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9 Virginia opinions name it 6 courts 1986–2025 1 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuitgreen2 sentences2001The Court believes it is appropriate to follow the three part test set forth by the Fourth Circuit in LaRouche v. National Broadcasting Co., 780 F.2d 1134, 1139 (4th Cir. 1986); see also, Stickles v. General Rental Co., 750 F. Supp. 729, 731 (E.D. 1994LaRouche v. National Broadcasting Co., 780 F.2d 1134, 1139 (4th Cir. 1986) (citing Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., supra). | 2 | 2 |
Quinn v. Commonwealthgreen1 sentence2025See Quinn, 25 Va. App. at 710 (“If the interrogation continues without the presence of an attorney, the defendant’s statement is inadmissible unless the Commonwealth proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his right to retained or appointed counsel.” (citing Edwards, 451 U.S. at 482 )). - 11 - counsel. | 1 | 1 |
Edwards v. Arizonagreen1 sentence2025See Quinn, 25 Va. App. at 710 (“If the interrogation continues without the presence of an attorney, the defendant’s statement is inadmissible unless the Commonwealth proves by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his right to retained or appointed counsel.” (citing Edwards, 451 U.S. at 482 )). - 11 - counsel. | 1 | 1 |
Stickels v. General Rental Co., Inc.green1 sentence2001The Court believes it is appropriate to follow the three part test set forth by the Fourth Circuit in LaRouche v. National Broadcasting Co., 780 F.2d 1134, 1139 (4th Cir. 1986); see also, Stickles v. General Rental Co., 750 F. Supp. 729, 731 (E.D. | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Ake v. Oklahoma
green
2 sentences2006The trial court entered orders allowing Juniper to retain Wayne Kennedy as a special investigator for the defense, and appointing Dr. Thomas A. Pasquale, Ph.D., as a mental health expert "to assist defense counsel in the preparation and presentation of information concerning the defendant's history, character, or mental condition." Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 , 77, 105 S.Ct. 1087 , 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985), established a three part test to determine when the Constitution requires that certain expert assistance be provided an indigent defendant. 2006The trial court entered orders allowing Juniper to retain Wayne Kennedy as a special investigator for the defense, and appointing Dr. Thomas A. Pasquale, Ph.D., as a mental health expert "to assist defense counsel in the preparation and presentation of information concerning the defendant's history, character, or mental condition." Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68 , 77, 105 S.Ct. 1087 , 84 L.Ed.2d 53 (1985), established a three part test to determine when the Constitution requires that certain expert assistance be provided an indigent defendant. | 1 | 2006–2006 |
Murray W. (Dusty) Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., Transamerican Press of Texas, Inc. And Mike Parkhurst
green
1 sentence2004To aid in balancing those interests, the Fourth Circuit adopted a three part test: “(1) whether the information is relevant, (2) whether the information can be obtained by alternative means, and (3) whether there is a compelling interest in the information.” Id. (citing Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 621 F.2d 721 (5th Cir. 1980)). | 1 | 2004–2004 |
In Re Andrew Shain Sid Gaulden Cindi Ross Scoppe Schuyler Kropf, United States of America v. Jefferson Marion Long, Jr., A/K/A \Bud\" Long"
green
1 sentence2004In 1992, the Fourth Circuit once again assessed the meaning of Branzburg in In re Shain, 978 F.2d 850 (4th Cir. 1992). | 1 | 2004–2004 |
Zachary v. Wilk
green
1 sentence2004To aid in balancing those interests, the Fourth Circuit adopted a three part test: “(1) whether the information is relevant, (2) whether the information can be obtained by alternative means, and (3) whether there is a compelling interest in the information.” Id. (citing Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 621 F.2d 721 (5th Cir. 1980)). | 1 | 2004–2004 |
Danville Holding Corp. v. Clement
green
2 sentences1999Whether a structure, such as a sign, is owned by the person who erected the structure or becomes part of the realty and thus owned by the landowner is determined either by an agreement establishing the nature and ownership of the property or by applying a three part test found in Danville Holding Corp. v. Clement, 178 Va. 223 , 16 S.E.2d 345 (1941). 1999Whether a structure, such as a sign, is owned by the person who erected the structure or becomes part of the realty and thus owned by the landowner is determined either by an agreement establishing the nature and ownership of the property or by applying a three part test found in Danville Holding Corp. v. Clement, 178 Va. 223 , 16 S.E.2d 345 (1941). | 1 | 1999–1999 |
Adams Outdoor Advertising Ltd. Partnership v. Long
green
2 sentences1999Adams Outdoor Advertising Limited Partnership v. Long, 253 Va. 206 , 483 S.E.2d 224 (1997). 1999Adams Outdoor Advertising Limited Partnership v. Long, 253 Va. 206 , 483 S.E.2d 224 (1997). | 1 | 1999–1999 |
Johnson v. Commonwealth
green
2 sentences1995In Johnson v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 447 , 345 S.E.2d 303 (1986), this Court adopted a three part test to determine the admissibility of "mug shots." To be admissible, each of the following three conditions must be met: (1) The Government must have a demonstrable need to introduce the photographs; (2) The photographs themselves, if shown to the jury, must not imply that the defendant has a prior criminal record; and -11- (3) The manner of introduction at trial must be such that it does not draw particular attention to the source or implications of the photographs. 1995In Johnson v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 447 , 345 S.E.2d 303 (1986), this Court adopted a three part test to determine the admissibility of "mug shots." To be admissible, each of the following three conditions must be met: (1) The Government must have a demonstrable need to introduce the photographs; (2) The photographs themselves, if shown to the jury, must not imply that the defendant has a prior criminal record; and -11- (3) The manner of introduction at trial must be such that it does not draw particular attention to the source or implications of the photographs. | 1 | 1995–1995 |
Crosby v. Commonwealth
green
2 sentences1992Crosby, 6 Va.App. at 201 , 367 S.E.2d at 735 . [11] The reasonable inference to be drawn from the testimony of the officer who drove the van is that his van was several vehicles behind Quigley until after she ran the stop sign and turned onto Midlothian Turnpike. 1992Crosby, 6 Va.App. at 201 , 367 S.E.2d at 735 . [11] The reasonable inference to be drawn from the testimony of the officer who drove the van is that his van was several vehicles behind Quigley until after she ran the stop sign and turned onto Midlothian Turnpike. | 1 | 1992–1992 |
Redd v. Commonwealth
green
1 sentence1986Redd, 591 S.W. 2d at 708-09 . *455 Of like import is Sloane v. State, 437 So.2d 16 (Miss. 1983). | 1 | 1986–1986 |
Sloane v. State
green
1 sentence1986Redd, 591 S.W. 2d at 708-09 . *455 Of like import is Sloane v. State, 437 So.2d 16 (Miss. 1983). | 1 | 1986–1986 |
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.