unjust enrichment claim (Illinois) · Go Syfert
← Illinois issues

unjust enrichment claim in Illinois

75 Illinois opinions name it 3 courts 1957–2026 24 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (31)

CaseFollowedCited
HPI Health Care Services, Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hospital, Inc.green
ill · 1989 · cited in 10 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2009–2026
2 sentences

2026Though “a plaintiff may plead claims alternatively based on express contract and an unjust enrichment, the unjust enrichment claim cannot include allegations of an express contract.” Id. ¶ 34 The section of the circuit court’s dismissal order devoted to plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim consists of three sentences.

2009The doctrine of unjust enrichment permits “recovery of a benefit that was transferred to the defendant by a third party.” (Emphasis added.) HPI Health Care Services, 131 Ill. 2d at 161 .

710
Raintree Homes, Inc. v. Village of Long Grovegreen
ill · 2004 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2010–2021
2 sentences

2021Raintree Homes, Inc. v. Village of Long Grove, 209 Ill. 2d 248, 257-58 (2004).

2020Raintree Homes, Inc. v. Village of Long Grove, 209 Ill. 2d 248, 257-58 (2004). ¶ 32 Relevant to the instant appeal, the Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment § 49 (2011) articulates the standard remedy of restitution in money and identifies the usual ways that unjust enrichment is measured for this purpose: “(1) A claimant entitled to restitution may obtain a judgment for money in the amount of the defendant’s unjust enrichment. *** (3) Enrichment from the receipt of nonreturnable benefits may be measured by (a) the value of the benefit in advancing the purposes of the defen

44
Peddinghaus v. Peddinghausgreen
illappct · 1998 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2023
2 sentences

2023See HPI Health Care, 131 Ill. 2d at 160 ; Peddinghaus v. Peddinghaus, 295 Ill.

2021See, e.g., Peddinghaus v. Peddinghaus, 295 Ill.

33
Smithberg v. Illinois Municipal Retirement Fundgreen
ill · 2000 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See Smithberg v. Illinois Municipal Retirement Fund, 192 Ill. 2d 291, 299 (2000) (“When a person has obtained money to which he is not entitled, under such circumstances that in equity and good conscience he ought not retain it, a constructive trust can be imposed to avoid unjust enrichment.”).

2017See Smithberg v. Illinois Municipal Retirement Fund, 192 Ill. 2d 291, 299 (2000) (“When a person has obtained money to which he is not entitled, under such circumstances that in equity and good conscience he ought not retain it, a constructive trust can be imposed to avoid unjust enrichment.”).

33
Gagnon v. Schickelgreen
illappct · 2012 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2026
2 sentences

2026However, I agree with the majority that the circuit court should have struck the unjust enrichment claim for alleging that the parties had a contract (Gagnon v. Schickel, 2012 IL App (1st) 120645, ¶ 25 (“the unjust enrichment claim cannot include allegations of an express contract.”)), and allowed plaintiff to replead, without those allegations (see Addison v. Distinctive Homes, Ltd., 359 Ill.

2022Szabo Contracting, Inc. v. Lorig Construction Co., 2014 IL App (2d) 131328, ¶ 25 . ¶ 59 While a party may nonetheless plead a claim for unjust enrichment in the alternative to a breach of contract claim, “the unjust enrichment claim cannot include allegations of an express contract.” Gagnon v. Schickel, 2012 IL App (1st) 120645, ¶ 25 .

23
Hayes Mechanical, Inc. v. First Industrial, L.P.green
illappct · 2004 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2018–2021
2 sentences

2021“In a quantum meruit action, the measure of recovery is the reasonable value of work and material provided, whereas in an unjust enrichment action, the inquiry focuses on the benefit received and retained as a result of the improvement provided.” Hayes Mechanical, Inc. v. First Industrial, L.P., 351 Ill.

2019“In a quantum meruit action, the measure of recovery is the reasonable value of work and material provided, whereas in an unjust enrichment action, the inquiry focuses on the benefit received and retained as a result of the improvement provided.” Hayes Mechanical, Inc. v. First Industrial, L.P., 351 Ill.

23
CitiMortgage, Inc v. Parillegreen
illappct · 2016 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See Parille, 2016 IL App (2d) 150286, ¶ 40 (finding that a bank’s claim was untimely since where an unjust enrichment claim was filed seven years after the funds of the mortgage were released).

2025See Parille, 2016 IL App (2d) 150286, ¶ 40 (finding that a bank’s claim was untimely since where an unjust enrichment claim was filed almost seven years after the funds of the mortgage were released).

