touchstone analysis in Virginia

9 Virginia opinions name it 2 courts 1994–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

Case	Followed	Cited
Glenn v. Com.green va · 2008 · cited in 2 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2008–2019 2 sentences 2019“As in any Fourth Amendment review, the touchstone of our analysis is the reasonableness of the search under the circumstances.” Glenn v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 123, 130 (2008). 2008To counter appellant’s argument, the Commonwealth advances three different theories in support of its claim that Officer Jones’s entry into appellant’s residence without a search warrant was 1 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970). -4- reasonable under the circumstances: 1) appellant’s consent to the warrantless entry, 2) the community caretaker doctrine, and 3) the doctrine of inevitable discovery. 2 A. CONSENT “[I]n any Fourth Amendment review, the touchstone of our analysis is the reasonableness of the search under the circumstances.” Glenn v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 123, 130 , 654 S.E	2	2
Harris v. Com.green va · 1991 · cited in 2 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1997–2023 2 sentences 2023“As a general matter, society’s concern for the safety of law enforcement officials when they are ‘conducting [their] duties is of paramount importance.’” Moore v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 277, 283 (1997) (alteration in original) (quoting Harris v. Commonwealth, 241 Va. 146, 151 (1991)). 1997As a general matter, society’s concern for the safety of law enforcement officials when they are “conducting [their] duties is of paramount importance.” Harris, 241 Va. at 151 , 400 S.E.2d at 194 . *284 Acknowledging that police officers should be protected in the performance of their duties, the United States Supreme Court has held that an officer may conduct a reasonable search for weapons: [W]here he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous individual, regardless of whether he has probable cause to arrest the individual for a crime.	1	2
Pennsylvania v. Mimmsgreen scotus · 1977 · cited in 2 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1997–2023 2 sentences 2023“The touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always ‘the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen’s personal security.’” Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 108-09 (1977) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 ). 1997“The touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always ‘the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen’s personal security.’ ” Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 108-09 , 98 S.Ct. 330, 332 , 54 L.Ed.2d 331 (1977) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 , 88 S.Ct. at 1878 ).	1	2
Hess v. Snyder Hunt Corp.green va · 1990 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025 1 sentence 2025See Hess, 240 Va. at 55 (“[The] test is satisfied if the legislature could have reasonably concluded that the challenged [regulations] would promote a legitimate state purpose.”). - 12 - Section 8.01-424(D) and (E) prescribe certain methods by which a court can direct payment of the settlement proceeds.	1	1
Moore v. Commonwealthgreen vactapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023 1 sentence 2023“As a general matter, society’s concern for the safety of law enforcement officials when they are ‘conducting [their] duties is of paramount importance.’” Moore v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 277, 283 (1997) (alteration in original) (quoting Harris v. Commonwealth, 241 Va. 146, 151 (1991)).	1	1
Kyer v. Commonwealthgreen vactapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019“As a general rule, ‘a search authorized by consent is wholly valid’” under the Fourth Amendment because “‘[w]here consent is freely and voluntarily given, probable cause and a search warrant are not required.’” Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 101, 107 (2015) (first quoting Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 483 (2005) (en banc), then quoting Limonja v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 532, 540 (1989)); see also Brooks v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 90, 95 (2011) (“[I]t is . . . well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the requirements of . . . a warrant and probable caus	1	1
Limonja v. Commonwealthgreen vactapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019“As a general rule, ‘a search authorized by consent is wholly valid’” under the Fourth Amendment because “‘[w]here consent is freely and voluntarily given, probable cause and a search warrant are not required.’” Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 101, 107 (2015) (first quoting Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 483 (2005) (en banc), then quoting Limonja v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 532, 540 (1989)); see also Brooks v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 90, 95 (2011) (“[I]t is . . . well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the requirements of . . . a warrant and probable caus	1	1
Schneckloth v. Bustamontegreen scotus · 1973 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019“As a general rule, ‘a search authorized by consent is wholly valid’” under the Fourth Amendment because “‘[w]here consent is freely and voluntarily given, probable cause and a search warrant are not required.’” Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 101, 107 (2015) (first quoting Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 483 (2005) (en banc), then quoting Limonja v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 532, 540 (1989)); see also Brooks v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 90, 95 (2011) (“[I]t is . . . well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the requirements of . . . a warrant and probable caus	1	1
Brooks v. Com.green va · 2011 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019“As a general rule, ‘a search authorized by consent is wholly valid’” under the Fourth Amendment because “‘[w]here consent is freely and voluntarily given, probable cause and a search warrant are not required.’” Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 101, 107 (2015) (first quoting Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 483 (2005) (en banc), then quoting Limonja v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 532, 540 (1989)); see also Brooks v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 90, 95 (2011) (“[I]t is . . . well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the requirements of . . . a warrant and probable caus	1	1
George Lee Hawkins v. Commonwealth of Virginiagreen vactapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019“As a general rule, ‘a search authorized by consent is wholly valid’” under the Fourth Amendment because “‘[w]here consent is freely and voluntarily given, probable cause and a search warrant are not required.’” Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 101, 107 (2015) (first quoting Kyer v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 473, 483 (2005) (en banc), then quoting Limonja v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 532, 540 (1989)); see also Brooks v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 90, 95 (2011) (“[I]t is . . . well settled that one of the specifically established exceptions to the requirements of . . . a warrant and probable caus	1	1
Martin v. Commonwealthgreen vactapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004 2 sentences 2004Martin v. Commonwealth, 13 Va.App. 524, 530 , 414 S.E.2d 401, 404 (1992) (en banc). 3 . 2004Martin v. Commonwealth, 13 Va.App. 524, 530 , 414 S.E.2d 401, 404 (1992) (en banc). 3 .	1	1
Spencer v. Commonwealthgreen va · 1989 · cited in 1 Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994 2 sentences 1994Initially, we recognize that the Supreme 336 Court of Virginia accepts DNA analysis as a "reliable scientific technique" that is "generally accepted in the scientific community." Spencer v. Commonwealth, ( Spencer I ), 238 Va. 275, 289 , 384 S.E.2d 775, 782 (1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1036 , 110 S.Ct. 759 , 107 L.Ed.2d 775 (1990). 1994Initially, we recognize that the Supreme 336 Court of Virginia accepts DNA analysis as a "reliable scientific technique" that is "generally accepted in the scientific community." Spencer v. Commonwealth, ( Spencer I ), 238 Va. 275, 289 , 384 S.E.2d 775, 782 (1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1036 , 110 S.Ct. 759 , 107 L.Ed.2d 775 (1990).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (7)

