dismissed claim (New York) · Go Syfert
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dismissed claim in New York

49 New York opinions name it 7 courts 1910–2025 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (29)

CaseFollowedCited
Da Silva v. Mussogreen
ny · 1990 · cited in 6 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2024
2 sentences

2024As such, "when a complaint involving title to or the right to possess and enjoy real property has been dismissed on the merits and there is no outstanding notice of pendency or stay, the property owner has a right to transfer or otherwise dispose of the property unrestricted by the dismissed claim" (Da Silva v Musso, 76 NY2d 436, 440 [1990]) and "[a] purchaser's actual knowledge of a pending appeal is not legally significant" (id. at 438).

2024As such, "when a complaint involving title to or the right to possess and enjoy real property has been dismissed on the merits and there is no outstanding notice of pendency or stay, the property owner has a right to transfer or otherwise dispose of the property unrestricted by the dismissed claim" (Da Silva v Musso, 76 NY2d 436, 440 [1990]) and "[a] purchaser's actual knowledge of a pending appeal is not legally significant" (id. at 438).

66
Campbell v. Smithgreen
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024However, "[a] recorded mortgage itself gives notice of an encumbrance on the property, [and the] concerns regarding the notice of pendency restricting the alienability of the property are eliminated" (Campbell v Smith, 309 AD2d 581,582 [1st Dept 2003]; Pacific Lime v Lowenberg Corp., 77AD2d 737, 738-739 [3d Dept 1980] [stating that, where the notice ofpendency had expired, ''the mortgage, ... as a recorded instrument, remain(ed) effective as notice of the rights of the [mortgagee] to all subsequently acquired interests in the real property"]).

2024However, "[a] recorded mortgage itself gives notice of an encumbrance on the property, [and the] concerns regarding the notice of pendency restricting the alienability of the property are eliminated" (Campbell v Smith, 309 AD2d 581,582 [1st Dept 2003]; Pacific Lime v Lowenberg Corp., 77AD2d 737, 738-739 [3d Dept 1980] [stating that, where the notice ofpendency had expired, ''the mortgage, ... as a recorded instrument, remain(ed) effective as notice of the rights of the [mortgagee] to all subsequently acquired interests in the real property"]).

22
Sakow v. 633 Seafood Restaurant, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2003 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014This is so even where the “purchaser who has acquired the property for value during the pendency of a claimant’s appeal” has “actual knowledge of the appeal” (id. at 442; see Sakow v 633 Seafood Rest., 1 AD3d 298 , 299 [1st Dept 2003]).

2014This is so even where the “purchaser who has acquired the property for value during the pendency of a claimant’s appeal” has “actual knowledge of the appeal” (id. at 442; see Sakow v 633 Seafood Rest., 1 AD3d 298 , 299 [1st Dept 2003]).

22
Hill v. Carpentergreen
nyappdiv · 2010 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

22
Owens v. Campbellgreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

22
Bernstein v. City of New Yorkgreen
ny · 1987 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

22
Parlux Fragrances, LLC v. S. Carter Enters., LLCgreen
nyappdiv · 2022 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Although defendants also assert that the claim was duplicative of the dismissed claim seeking to compel the board to approve plaintiff's alteration plans, they differ to the extent that the instant claim does not seek to require the board to approve its specific plans but rather to obtain an award of damages based on the board's bad-faith exercise of the discretion afforded to it under the roof purchase agreement ( Parlux Fragrances, LLC , 204 AD3d at 92 ).

2025Although defendants also assert that the claim was duplicative of the dismissed claim seeking to compel the board to approve plaintiff's alteration plans, they differ to the extent that the instant claim does not seek to require the board to approve its specific plans but rather to obtain an award of damages based on the board's bad-faith exercise of the discretion afforded to it under the roof purchase agreement ( Parlux Fragrances, LLC , 204 AD3d at 92).

