms. Sawyer’s outburst.118 The trial judge immediately instructed the jury to disregard 113 Id. at 828 . 114 Id. at 828-29 . 115 Id. at 830 (“The persistent appeals in the face of adverse rulings speak loudly of the prosecutor’s desire to use the outburst for inflammatory purposes.”). 116 Id. at 830-31 . 117 Id. at 826-27 . 118 Ms. Sawyer could charitably be called a “feisty” witness, and both the prosecutor and defense had difficulty controlling her

2010In the first instance, the prosecutor agreed with the correctness of an instruction to disregard and, in the second, he did not attempt to justify Ms. Sawyer’s outburst.118 The trial judge immediately instructed the jury to disregard 113 Id. at 828 . 114 Id. at 828-29 . 115 Id. at 830 (“The persistent appeals in the face of adverse rulings speak loudly of the prosecutor’s desire to use the outburst for inflammatory purposes.”). 116 Id. at 830-31 . 117 Id. at 826-27 . 118 Ms. Sawyer could charitably be called a “feisty” witness, and both the prosecutor and defense had difficulty controlling her

11
Janus Films, Inc. v. City of Fort Worthgreen
tex · 1962 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ) (same); Rattikin Title Co. v. Grievance Committee of the State Bar of Texas, 272 S.W.2d 948, 955 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1954, no writ) (same). [15] 358 S.W.2d at 589, 590 . [16] Id. at 590. [17] 873 S.W.2d 765 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994, writ dism'd w.o.j.). [18] Id. at 767-768 . [19] Id. at 768 . [20] Id. at 769 . [21] See DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex.1990) ("An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits."). [22] See a

2004App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ) (same); Rattikin Title Co. v. Grievance Committee of the State Bar of Texas, 272 S.W.2d 948, 955 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1954, no writ) (same). [15] 358 S.W.2d at 589, 590 . [16] Id. at 590. [17] 873 S.W.2d 765 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994, writ dism'd w.o.j.). [18] Id. at 767-768 . [19] Id. at 768 . [20] Id. at 769 . [21] See DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex.1990) ("An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits."). [22] See a

11
Rattikin Title Co. v. Grievance Committee of State Bar of Texasgreen
texapp · 1954 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ) (same); Rattikin Title Co. v. Grievance Committee of the State Bar of Texas, 272 S.W.2d 948, 955 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1954, no writ) (same). [15] 358 S.W.2d at 589, 590 . [16] Id. at 590. [17] 873 S.W.2d 765 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994, writ dism'd w.o.j.). [18] Id. at 767-768 . [19] Id. at 768 . [20] Id. at 769 . [21] See DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex.1990) ("An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits."). [22] See a

11
Missouri Pacific Railway Co. v. Mitchellgreen
tex · 1888 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1911–1911
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (66)

CaseCitedYears
Lyles v. State green
tex · 1874
2 sentences

1911App., 549, this court said: “There can be no doubt at this day as to the rule, or the correctness of the rule in proper cases, as now established in this State, that where two are jointly indicted, and one is tried and convicted, and subsequently the other is tried and acquitted, a new trial will be granted the former to -obtain the testimony of the latter, where it appears that the new evidence is legal and competent and material to his defense.” Lyles v. The State, 41 Texas, 172 ; Rich v. State, 1 Texas Crim.

1911In the case of Rucker v. State, 7 Tex. App. 549, this court said: "There can be no doubt at this day as to the rule, or the correctness of the rule in proper cases, as now established in this state, that where two are jointly indicted, and one is tried and convicted, and subsequently the other is tried and acquitted, a new trial will be granted the former to obtain the testimony of the latter, where it appears that the new evidence is legal and competent and material to his defense.” Lyles v. State, 41 Tex. 172 , 19 Am.

61880–1913
Western Assurance Co. of Toronto, Canada v. Kemendo neutral
· 1901
2 sentences

1927In determining the purpose of this provision our Supreme Court, speaking through Judge Brown, in the case of Western Assurance Co. v. Kemendo, 94 Tex. 367 , 60 S. W. 661 , uses this language: “The object of having the inventory made was not to ascertain the gross value of the property insured, but to ascertain the different articles which went to make up the stock, in order that the insurance company might test the correctness of the claim in two respects: (1) Whether the articles of which the stock was composed all belonged to the classes of property covered by the policy; and (2) whether the

1927In determining the purpose of this provision our Supreme Court, speaking through Judge Brown, in the case of Western Assurance Co. v. Kemendo, 94 Tex. 367 , 60 S. W. 661 , uses this language: “The object of having the inventory made was not to ascertain the gross value of the property insured, but to ascertain the different articles which went to make up the stock, in order that the insurance company might test the correctness of the claim in two respects: (1) Whether the articles of which the stock was composed all belonged to the classes of property covered by the policy; and (2) whether the

41910–1937
Roberts, Willis & Taylor Co. v. Sun Mutual Insurance neutral
· 1898
2 sentences

