loss of consortium claim in Louisiana

69 Louisiana opinions name it 2 courts 1988–2023 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Louisiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

Case	Followed	Cited
Finley v. Bassgreen lactapp · 1985 · cited in 6 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1991–1998 2 sentences 1998O'Riley v. City of Shreveport, 30,107 (La.App.2d Cir.1/23/98), 706 So.2d 213 ; Finley v. Bass, 478 So.2d 608, 614 (La.App. 2d Cir.1985). 1998Finley v. Bass, 478 So.2d 608, 614 (La.App. 2d Cir.1985).	4	6
Vaccaro v. Sports & Imports, Inc.green lactapp · 1989 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1992–1994 2 sentences 1994Vaccaro v. Sports & Imports, Inc., 539 So.2d 989, 993 (La.App. 4th Cir.1989), writs denied 541 So.2d 1391 and 1392 (La.1989). 1993The elements of a loss of consortium claim are “loss of: love and affection, society and companionship, sexual relations, right of performance of material services, right of support, aid and assistance, and lastly felicity.” Vaccaro v. Smith & Imports, Inc., 539 So.2d 989, 993 (La.App. 4th Cir.1989), writs denied 541 So.2d 1391 and 1392 (La.1989).	3	3
Lonthier v. Northwest Ins. Co.green lactapp · 1986 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1988–1991 2 sentences 1991Co., 497 So.2d 774, 775 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1986), we stated: `The compensable elements of damage in a loss of consortium claim are loss of society, sex, and service and support. 1989In Lonthier v. Northwest Insurance Company, 497 So.2d 774, 775-776 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1986), appears the following: The compensable elements of damage in a loss of consortium claim are loss of society, sex, and service and support.	3	3
Coates v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.green lactapp · 1984 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004 2 sentences 2004The trial court gave the following reasons for his judgments: In Coates v. Owens-Corning Fiberglass[Fiberglas] Corp., 444 So.2d 788 (La.App. 4 Cir.1984) the court held that a cause of action for loss of consortium does not arise until the plaintiff actually suffers the loss. 2003In a similar asbestos exposure case where the characteristics of a loss of consortium claim were analyzed, the Louisiana Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal stated that "a cause of action arises when negligent or tortious conduct causes injury." Coates v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 444 So.2d 788, 790 (La.App. 4 Cir.1984); see also McDuffie v. ACandS, Inc., 00-2745 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/14/01) ; 781 So.2d 623 .	2	3
Carroll v. State Farm Ins. Co.green lactapp · 1988 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1992–2000 2 sentences 2000In Carroll v. State Farm Insurance Company, 519 So.2d 265, 266-267 (La.App. 5th Cir.), writ denied, 520 So.2d 756 (La.1988), the Fifth Circuit found no public policy prohibition against an insurer limiting recovery for a loss of consortium claim to the same "per person" limit from which the primary tort victim recovered. 1992Accord Carroll v. State Farm Insurance Company, 519 So.2d 265 (La.App. 5th Cir.), writ denied, 520 So.2d 756 (La.1988) (holding that a spouse's loss of consortium claim did not constitute a separate "bodily injury" under the terms of policy providing uninsured motorist coverage).	2	2
Doe v. Roman Catholic Churchgreen lactapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000Doe v. Roman Catholic Church for Archdiocese of New Orleans, 615 So.2d 410, 417 (La.App. 4 Cir.1993), writ denied. 2000Doe v. Roman Catholic Church for Archdiocese of New Orleans, 615 So.2d 410, 417 (La.App. 4 Cir.), writs denied, 618 So.2d 412 and 413 (La.1993).	2	2
McGee v. AC AND S, INC.green la · 2006 · cited in 4 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2010–2023 2 sentences 2021“In addition, a wrongful death claim is like a loss of consortium claim insofar as it clearly compensates the beneficiaries for their own injuries, separate and distinct from the primary victim’s injuries.” Id. (citing McGee, 933 So.2d at 780 ) (internal citation omitted). 2021“In addition, a wrongful death claim is like a loss of consortium claim insofar as it clearly compensates the beneficiaries for their own injuries, separate and distinct from the primary victim’s injuries.” Id. (citing McGee, 933 So.2d at 780 ) (internal citation omitted).	1	4