22
Norton v. City of Chicagogreen
illappct · 1997 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015We proceed to review the trial court's decision to grant a constructive trust for abuse of discretion. ¶ 79 Defendant concedes that wrongful conduct is not always a prerequisite (Norton v. City of Chicago, 293 Ill.

2015We proceed to review the trial court’s decision to grant a constructive trust for abuse of discretion. ¶ 79 Defendant concedes that wrongful conduct is not always a prerequisite (Norton v. City of Chicago, 293 Ill.

22
Farwest Steel Corp. v. Mainline Metal Works, Inc.green
washctapp · 1987 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See Bennett Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc. v. NationsBank of Maryland, 674 A.2d 534, 540-41 (Md. 1996) (holding that a subcontractor’s unjust enrichment claim against an owner does “not turn on whether the owner has fully paid the general contractor”); Farwest Steel Corp. v. Mainline Metal Works, Inc., 741 P.2d 58, 65 (Wash. Ct. App. 1987) (holding that a subcontractor’s supplier did not unjustly enrich a general contractor even though the general contractor failed to pay the subcontractor in full for the supplied materials). ¶ 37 Many of the cases addressing this factual scenario contain li

2014See Bennett Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc. v. Nationsbank of Maryland, 674 A.2d 534, 540-41 (Md. 1996) (holding that a subcontractor’s unjust-enrichment claim against an owner does “not turn on whether the owner has fully paid the general contractor”); Farwest Steel Corp. v. Mainline Metal Works, Inc., 741 P.2d 58, 65 (Wash. Ct. App. 1987) (holding that a subcontractor’s supplier did not unjustly enrich a general contractor even though the general contractor failed to pay the subcontractor in full for the supplied materials). ¶ 37 Many of the cases addressing this factual scenario contain li

22
Bennett Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc. v. NationsBank of Marylandgreen
md · 1996 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See Bennett Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc. v. NationsBank of Maryland, 674 A.2d 534, 540-41 (Md. 1996) (holding that a subcontractor’s unjust enrichment claim against an owner does “not turn on whether the owner has fully paid the general contractor”); Farwest Steel Corp. v. Mainline Metal Works, Inc., 741 P.2d 58, 65 (Wash. Ct. App. 1987) (holding that a subcontractor’s supplier did not unjustly enrich a general contractor even though the general contractor failed to pay the subcontractor in full for the supplied materials). ¶ 37 Many of the cases addressing this factual scenario contain li

2014See Bennett Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc. v. Nationsbank of Maryland, 674 A.2d 534, 540-41 (Md. 1996) (holding that a subcontractor’s unjust-enrichment claim against an owner does “not turn on whether the owner has fully paid the general contractor”); Farwest Steel Corp. v. Mainline Metal Works, Inc., 741 P.2d 58, 65 (Wash. Ct. App. 1987) (holding that a subcontractor’s supplier did not unjustly enrich a general contractor even though the general contractor failed to pay the subcontractor in full for the supplied materials). ¶ 37 Many of the cases addressing this factual scenario contain li

22
CNA Insurance v. DiPaulogreen
illappct · 2003 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007In effect, Stewart Title has stepped into the shoes of Burke Chaney and the Bank, neither of which is accused of having "unclean hands." See CNA Insurance Co. v. DiPaulo, 342 Ill.

2007In effect, Stewart Title has stepped into the shoes of Burke Chaney and the Bank, neither of which is accused of having “unclean hands.” See CNA Insurance Co. v. DiPaulo, 342 Ill.

22
Miner v. Gillette Co.green
ill · 1981 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005We also note that the appellate court’s order is contrary to the nature and purpose of a class action, which is intended to “allow a representative party to pursue the claims of a large number of persons with like claims” and which “does not contemplate or necessitate the appearance of absent parties.” Miner v. Gillette Co., 87 Ill. 2d 7, 14 (1981).

2005We also note that the appellate court’s order is contrary to the nature and purpose of a class action, which is intended to “allow a representative party to pursue the claims of a large number of persons with like claims” and which “does not contemplate or necessitate the appearance of absent parties.” Miner v. Gillette Co. , 87 Ill. 2d 7, 14 (1981).

22
AA Sales & Associates, Inc. v. JT & T Products Corp.green
ilnd · 1999 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See also AA Sales & Associates, Inc. v. JT & T Products Corp. , 48 F. Supp. 2d 805, 807-08 (N.D.

2005See also AA Sales & Associates, Inc. v. JT&T Products Corp., 48 F. Supp. 2d 805, 807-08 (N.D.