11
Power v. Falkgreen
nyappdiv · 1961 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023While this Court can make its own findings ( see CPLR 5501; Northern Westchester Professional Park Assoc. v Town of Bedford , 60 NY2d 492, 499 [1983]), this is not the proper case for the exercise of that power, since much would depend on the credibility of the witnesses ( see Power v Falk , 15 AD2d 216, 218 [1961]).

11
Northern Westchester Professional Park Associates v. Town of Bedfordgreen
ny · 1983 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023While this Court can make its own findings ( see CPLR 5501; Northern Westchester Professional Park Assoc. v Town of Bedford , 60 NY2d 492, 499 [1983]), this is not the proper case for the exercise of that power, since much would depend on the credibility of the witnesses ( see Power v Falk , 15 AD2d 216, 218 [1961]).

11
Singh v. Ahamadgreen
nyappdiv · 2017 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020"Since the ability to transfer clear title is a natural incident of [property] ownership, it follows that when a complaint involving title to or the right to possess and enjoy real property has been dismissed on the merits and there is no outstanding notice of pendency or stay, the property owner has a right to transfer or otherwise dispose of the property unrestricted by the dismissed claim" ( Da Silva v Musso , 76 NY2d 436, 440 [1990]; accord Gabriel v Prime , 30 AD3d 955, 956 [2006]). "'[A] purchaser's actual knowledge of litigation and a pending appeal is not legally significant and[,] abs

11
McVicker v. Sarmagreen
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020"Since the ability to transfer clear title is a natural incident of [property] ownership, it follows that when a complaint involving title to or the right to possess and enjoy real property has been dismissed on the merits and there is no outstanding notice of pendency or stay, the property owner has a right to transfer or otherwise dispose of the property unrestricted by the dismissed claim" ( Da Silva v Musso , 76 NY2d 436, 440 [1990]; accord Gabriel v Prime , 30 AD3d 955, 956 [2006]). "'[A] purchaser's actual knowledge of litigation and a pending appeal is not legally significant and[,] abs

11
Gabriel v. Primegreen
nyappdiv · 2006 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020"Since the ability to transfer clear title is a natural incident of [property] ownership, it follows that when a complaint involving title to or the right to possess and enjoy real property has been dismissed on the merits and there is no outstanding notice of pendency or stay, the property owner has a right to transfer or otherwise dispose of the property unrestricted by the dismissed claim" ( Da Silva v Musso , 76 NY2d 436, 440 [1990]; accord Gabriel v Prime , 30 AD3d 955, 956 [2006]). "'[A] purchaser's actual knowledge of litigation and a pending appeal is not legally significant and[,] abs

2020"Since the ability to transfer clear title is a natural incident of [property] ownership, it follows that when a complaint involving title to or the right to possess and enjoy real property has been dismissed on the merits and there is no outstanding notice of pendency or stay, the property owner has a right to transfer or otherwise dispose of the property unrestricted by the dismissed claim" ( Da Silva v Musso , 76 NY2d 436, 440 [1990]; accord Gabriel v Prime , 30 AD3d 955, 956 [2006]). "'[A] purchaser's actual knowledge of litigation and a pending appeal is not legally significant and[,] abs

11
Coppola v. Kandey Co.green
nyappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018On plaintiff's appeal of the trial court's judgment, County Court affirmed, writing that this case "primarily involves a credibility issue and this Court is in no position to overturn the determination made by the trial court[,] which had the advantage of having seen and heard the witnesses." County Court concluded that, based on its review of the record, "it cannot be said that the judgment was so shocking as not to be substantial justice,' " citing Coppola v Kandey Co. ( 236 AD2d 871, 872 [4th Dept 1997]).

11
Garcia v. City of New Yorkgreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014The court dismissed the claim as against the City in view of plaintiff’s lack of opposition to its motion for summary judgment, and plaintiff does not present any basis to reverse this determination. *423 The court providently exercised its discretion in denying plaintiff’s cross motion to submit a disclosure of his expert professional engineer, since it was first submitted in opposition to defendants’ motions for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, and subsequent to the filing of the note of issue and certificate of readiness (see Garcia v City of New York, 98 AD3d 857, 858-859 [1st De

11
People v. Bardwellgreen
nyappdiv · 1974 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011Cetta v City of New York, 46 AD2d 762, 762-763 [1974]).