McDuffie v. ACandS, Inc.green lactapp · 2001 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004 2 sentences 2004Co., 464 So.2d 979 (La.App. 4 Cir.1985); McDuffie v. ACandS, Inc., 00-2745 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/14/01) , 781 So.2d 623 ; but see Ferguson v. Burkett, 454 So.2d 413 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1984) (refusing to allow a loss of consortium claim because the acts or negligence of defendants occurred prior to the 1982 amendment). 2003In a similar asbestos exposure case where the characteristics of a loss of consortium claim were analyzed, the Louisiana Fourth Circuit Court of Appeal stated that "a cause of action arises when negligent or tortious conduct causes injury." Coates v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 444 So.2d 788, 790 (La.App. 4 Cir.1984); see also McDuffie v. ACandS, Inc., 00-2745 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/14/01) ; 781 So.2d 623 .	1	3
Shepard v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.green lactapp · 1989 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1992–1994 2 sentences 1993Co., 545 So.2d 624 (La.App. 4th Cir.1989), writs denied, 550 So.2d 627 , 628 (La.1989), the court found that the parents' loss of consortium claim was derived from their son's injuries. 1992In Shepard v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 545 So.2d 624 (La.App. 4th Cir.), writs denied, 550 So.2d 627 , 628 (La.1989), the court ruled that a loss of consortium claim does fall under the term "bodily injury" in an insurance policy.	1	3
Carroll v. State Farm Ins. Co.green la · 1988 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1992–2000 2 sentences 2000In Carroll v. State Farm Insurance Company, 519 So.2d 265, 266-267 (La.App. 5th Cir.), writ denied, 520 So.2d 756 (La.1988), the Fifth Circuit found no public policy prohibition against an insurer limiting recovery for a loss of consortium claim to the same "per person" limit from which the primary tort victim recovered. 1992Accord Carroll v. State Farm Insurance Company, 519 So.2d 265 (La.App. 5th Cir.), writ denied, 520 So.2d 756 (La.1988) (holding that a spouse's loss of consortium claim did not constitute a separate "bodily injury" under the terms of policy providing uninsured motorist coverage).	1	2
Raziano v. Lincoln Property Co.green lactapp · 1988 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1992–1994	1	2
Higley v. Kramergreen lactapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

Case	Negative	Cited
Ferguson v. Burkettgreen lactapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004	1	1

Also cited on this issue (67)

Case	Cited	Years
Seagers v. Pailet green lactapp · 1995 2 sentences 2015Gunn v. Robertson, 01-347 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/14/01) , 801 So.2d 555, 565 ; Seagers v. Pailet, 95-52 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/10/95) , 656 So.2d 700 . 2004Gunn v. Robertson, 01-347 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/14/01) , 801 So.2d 555, 565 ; Seagers v. Pailet, 95-52 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/10/95) , 656 So.2d 700 .	6	1998–2015
Landry v. Avondale Industries, Inc. green la · 2004 2 sentences 2014McGee, 933 So.2d at 780 (citing Landry v. Avondale Indus., Inc., 03-0719 (La.12/3/03), 864 So.2d 117, 126 ). 2006While we acknowledge the decision in Ferrell , we also note that it was explained by the supreme court in Landry v. Avondale Industries, Inc., 03-0179, 030-993, 03-1002, pp. 9-10 (La. 12/3/03), 864 So.2d 117, 125-26 , as follows: In Ferrell , we were interpreting the single person policy limits of an insurance policy and held that, because the loss of consortium claim was "derivative of the primary victim's injury," it was restricted to the single person policy limits of the defendant's policy.	4	2006–2014
Gunn v. Robertson green lactapp · 2001 2 sentences 2015Gunn v. Robertson, 01-347 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/14/01) , 801 So.2d 555, 565 ; Seagers v. Pailet, 95-52 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/10/95) , 656 So.2d 700 . 2004Gunn v. Robertson, 01-347 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/14/01) , 801 So.2d 555, 565 ; Seagers v. Pailet, 95-52 (La.App. 5 Cir. 5/10/95) , 656 So.2d 700 .	3	2003–2015