22
National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA v. DiMuccigreen
illappct · 2015 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2017–2025
2 sentences

2017Furthermore, an unjust enrichment claim “does not require fault or illegality on the part of [the] defendant[ ]; the essence of the cause of action is that one party is enriched and it would be unjust for that party to retain the enrichment.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) DiMucci, 2015 IL App (1st) 122725, ¶ 67 . ¶ 37 We find that the circuit court erred by dismissing plaintiffs’ third amended complaint because it stated a cause of action for unjust enrichment against the municipal defendants and the broker defendants.

2017Plaintiffs can maintain an unjust enrichment claim against the broker defendants because plaintiffs allege that the brokers received rebates from the municipal defendants through the wrongful conduct (see, e.g., DiMucci, 2015 IL App (1st) 122725, ¶ 67 ), namely a scheme in which the brokers received a portion of the sales tax through the rebate agreement paid by the municipal defendants in connection with the agreement to deliberately missource retail sales.

14
Mulligan v. QVC, Inc.green
illappct · 2008 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2023
2 sentences

2023Mulligan v. QVC, Inc., 382 Ill.

2020Mulligan, 382 Ill.

12
People v. Brockmangreen
ill · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019People v. Brockman , 143 Ill. 2d 351 , 366, 158 Ill.Dec. 513 , 574 N.E.2d 626 (1991). ¶ 21 Here, Frank's contribution claim is premised on his allegation that the Grossens negligently maintained their portion of the fence, which allowed Frank's cattle to escape and injure Raab.

2019People v. Brockman , 143 Ill. 2d 351 , 366, 158 Ill.Dec. 513 , 574 N.E.2d 626 (1991). ¶ 21 Here, Frank's contribution claim is premised on his allegation that the Grossens negligently maintained their portion of the fence, which allowed Frank's cattle to escape and injure Raab.

12
Apollo Real Estate Investmend Fund, IV, L.P. v. Gelbergreen
illappct · 2009 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2010–2012
2 sentences

2012Id.

2012Id.

12
Addison v. Distinctive Homes, Ltd.green
illappct · 2005 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026However, I agree with the majority that the circuit court should have struck the unjust enrichment claim for alleging that the parties had a contract (Gagnon v. Schickel, 2012 IL App (1st) 120645, ¶ 25 (“the unjust enrichment claim cannot include allegations of an express contract.”)), and allowed plaintiff to replead, without those allegations (see Addison v. Distinctive Homes, Ltd., 359 Ill.

2026However, I agree with the majority that the circuit court should have struck the unjust enrichment claim for alleging that the parties had a contract (Gagnon v. Schickel, 2012 IL App (1st) 120645, ¶ 25 (“the unjust enrichment claim cannot include allegations of an express contract.”)), and allowed plaintiff to replead, without those allegations (see Addison v. Distinctive Homes, Ltd., 359 Ill.

11
Seiden Law Group, P.C. v. Segalgreen
illappct · 2021 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See Seiden Law Group, P.C. v. Segal, 2021 IL App (1st) 200877, ¶ 24 (“Because *** there was not a valid and enforceable agreement between the parties, the court erred by dismissing Seiden Law's quantum meruit count with prejudice pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code”).

11
Reynolds v. Jimmy John's Enterprises, LLCgreen
illappct · 2013 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Reynolds, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 20 (gathering cases demonstrating that section 2-619.1 does not authorize hybrid motion practice, but only allows the motions ot be filed together in a single document). 10 No. 1-24-1045 ¶ 32 “Pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, the movant challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint based on certain defects or defenses apparent on the face of the complaint.” Walworth Investments-LG, LLC, 2022 IL 127177, ¶ 39 .

11
People Ex Rel. Hartigan v. E & E HAULING, INC.green
ill · 1992 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Gridley v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurancegreen
ill · 2005 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Weisberger v. Weisbergergreen
illappct · 2011 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurancegreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Rubinson v. Rubinsongreen
illappct · 1993 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Carter v. Cartergreen
illappct · 2012 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Toushin v. First Merit Bankgreen
illappct · 2021 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Board of Managers of Hidden Lake Townhome Owners Ass'n v. Green Trails Improvement Ass'ngreen
illappct · 2010 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Uptown National Bank of Chicago v. Stramergreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Miller v. Racine Trustgreen
illappct · 1978 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Galvan v. Northwestern Memorial Hospitalgreen
illappct · 2008 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (36)

CaseCitedYears
Stathis v. Geldermann, Inc. green
illappct · 1998
2 sentences

2022Id.

2006Stathis, 295 Ill.

32006–2022
Martis v. Grinnell Mutual Reinsurance Co. green
illappct · 2009
2 sentences

2023Id.