11
Fundamental Portfolio Advisors, Inc. v. Tocqueville Asset Management, L.P.green
ny · 2006 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009However, while there is evidence that plaintiff acquiesced in defendants’ reassumption of the Collection line and relinquished its interest in that trademark, whether it did so voluntarily or against its own wishes is disputed (see Fundamental Portfolio Advisors, Inc. v Tocqueville Asset Mgt., L.P., 7 NY3d 96, 104 [2006]).

11
Fugazy v. Corbettagreen
nyappdiv · 2006 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008On the instant motion, the court correctly declined to dismiss the claim for assault because the record presents issues of fact whether defendant Leila Hadley Luce’s “physical conduct plac[ed] [her minor granddaughter] in imminent apprehension of harmful contact” (Fugazy v Corbetta, 34 AD3d 728, 729 [2006] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; see Charkhy at 414 ; Reichle v Mayeri, 110 AD2d 694 [1985]).

11
Charkhy v. Altmangreen
nyappdiv · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008On defendants’ prior motion addressed to the sufficiency of the pleadings, the court dismissed the claim for battery because there was no allegation of offensive bodily contact (see Charkhy v Altman, 252 AD2d 413, 414 [1998]).

11
Shepardson v. Town of Schodackgreen
ny · 1994 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007However, as the State correctly concedes, the trial court improperly relied on 17 NYCRR 190.9, as the State never asserted it as a defense (see Shepardson v Town of Schodack, 83 NY2d 894, 895 [1994]; Kolkmeyer v Westhampton Taxi & Limo Serv., 261 AD2d 587, 588 [1999]).

11
Kolkmeyer v. Westhampton Taxi & Limo Servicegreen
nyappdiv · 1999 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Fallati v. Town of Coloniegreen
nyappdiv · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Asher v. Gigantegreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Paden v. Planning Board of Mamakatinggreen
nyappdiv · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
O'Donnell v. Stategreen
nyclaimsct · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Wing v. Coynegreen
nyappdiv · 1987 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Obiechina v. Colleges of the Senecagreen
nysupct · 1996 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Mulraney v. Auletto's Cateringgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1996 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Hoenig v. Stetefeldtgreen
nyappdiv · 1987 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
McCauley v. Stategreen
ny · 1960 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (51)

CaseCitedYears
Voss v. Netherlands Insurance neutral
nyappdiv · 2012
2 sentences

2016Co., 96 AD3d 1543 [2012], revd 22 NY3d 728 [2014]).

2016Co., 96 AD3d 1543 [2012], revd 22 NY3d 728 [2014]).

32016–2016
Voss v. Netherlands Insurance green
ny · 2014
2 sentences

2016Co., 96 AD3d 1543 [2012], revd 22 NY3d 728 [2014]).

2016Co., 96 AD3d 1543 [2012], revd 22 NY3d 728 [2014]).

32016–2016
New York Cent. Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Sweet green
ny · 2005
2 sentences

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

2013In order to recover, claimants were required to establish that the allegedly dangerous condition of the drop-off at the edge of the pavement was a proximate cause of the accident (see Bernstein v City of New York, 69 NY2d 1020, 1021-1022 [1987]; Hill v Carpenter, 77 AD3d 1130, 1131 [2010], lv denied 16 NY3d 712 [2011]; Owens v Campbell, 16 AD3d 1000, 1001-1002 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 704 [2005]).

22013–2013
Tuckett v. State of New York green
nyappdiv · 2023
2 sentences

2025The Appellate Division affirmed in a split decision (222 AD3d 1348 [4th Dept 2023]).

2025The Appellate Division affirmed in a split decision ( 222 AD3d 1348 [4th Dept 2023]).