Ferrell v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Co. green la · 1997 2 sentences 2007Co., 96-3028 (La.7/1/97), 696 So.2d 569 ); Shepard v. State Farm Mut. 2005In Ferrell v. Fireman’s Fund Insurance Co., 96-3028 (La.7/1/97), 696 So.2d 569 , the supreme court was asked to decide whether an insurer was liable for a spouse’s loss of consortium claim out of the per accident bodily injury limits of its policy, or whether the loss of consortium claim was derivative of her husband’s injuries and therefore must be satisfied out of the per person bodily injury limits of the policy.	3	2005–2007
Vidrine v. Government Employees Ins. Co. green la · 1988 2 sentences 1994La.C.C. art. 2315(B); Vidrine v. Government Employees Insurance Co., 528 So.2d 765 (La.App. 3d Cir.1988), writ denied, 532 So.2d 156 (La.1988). 1990Co., 528 So.2d 765 (La.App. 3 Cir.1988), writ den., 532 So.2d 156 (La.1988), we stated: "`The compensable elements of damage in a loss of consortium claim are loss of society, sex, and service and support.	3	1990–1994
Aldredge v. Whitney green lactapp · 1991 2 sentences 1994Id. 1992In Aldredge v. Whitney, 591 So.2d 1201 (La.App. 2d Cir.1991), the court was asked to decide whether the settlement and release of the insurer by the primary victim injured in an automobile accident extinguished the loss of consortium claim by the claimant (who was the victim's boyfriend at the time of the accident and who later became her husband) against that insurer.	3	1992–1994
Albin v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. green lactapp · 1986 2 sentences 1994Contrarily, State Farm relies on Albin v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 498 So.2d 171 (La.App. 1st Cir.), writ denied, 498 So.2d 1088 (La.1986), in which the first circuit, in interpreting a "bodily injury" definition exactly like the one in this case, held the injuries suffered in a loss of consortium claim did not constitute a "bodily injury" under the policy. 1989Co., 498 So.2d 171 (La.App. 1st Cir.1986), the court found that a loss of consortium claim by a wife was really a claim for "damages due to bodily injury" of her husband under the uninsured motorist policy.	3	1989–1994
Vidrine v. Government Employees Ins. Co. green lactapp · 1988 2 sentences 1994La.C.C. art. 2315(B); Vidrine v. Government Employees Insurance Co., 528 So.2d 765 (La.App. 3d Cir.1988), writ denied, 532 So.2d 156 (La.1988). 1990Co., 528 So.2d 765 (La.App. 3 Cir.1988), writ den., 532 So.2d 156 (La.1988), we stated: "`The compensable elements of damage in a loss of consortium claim are loss of society, sex, and service and support.	3	1990–1994
State v. Humphrey green la · 1989 2 sentences 1993Co., 545 So.2d 624 (La.App. 4th Cir.1989), writs denied, 550 So.2d 627 , 628 (La.1989), the court found that the parents' loss of consortium claim was derived from their son's injuries. 1992In Shepard v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 545 So.2d 624 (La.App. 4th Cir.), writs denied, 550 So.2d 627 , 628 (La.1989), the court ruled that a loss of consortium claim does fall under the term "bodily injury" in an insurance policy.	3	1992–1994
Vaccaro v. Sports & Imports, Inc. neutral la · 1989 2 sentences 1994Vaccaro v. Sports & Imports, Inc., 539 So.2d 989, 993 (La.App. 4th Cir.1989), writs denied 541 So.2d 1391 and 1392 (La.1989). 1993The elements of a loss of consortium claim are “loss of: love and affection, society and companionship, sexual relations, right of performance of material services, right of support, aid and assistance, and lastly felicity.” Vaccaro v. Smith & Imports, Inc., 539 So.2d 989, 993 (La.App. 4th Cir.1989), writs denied 541 So.2d 1391 and 1392 (La.1989).	3	1992–1994
Simpson v. STATE, THROUGH DEPT. OF TRANSP. AND DEVELOPMENT green la · 1994 2 sentences 2011Spears, supra; Simpson v. State, Department of Transportation and Development, 636 So.2d 608 (La.App. 1st Cir.1993), writs denied, 94-0042, 94-1005 (La.05/06/94), 637 So.2d 471 , 472. \|aiThus, we must be careful to differentiate between that which is recoverable as an element of the consortium claim and that which is not recoverable absent the existence of a cause of action for individual mental distress under La.Civ.Code art. 555 2315.6 and the holding in Lejeune v. Rayne Branch Hospital, 556 So.2d 559 (La.1990). 1999*Spears, supra; Simpson v. State, Department of Transportation and Development, 636 So.2d 608 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1993), writs denied, 94-0042, 94-1005 (La.05/06/94), 637 So.2d 471 , 472.	2	1999–2011