1937The writer cannot believe that the learned justice who wrote that opinion had any idea that his language would be so interpreted. *Page 987 The opinion of Justice Graves in the case just cited, in reference to the inventory presented to the company after the fire, which in all essentials is similar to the one presented by appellants in this case, as set out in the opinion, says: "Concerning the itemized inventories provided for, to constitute even a substantial compliance, there must be `an itemized list, or an enumeration, article by article, of the property,' to the end `that the insurance c

1922Concerning the itemized inventories provided for, to constitute even a substantial compliance, there must be “an itemized list, or an enumeration, article by article, of the property,” to the end “that the insurance company may test the correctness of the claim in two respects: (1) Whether the ar-tides of which the stock was composed all belonged to the classes of property covered by the policy; and (2) whether the valuation attached to the different items and which went to make up the total sum expressed, was reasonable.” Roberts et al. v. Insurance Co., 19 Tex. Civ.

41902–1937
Ortiz v. State green
texcrimapp · 1912
2 sentences

1932Ortiz v. State, 68 Texas Crim.

1932Ortiz v. State, 68 Texas Crim.

31931–1932
First Nat. Bank of Giddings v. Lee County Cotton Oil Co. green
texcommnapp · 1925
2 sentences

1943The correctness of that rule is not controverted, snd it is unnecessary to cite auth- orities in support of its" Ws quote from the case of First National Bank v. Lee County Cot- ton Oil Company, 274 S.W. 127 , as followsr ". e .

1939Bank of Giddings v. Lee County Cotton Oil Co. et al., Tex.Com.App., 274 S.W. 127, 130 .

21939–1943
City of San Antonio v. Pizzini neutral
tex · 1901
2 sentences

1937App. 338 , 48 S.W. 559 ; North British Mercantile Insurance Co. v. Kemendo, 94 Tex. 367 , 61 S.W. 1102 ." A number of other cases are cited which fully sustain Justice Graves' opinion.

1922App. 338 , 48 S. W. 559 ; Insurance Co. v. Kemendo, 94 Tex. 367 , 61 S. W. 1102 .

21922–1937
Hill v. Tucker green
scotus · 1852
2 sentences

1925The distinction, as regards privity between administrators appointed by law under different political jurisdictions and privity between testamentary executors, is clearly drawn in Hill v. Tucker, 13 How. 458 , 14 L.

1925The distinction, as regards privity between administrators appointed by law under different political jurisdictions and privity between testamentary executors, is clearly drawn in Hill v. Tucker, 13 How. 458 , 14 L.

21921–1925
Independent Capital Management, L.L.C. v. Collins green
texapp · 2008
1 sentence

2018The trial court found that “Select ha[d] shown a probable right to relief at trial” and would suffer a “probable, imminent, and irreparable injury.” However, the reasons provided in a temporary injunction order “must be specific and legally sufficient, and not mere conclusory statements.” Collins, 261 S.W.3d at 795 ; see El Tacaso, Inc. v. Jireh Star, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 740 , 7 Select argues that it offered “uncontroverted evidence that Good Shepherd breached the express warranty of quiet enjoyment in the Lease.” It also argues that Good Shepherd breached the contract by developing and participa

12018–2018
Texas Department of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda green
tex · 2004
1 sentence

2017Gov’t Code § 143.057(j). 19 City of Pasadena, 292 S.W.3d at 21 . 20 See, e.g., Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226 . 5 examiner’s acts were “not authorized by the Act or are contrary to it” or “invade the policy-setting realm protected by the nondelegation doctrine.”21 In support of their plea to the jurisdiction, appellees submitted evidence, which the district court considered in deciding the plea, demonstrating that Hopkins’s suit was merely an attempt to relitigate issues already decided by the hearing examiner—i.e., complaints regarding the correctness of the hearing examiner’s decision.

12017–2017
City of Pasadena v. Smith green
tex · 2009
1 sentence

2017Gov’t Code § 143.057(j). 19 City of Pasadena, 292 S.W.3d at 21 . 20 See, e.g., Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226 . 5 examiner’s acts were “not authorized by the Act or are contrary to it” or “invade the policy-setting realm protected by the nondelegation doctrine.”21 In support of their plea to the jurisdiction, appellees submitted evidence, which the district court considered in deciding the plea, demonstrating that Hopkins’s suit was merely an attempt to relitigate issues already decided by the hearing examiner—i.e., complaints regarding the correctness of the hearing examiner’s decision.

12017–2017
Ramirez Co. v. Housing Authority of City of Houston neutral
texapp · 1989
1 sentence

2013In Ramirez Co. v. Housing Authority of City of Houston, we described the different types of contracts, saying, "[T]here is the implied[-]in[-]fact contract, called quantum me-ruit, wherein there is no express agreement but the conduct of the parties implies an agreement to contract from which an obligation in contract exists.” 777 S.W.2d 167 , 173 n. 12 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, no writ).