2013Id. at 1025 , 905 N.E.2d at 928 .

22013–2023
HPI Health Care Services, Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hospital, Inc. green
illappct · 1988
2 sentences

2015HPI Health Care Services, 172 Ill.

2014HPI Health Care Services, 172 Ill.

22014–2015
Premier Electrical Construction Co. v. La Salle National Bank green
illappct · 1984
2 sentences

2014Therefore, the case is of little assistance here. -7- Premier Electrical Construction, the court explained why mere knowledge that work is being performed is insufficient: “As a general rule, the doctrine of unjust enrichment does not apply where the entire work is contracted for and placed under a general contractor who has the power to employ whom he chooses, because in such circumstances the owner has the right to presume that work is being done for and on behalf of the contractor.” Premier Electrical Construction, 132 Ill.

2014In Premier Electrical Construction, the court explained why mere knowledge that work is being performed is insufficient: “As a general rule, the doctrine of unjust enrichment does not apply where the entire work is contracted for and placed under a general contractor who has the power to employ whom he chooses, because in such circumstances the owner has the right to presume that work is being done for and on behalf of the contractor.” Premier Electrical Construction, 132 Ill.

22014–2014
Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc. green
ill · 1996
2 sentences

2009We further note our supreme court’s pronouncement in Bryson that “[b]oth section 13 — 217 and section 2 — 616(b) are remedial in nature and should be liberally construed in favor of hearing the plaintiffs claim.” Bryson, 174 111. 2d at 106, 672 N.E.2d at 1223 .

2009We further note our supreme court’s pronouncement in Bryson that “[b]oth section 13-217 and section 2-616(b) are remedial in nature and should be liberally construed in favor of hearing the plaintiff's claim.” Bryson, 174 Ill. 2d at 106 , 672 N.E.2d at 1223 .

22009–2009
Porter v. Decatur Memorial Hospital green
ill · 2008
2 sentences

2009Relation Back of Unjust Enrichment Claim The second certified question is: “Whether, under the standard articulated by the Illinois Supreme Court in Porter v. Decatur Memorial Hospital, 227 Ill. 2d 343 (2008), a cause of action for unjust enrichment relating to construction work performed in 2000 that is asserted for the first time as part of a re-filed action, is sufficiently close in character and nature of injury to an original case that focused upon a funds transfer that occurred in 2001 such that it can be considered to ‘relate back’ for purposes of the statute of limitations.” Apollo mai

2009Relation Back of Unjust Enrichment Claim The second certified question is: “Whether, under the standard articulated by the Illinois Supreme Court in Porter v. Decatur Memorial Hospital, 227 Ill. 2d 343 (Ill. 2008), a cause of action for unjust enrichment relating to construction work performed in 2000 that is asserted for the first time as part of a re-filed action, is sufficiently close in character and nature of injury to an original case that focused upon a funds transfer that occurred in 2001 such that it can be considered to ‘relate back’ for purposes of the statute of limitations.” Apoll

22009–2009
Crerar Clinch Coal Co. v. Board of Education green
illappct · 1957
2 sentences

1997App. 2d 208, 218 , 141 N.E.2d 393 (1957) (court rejected argument in declaratory judgment action that because prayer for relief asked not only for declaration of rights under contract, but also for an accounting and payment of moneys, plaintiff’s action required the application of equitable principles, particularly the doctrine of unjust enrichment).

1997App. 2d 208, 218 , 141 N.E.2d 393 (1957) (court rejected argument in declaratory judgment action that because prayer for relief asked not only for declaration of rights under contract, but also for an accounting and payment of moneys, plaintiff's action required the application of equitable principles, particularly the doctrine of unjust enrichment).

21997–1997
Norabuena v. Medtronic, Inc. green
illappct · 2017
1 sentence

2026Therefore, I would reverse and remand on this basis and write separately to add further analysis under Illinois law. ¶ 56 A court should dismiss a claim with prejudice pursuant to section 2-615 “only where it is clearly apparent that the plaintiffs can prove no set of facts entitling recovery.” Norabuena v. Medtronic, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 162928, ¶ 39 .

12026–2026
Johnson v. Armstrong green
ill · 2022
1 sentence

2026Summary Judgment ¶ 38 Plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred by granting summary judgment to defendant on its breach of contract claim because (1) all of the necessary elements of a breach of contract claim were satisfied, (2) the circuit court’s decision was based on a misreading of the relevant statutes, and (3) defendant should be equitably and judicially estopped from denying the existence of a valid contract. ¶ 39 "Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to

12026–2026
Walworth Investments-LG, LLC v. Mu Sigma, Inc. green
ill · 2022
1 sentence

2026Reynolds, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 20 (gathering cases demonstrating that section 2-619.1 does not authorize hybrid motion practice, but only allows the motions ot be filed together in a single document). 10 No. 1-24-1045 ¶ 32 “Pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, the movant challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint based on certain defects or defenses apparent on the face of the complaint.” Walworth Investments-LG, LLC, 2022 IL 127177, ¶ 39 .