Case	Cited	Years
Terry v. Ohio green scotus · 1968 2 sentences 2023“The touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always ‘the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen’s personal security.’” Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 108-09 (1977) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 ). 1997“The touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always ‘the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen’s personal security.’ ” Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 108-09 , 98 S.Ct. 330, 332 , 54 L.Ed.2d 331 (1977) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 19 , 88 S.Ct. at 1878 ).	2	1997–2023
Illinois v. Rodriguez green scotus · 1990 2 sentences 2008E.g., United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112 , 118-19, 122 S.Ct. 587 , 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001); Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177 , 185, 110 S.Ct. 2793 , 111 L.Ed.2d 148 (1990); Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 , 803-04, 91 S.Ct. 1106 , 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971)). 2008E.g., United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112 , 118-19, 122 S.Ct. 587 , 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001); Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177 , 185, 110 S.Ct. 2793 , 111 L.Ed.2d 148 (1990); Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 , 803-04, 91 S.Ct. 1106 , 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971)).	1	2008–2008
United States v. Knights green scotus · 2001 2 sentences 2008E.g., United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112 , 118-19, 122 S.Ct. 587 , 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001); Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177 , 185, 110 S.Ct. 2793 , 111 L.Ed.2d 148 (1990); Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 , 803-04, 91 S.Ct. 1106 , 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971)). 2008E.g., United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112 , 118-19, 122 S.Ct. 587 , 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001); Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177 , 185, 110 S.Ct. 2793 , 111 L.Ed.2d 148 (1990); Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 , 803-04, 91 S.Ct. 1106 , 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971)).	1	2008–2008
United Housing Foundation, Inc. v. Forman green scotus · 1975 2 sentences 2008The touchstone of the analysis is "the presence of an investment in a common venture premised on a reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the entrepreneurial or managerial efforts of others." Id. at 852 , 95 S.Ct. 2051 . 2008The touchstone of the analysis is "the presence of an investment in a common venture premised on a reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the entrepreneurial or managerial efforts of others." Id. at 852 , 95 S.Ct. 2051 .	1	2008–2008
Hill v. California green scotus · 1971 2 sentences 2008E.g., United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112 , 118-19, 122 S.Ct. 587 , 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001); Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177 , 185, 110 S.Ct. 2793 , 111 L.Ed.2d 148 (1990); Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 , 803-04, 91 S.Ct. 1106 , 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971)). 2008E.g., United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112 , 118-19, 122 S.Ct. 587 , 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001); Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177 , 185, 110 S.Ct. 2793 , 111 L.Ed.2d 148 (1990); Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797 , 803-04, 91 S.Ct. 1106 , 28 L.Ed.2d 484 (1971)).	1	2008–2008
North Carolina v. Alford green scotus · 1970 1 sentence 2008To counter appellant’s argument, the Commonwealth advances three different theories in support of its claim that Officer Jones’s entry into appellant’s residence without a search warrant was 1 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970). -4- reasonable under the circumstances: 1) appellant’s consent to the warrantless entry, 2) the community caretaker doctrine, and 3) the doctrine of inevitable discovery. 2 A. CONSENT “[I]n any Fourth Amendment review, the touchstone of our analysis is the reasonableness of the search under the circumstances.” Glenn v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 123, 130 , 654 S.E	1	2008–2008
Krozser v. Connecticut green scotus · 1990 2 sentences 1994Initially, we recognize that the Supreme 336 Court of Virginia accepts DNA analysis as a "reliable scientific technique" that is "generally accepted in the scientific community." Spencer v. Commonwealth, ( Spencer I ), 238 Va. 275, 289 , 384 S.E.2d 775, 782 (1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1036 , 110 S.Ct. 759 , 107 L.Ed.2d 775 (1990). 1994*Initially, we recognize that the Supreme Court of Virginia accepts DNA analysis as a “reliable scientific technique” that is “generally accepted in the scientific community.” Spencer v. Commonwealth (Spencer I), 238 Va. 275, 289 , 384 S.E.2d 775, 782 (1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1036 (1990).	1	1994–1994