12013–2013
City of Arlington v. City of Fort Worth green
texapp · 1994
2 sentences

2004App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ) (same); Rattikin Title Co. v. Grievance Committee of the State Bar of Texas, 272 S.W.2d 948, 955 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1954, no writ) (same). [15] 358 S.W.2d at 589, 590 . [16] Id. at 590. [17] 873 S.W.2d 765 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994, writ dism'd w.o.j.). [18] Id. at 767-768 . [19] Id. at 768 . [20] Id. at 769 . [21] See DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex.1990) ("An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits."). [22] See a

2004App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ) (same); Rattikin Title Co. v. Grievance Committee of the State Bar of Texas, 272 S.W.2d 948, 955 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1954, no writ) (same). [15] 358 S.W.2d at 589, 590 . [16] Id. at 590. [17] 873 S.W.2d 765 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994, writ dism'd w.o.j.). [18] Id. at 767-768 . [19] Id. at 768 . [20] Id. at 769 . [21] See DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793 S.W.2d 670, 686 (Tex.1990) ("An injunction plaintiff need not establish the correctness of his claim to obtain temporary relief, but must show only a likelihood of success on the merits."). [22] See a

12004–2004
Tanenbaum v. Economics Laboratory, Inc. green
tex · 1982
1 sentence

1989Id. at 28-29 .

11989–1989
Turner v. General Motors Corp. green
tex · 1979
1 sentence

1985This type of question was first considered by this court in Turner v. General Motors Corp., 584 S.W.2d 844 (Tex.1979).

11985–1985
Johnson v. American General Insurance Co. green
tex · 1971
1 sentence

1983Id. at 86 .

11983–1983
Butler v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1908
2 sentences

1978Sanders, 107 S.W. 840 .

1978Sanders, 107 S.W. 840 .

11978–1978
Universal Life & Accident Insurance v. Sanders green
tex · 1937
2 sentences

1978Co. v. Sanders, 129 Tex. 344 , 102 S.W.2d 405 (1937).

1978Co. v. Sanders, 129 Tex. 344 , 102 S.W.2d 405 (1937).

11978–1978
Hogue v. Wilkinson green
texapp · 1956
11967–1967
Dublin Fruit Co. v. Neely green
texapp · 1915
11967–1967
Land Title Bank & Trust Co. v. Witherspoon neutral
texapp · 1939
11967–1967
Merchants' & Planters' Nat. Bank of Mt. Vernon v. Jones neutral
· 1915
11967–1967
Lindsay v. Clayman green
tex · 1952
11965–1965
Dakan v. Dakan green
tex · 1935
11965–1965
John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Howard green
texapp · 1935
11964–1964
Hickman v. Durham neutral
texapp · 1948
11954–1954
Wintermann v. McDonald green
tex · 1937
11952–1952
Tarrant County v. Shannon neutral
tex · 1937
11952–1952
Benat v. Dallas County green
texapp · 1924
11952–1952
Swidan v. State green
texcrimapp · 1951
11951–1951
Milliman v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1951
11951–1951
Forrester v. State green
texcrimapp · 1923
11951–1951
Arnold v. State green
texcrimapp · 1934
11950–1950
Brown v. Peters green
tex · 1936
11945–1945
Stockyards National Bank v. Maples green
tex · 1936
11943–1943
United States v. Lee green
scotus · 1882
11942–1942
City of Waco v. Rook green
texapp · 1932
11942–1942
Pearson v. State green
texcrimapp · 1937
11939–1939
Pelton v. State green
texcrimapp · 1909
11939–1939
Dorroh-Kelly Mercantile Co. v. Orient Insurance green
tex · 1911
11937–1937
Oberthier v. Stroud neutral
tex · 1870
11937–1937

Where else courts name it

UT 232 (1882–2026) CA 87 (1861–2026) TX 79 (1879–2025) MO 64 (1840–1986) NY 60 (1834–2021) IL 41 (1870–2020) AL 41 (1843–2011) LA 34 (1828–2022) GA 32 (1895–2021) IA 28 (1862–1978) OK 28 (1899–1968) WA 28 (1894–2007) PA 24 (1885–2020) KS 23 (1883–1990) IN 22 (1865–1980) NE 22 (1893–1967) MI 20 (1859–2017) KY 20 (1891–1979) CT 17 (1902–2020) CO 16 (1881–2006) OR 15 (1887–2015) AR 15 (1852–1989) VA 13 (1877–1972) OH 13 (1869–2010) FL 13 (1913–2016) MT 11 (1887–2011) AZ 11 (1900–1999) MN 11 (1887–2010) NC 10 (1881–1989) WI 10 (1843–2009) MD 9 (1896–2025) NJ 9 (1879–2025) SC 8 (1922–1951) MA 7 (1871–2012) HI 6 (1902–2015) DC 6 (1958–2023) ID 6 (1894–2023) WV 6 (1887–2021) NV 6 (1867–1959) ND 5 (1905–2023) SD 5 (1916–1979) MS 5 (1895–1953) NM 5 (1921–1976) TN 4 (1921–1992) DE 4 (1924–1961) WY 3 (1974–1985) RI 2 (1910–1942)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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