12026–2026
Moore v. Mandell green
illappct · 2023
12024–2024
Stark Excavating v. Carter Construction Services green
illappct · 2012
12024–2024
Carle Foundation v. ILLINOIS DEPT. REVENUE green
illappct · 2009
12023–2023
C. Szabo Contracting, Inc. v. Lorig Construction Company green
illappct · 2014
12022–2022
Partipilo v. Hallman green
illappct · 1987
12021–2021
Hatchett v. W2X, Inc. green
illappct · 2013
12021–2021
Hartmann Realtors v. Biffar green
illappct · 2014
12020–2020
Bogenberger v. Pi Kappa Alpha Corporation, Inc. green
ill · 2018
12019–2019
Rosenbach v. Six Flags Entertainment Corp. neutral
illappct · 2017
12017–2017
Perez v. Citicorp Mortgage, Inc. green
illappct · 1998
12012–2012
Best v. Taylor MacHine Works green
ill · 1997
12012–2012
Guinn v. Hoskins Chevrolet green
illappct · 2005
12012–2012
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Maryland Casualty Co. green
illappct · 1997
11999–1999
Scholes v. Ames green
ilnd · 1994
11999–1999
M. J. McCarthy Motor Sales Co. v. Van C. Argiris & Co. green
illappct · 1979
11994–1994
Batler, Capitel & Schwartz v. Tapanes green
illappct · 1987
11991–1991
Doyle v. Rhodes green
illappct · 1982
11991–1991
Rutledge v. Housing Authority green
illappct · 1980
11988–1988
County of Champaign v. Hanks green
illappct · 1976
11988–1988
Vanderlaan v. Berry Construction Co. green
illappct · 1970
11984–1984
Plastics & Equipment Sales Co. v. DeSoto, Inc. green
illappct · 1980
11984–1984
Wirth v. City of Highland Park green
illappct · 1981
11982–1982
Larson v. Buschkamp green
illappct · 1982
11982–1982
Board of Highway Commissioners v. City of Bloomington green
ill · 1911
11976–1976
Burgard v. Mascoutah Lumber Co. green
illappct · 1955
11957–1957
Jones v. Hodges green
illappct · 1954
11957–1957

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-615 (20) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (12) IL § 815 ILCS 505/1 (10) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-619 (9) IL § 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (5) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-616 (5) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (5) IL § 735 ILCS 5/13-217 (4) IL § 815 ILCS 205/2 (4) IL § 30 ILCS 105/6z-17 (3) IL § 30 ILCS 105/6z-18 (3) IL § 35 ILCS 120/2 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 265 (1942–2026) OH 143 (1986–2026) DE 101 (2001–2026) TX 76 (1991–2026) IL 75 (1957–2026) PA 69 (1956–2026) MI 65 (1975–2026) CT 61 (1968–2026) NC 53 (1952–2026) WA 53 (1941–2026) ME 49 (1974–2024) CA 46 (1950–2026) WI 44 (1975–2026) CO 42 (1989–2026) LA 39 (1965–2023) VT 36 (1914–2026) MD 35 (1958–2025) FL 34 (1953–2025) AZ 33 (1989–2026) UT 31 (1999–2025) MO 30 (1998–2023) MN 29 (1989–2026) TN 29 (1975–2026) GA 28 (1987–2026) NJ 27 (1984–2026) ID 23 (1984–2026) OR 23 (1977–2025) AL 22 (2000–2025) AR 21 (1955–2023) MT 19 (1967–2024) NM 19 (1990–2024) IA 18 (1939–2025) ND 16 (1974–2026) MA 14 (2010–2026) WY 14 (1989–2026) NV 12 (2014–2022) OK 10 (1935–2024) IN 10 (1971–2026) RI 10 (1969–2016) KS 9 (1996–2024) NE 9 (2015–2024) DC 8 (2005–2025) SC 7 (2002–2025) MS 7 (1998–2013) VA 7 (1992–2024) KY 7 (1929–2023) WV 6 (1988–2020) NH 6 (1982–2018) SD 5 (1991–2025) HI 4 (2013–2025) VI 3 (2013–2014) AK 2 (1996–2002)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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