Statutes the citing opinions construe

VA § Va. Code Ann. § 17.1-413 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

OH 467 (1982–2026) CA 52 (1978–2026) MA 36 (1988–2026) PA 35 (1980–2026) NY 33 (1914–2026) TX 30 (1976–2022) WA 26 (1976–2026) IL 21 (1985–2021) TN 17 (2001–2019) WI 15 (1994–2025) GA 15 (2012–2024) MD 15 (1979–2023) AZ 13 (1979–2022) OR 12 (2008–2022) MI 12 (1978–2024) AR 11 (1991–2024) CT 10 (1991–2016) IA 10 (2000–2019) FL 10 (1980–2024) VA 9 (1994–2025) MN 9 (1978–2023) UT 8 (2003–2019) MO 7 (1980–2023) NJ 7 (1975–2022) DC 7 (1991–2024) KY 5 (2023–2025) IN 5 (2001–2023) ME 5 (1973–2025) VT 4 (2008–2025) NE 4 (2008–2016) NM 4 (2009–2020) NC 4 (2012–2026) NH 4 (1985–2019) HI 4 (1973–2025) MS 4 (2002–2026) RI 3 (1993–2015) DE 3 (2019–2025) OK 3 (1997–2006) LA 3 (1996–2021) MT 3 (1979–2023) AL 2 (2000–2013) WY 2 (1989–2003) ID 2 (2018–2018) VI 2 (2011–2012) AK 2 (1979–2024) SC 2 (2013–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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