Lejeune v. Rayne Branch Hosp. green la · 1990 2 sentences 2011Spears, supra; Simpson v. State, Department of Transportation and Development, 636 So.2d 608 (La.App. 1st Cir.1993), writs denied, 94-0042, 94-1005 (La.05/06/94), 637 So.2d 471 , 472. \|aiThus, we must be careful to differentiate between that which is recoverable as an element of the consortium claim and that which is not recoverable absent the existence of a cause of action for individual mental distress under La.Civ.Code art. 555 2315.6 and the holding in Lejeune v. Rayne Branch Hospital, 556 So.2d 559 (La.1990). 1994*We note, however, that in Lejeune, 556 So.2d at 568-69 , this court found the defendant hospital owed an independent duty to protect the plaintiff from mental pain and anguish occasioned by the negligent infliction of injury to the plaintiff's husband. [12] State Farm admits the definition of "bodily injury" would provide coverage not only for Stephen Crabtree's physical injuries but also for any emotional problems he suffered resulting from his injuries. [13] That particular policy defined "bodily injury" as "bodily injury, sickness or disease sustained by any person." [14] We note that the L	2	1994–2011
Simpson v. State Through DOTD green lactapp · 1994 2 sentences 2011Spears, supra; Simpson v. State, Department of Transportation and Development, 636 So.2d 608 (La.App. 1st Cir.1993), writs denied, 94-0042, 94-1005 (La.05/06/94), 637 So.2d 471 , 472. \|aiThus, we must be careful to differentiate between that which is recoverable as an element of the consortium claim and that which is not recoverable absent the existence of a cause of action for individual mental distress under La.Civ.Code art. 555 2315.6 and the holding in Lejeune v. Rayne Branch Hospital, 556 So.2d 559 (La.1990). 1999*Spears, supra; Simpson v. State, Department of Transportation and Development, 636 So.2d 608 (La.App. 1st Cir. 1993), writs denied, 94-0042, 94-1005 (La.05/06/94), 637 So.2d 471 , 472.	2	1999–2011
Kent v. Concordia Electric Co-op, Inc. neutral la · 1999 2 sentences 2010Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805, p. 23 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99), 738 So.2d 1105, 1122 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99), 747 So.2d 1120 . 2002Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99); 738 So.2d 1105 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99); 747 So.2d 1120 .	2	2002–2010
Holmes v. Daybrook Fisheries, Inc. neutral la · 1999 2 sentences 2010Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805, p. 23 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99), 738 So.2d 1105, 1122 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99), 747 So.2d 1120 . 2002Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99); 738 So.2d 1105 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99); 747 So.2d 1120 .	2	2002–2010
Broussard v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. neutral la · 1999 2 sentences 2010Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805, p. 23 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99), 738 So.2d 1105, 1122 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99), 747 So.2d 1120 . 2002Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99); 738 So.2d 1105 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99); 747 So.2d 1120 .	2	2002–2010
Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity green lactapp · 1999 2 sentences 2010Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805, p. 23 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99), 738 So.2d 1105, 1122 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99), 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99), 747 So.2d 1120 . 2002Morrison v. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 31,805 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/7/99); 738 So.2d 1105 , writs denied, 99-1607 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 634 , 99-1622 (La.9/24/99); 749 So.2d 635 , 99-1668 (La.9/24/99); 747 So.2d 1120 .	2	2002–2010