12025–2025
LEROY WILLIAMS v. Roper green
ny · 2000
1 sentence

2023Following a trial at which only plaintiff testified, the Court dismissed the claim on the ground that claimant did "not present sufficient evidence demonstrating entitlement to reimbursement from defendant for expenses incurred." While the factual findings of the Small Claims Court are ordinarily given deference, particularly because such findings often rest on the credibility of witnesses ( see Williams v Roper , 269 AD2d 125 [2000], lv dismissed 95 NY2d 898 [2000]), the court did not make any credibility finding against claimant, either as to her claim that defendant breached the lease, or a

12023–2023
Williams v. Roper green
nyappdiv · 2000
1 sentence

2023Following a trial at which only plaintiff testified, the Court dismissed the claim on the ground that claimant did "not present sufficient evidence demonstrating entitlement to reimbursement from defendant for expenses incurred." While the factual findings of the Small Claims Court are ordinarily given deference, particularly because such findings often rest on the credibility of witnesses ( see Williams v Roper , 269 AD2d 125 [2000], lv dismissed 95 NY2d 898 [2000]), the court did not make any credibility finding against claimant, either as to her claim that defendant breached the lease, or a

12023–2023
Webb-Weber v. Community Action for Human Services, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 2012
2 sentences

2014Similarly, this Court dismissed a claim under section 741 asserted by “a licensed clinical social worker . . . [who] alleges that she ‘secure[d] prescribed medications,’ ‘evaluate[d] the need for and arrange[d] for individual patients’ appropriate staffing and treatment,’ and was ‘personally involved in ensuring that patients received protective and healthful grooming and other health-related treatment.’ These allegations establish that plaintiff ‘merely . . . coordinate[d] with those who [performed health care services]’ ” (Webb-Weber v Community Action for Human Servs., Inc., 98 AD3d 923 , 9

2014Similarly, this Court dismissed a claim under § 741 asserted by "a licensed clinical social worker . . . [who] alleges that she secure[d] prescribed medications,' evaluate[d] the need for and arrange[d] for individual patients' appropriate staffing and treatment,' and was personally involved in ensuring that patients received protective and healthful grooming and other health-related treatment.' These allegations establish that plaintiff merely . . . coordinate[d] with those who [performed health care services]'" ( Webb-Weber v Community Action for Human Servs., Inc. , 98 AD3d 923 , 924 [1st D

12014–2014
Reddington v. Staten Island University Hospital green
ny · 2008
2 sentences

2014Similarly, this Court dismissed a claim under section 741 asserted by “a licensed clinical social worker . . . [who] alleges that she ‘secure[d] prescribed medications,’ ‘evaluate[d] the need for and arrange[d] for individual patients’ appropriate staffing and treatment,’ and was ‘personally involved in ensuring that patients received protective and healthful grooming and other health-related treatment.’ These allegations establish that plaintiff ‘merely . . . coordinate[d] with those who [performed health care services]’ ” (Webb-Weber v Community Action for Human Servs., Inc., 98 AD3d 923 , 9

2014Similarly, this Court dismissed a claim under § 741 asserted by "a licensed clinical social worker . . . [who] alleges that she secure[d] prescribed medications,' evaluate[d] the need for and arrange[d] for individual patients' appropriate staffing and treatment,' and was personally involved in ensuring that patients received protective and healthful grooming and other health-related treatment.' These allegations establish that plaintiff merely . . . coordinate[d] with those who [performed health care services]'" ( Webb-Weber v Community Action for Human Servs., Inc. , 98 AD3d 923 , 924 [1st D

12014–2014
Webb-Weber v. Community Action for Human Services, Inc. green
ny · 2014
1 sentence

2014Similarly, this Court dismissed a claim under section 741 asserted by “a licensed clinical social worker . . . [who] alleges that she ‘secure[d] prescribed medications,’ ‘evaluate[d] the need for and arrange[d] for individual patients’ appropriate staffing and treatment,’ and was ‘personally involved in ensuring that patients received protective and healthful grooming and other health-related treatment.’ These allegations establish that plaintiff ‘merely . . . coordinate[d] with those who [performed health care services]’ ” (Webb-Weber v Community Action for Human Servs., Inc., 98 AD3d 923 , 9