Giroir v. SOUTH LA. MEDICAL CTR., ETC. green la · 1985 2 sentences 2004We stated as follows: In Giroir v. South Louisiana Medical Center, 475 So.2d 1040 (La.1985), the Louisiana Supreme Court established a four part [sic] test for determining whether \| lfian amended petition adding a new plaintiff relates back under La. 1992In both cases we applied the test enunciated by the Louisiana Supreme Court in Giroir v. South Louisiana Medical Center, 475 So.2d 1040 (La.1985) to determine whether an amended petition related back to the date of the filing of the original petition.	2	1992–2004
O'RILEY v. City of Shreveport green lactapp · 1998 2 sentences 2000McCrocklin, supra ; O'Riley v. City of Shreveport, 30,107 (La.App.2d Cir.1/23/98), 706 So.2d 213 , writ denied, 98-0752 (La.5/1/98), 718 So.2d 418 . 1998O'Riley v. City of Shreveport, 30,107 (La.App.2d Cir.1/23/98), 706 So.2d 213 ; Finley v. Bass, 478 So.2d 608, 614 (La.App. 2d Cir.1985).	2	1998–2000
Albin v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. green la · 1986 2 sentences 1994Contrarily, State Farm relies on Albin v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 498 So.2d 171 (La.App. 1st Cir.), writ denied, 498 So.2d 1088 (La.1986), in which the first circuit, in interpreting a "bodily injury" definition exactly like the one in this case, held the injuries suffered in a loss of consortium claim did not constitute a "bodily injury" under the policy. 1992For instance, in Albin v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 498 So.2d 171 (La.App. 1st Cir.), writ denied, 498 So.2d 1088 (La.1986), Mr. Albin was injured in an automobile accident by the negligence of State Farm's insured.	2	1992–1994
Broussard v. Romero neutral lactapp · 1997	1	2015–2015
Lemoine v. Mike Munna, L.L.C. green lactapp · 2014	1	2015–2015
Ritter v. Exxon Mobile Corp. green lactapp · 2009	1	2014–2014
Broussard v. Razden green lactapp · 1999	1	2014–2014
Kilpatrick v. ALLIANCE CASUALTY AND REINSURANCE COMPANY green la · 1995	1	2013–2013
Kilpatrick v. Alliance Cas. & Reinsurance Co. green lactapp · 1995	1	2013–2013
Dickerson v. Lafferty neutral lactapp · 2000	1	2010–2010
Thomas v. Thomas neutral lactapp · 2006	1	2007–2007
Roberts v. State green lactapp · 2000	1	2006–2006
Roberts v. State green la · 2001	1	2006–2006
Joseph v. Entergy green lactapp · 2002	1	2006–2006
Landgraf v. USI Film Products green scotus · 1994	1	2004–2004
Ewing v. Armstrong World Industries, Inc. green lactapp · 2003	1	2004–2004
Walls v. American Optical Corp. green la · 1999	1	2004–2004
Abadie v. Commercial Union Ins. Co. green lactapp · 1985	1	2004–2004
Anderson v. Avondale Industries, Inc. green la · 2001	1	2004–2004
Austin v. Abney Mills, Inc. green la · 2002	1	2004–2004
Phillips v. Palumbo green lactapp · 1994	1	2003–2003
Gunn v. Robertson neutral la · 2002	1	2003–2003
Blue/Gray Pipe & Supply, Inc. v. Inland Bay Drilling & Workover, Inc. green la · 1993	1	2003–2003

Statutes the citing opinions construe

LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 1 (6) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1032 (5) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 13:5106 (3) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 3 (3) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 9:2794 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CT 71 (1979–2025) LA 69 (1988–2023) OH 66 (1983–2025) IL 52 (1983–2025) CA 51 (1988–2025) PA 49 (1986–2026) GA 45 (1983–2025) TX 36 (1991–2022) MA 29 (1980–2023) FL 29 (1988–2024) MI 28 (1978–2026) IN 26 (1982–2020) MO 22 (1974–2021) NM 21 (1996–2025) WA 21 (1987–2021) MS 21 (1990–2024) IA 21 (1981–2024) NY 19 (1983–2024) ME 19 (1978–2020) NJ 14 (1982–2019) TN 14 (1997–2026) MD 14 (1984–2014) AL 12 (1986–2015) RI 12 (1992–2026) CO 12 (1986–2011) MN 12 (1981–2026) AZ 11 (1985–2026) SC 10 (1986–2025) KY 9 (1980–2025) VT 9 (1987–2026) SD 8 (1994–2007) HI 7 (1983–2024) DC 7 (1997–2025) DE 7 (1988–2025) NC 7 (1999–2022) WI 5 (1986–2020) AK 5 (1975–2020) MT 5 (1987–2014) WV 5 (1993–2013) OR 4 (1993–2021) ID 4 (1985–2025) UT 3 (2002–2018) NH 2 (1985–1987) NV 2 (1996–2023) NE 2 (2006–2013) AR 2 (2003–2003) ND 2 (1992–2015) WY 2 (2002–2008)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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