12014–2014
Reichle v. Mayeri green
nyappdiv · 1985
1 sentence

2008On the instant motion, the court correctly declined to dismiss the claim for assault because the record presents issues of fact whether defendant Leila Hadley Luce’s “physical conduct plac[ed] [her minor granddaughter] in imminent apprehension of harmful contact” (Fugazy v Corbetta, 34 AD3d 728, 729 [2006] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]; see Charkhy at 414 ; Reichle v Mayeri, 110 AD2d 694 [1985]).

12008–2008
McCormack v. City of New York green
ny · 1992
12007–2007
Lauer v. City of New York green
ny · 2000
12007–2007
MacClave v. City of New York green
nyappdiv · 1965
12007–2007
MacClave v. City of New York green
ny · 1967
1 sentence

2007The claim was dismissed because the vest was adequate, albeit not the “best” or the most advanced “state of the art.” The Court reasoned (at 810-811): “Although plaintiff demonstrated that there were other, more protective equipment on the market, it cannot be denied that the Davis vest, which covers large areas of the upper torso, provides a measure of protection from gunfire and is therefore suitable for use in situations in which hostile gunfire is anticipated (cf., MacClave v City of New York, 24 AD2d 230 , affd 19 NY2d 892 ).

12007–2007
In re the Estate of Vetri green
nyappdiv · 1994
12006–2006
Kozmol v. Law Firm of Rothenberg green
nyappdiv · 1997
12004–2004
Gordon v. City of New York green
ny · 1987
12002–2002
Trimmer v. Van Bomel green
nysupct · 1980
11998–1998
Trimmer v. Van Bomel green
scotus · 1982
11998–1998
Snyder v. Town Insulation, Inc. green
ny · 1993
11996–1996
DeQuatro v. Zhen Yu Li green
nyappdiv · 1995
11996–1996
People v. Boone neutral
nyappdiv · 1994
11995–1995
Gravitt v. Newman green
nyappdiv · 1985
11991–1991
Walker v. Sheldon green
ny · 1961
11991–1991
Glick v. City of New York neutral
nyappdiv · 1976
11989–1989
Sabetay v. Sterling Drug, Inc. green
ny · 1987
11989–1989
Glick v. City of New York green
ny · 1977
11989–1989
Vitale v. City of New York green
ny · 1983
11989–1989
Murphy v. American Home Products Corp. green
ny · 1983
11989–1989
Ross v. Greenberg neutral
nyappdiv · 1944
11987–1987
MacDonald v. City of Beacon neutral
ny · 1945
11987–1987
Orvis v. Bell neutral
nysupct · 1944
11987–1987
Weiss v. Fote green
ny · 1960
11985–1985
Santangelo v. State green
nyclaimsct · 1980
11984–1984
Sauter v. New York Tribune, Inc. green
ny · 1953
11984–1984
Billington v. State green
nyappdiv · 1969
11982–1982
Hale v. State green
nyappdiv · 1976
11982–1982
Cohen v. Hallmark Cards, Inc. green
ny · 1978
11982–1982
Kalamis v. Smith green
nyappdiv · 1976
11979–1979
Herko v. Uviller neutral
nysupct · 1952
11976–1976

Where else courts name it

NY 49 (1910–2025) IL 44 (1980–2026) OH 34 (1989–2025) TX 28 (1961–2024) PA 27 (1943–2025) WA 27 (1988–2024) CA 20 (1957–2025) FL 19 (1973–2024) MI 18 (1980–2024) LA 15 (1950–2025) NJ 12 (1966–2024) AZ 12 (1971–2023) CO 11 (1962–2026) MD 10 (1961–2020) TN 10 (1978–2022) OR 10 (1973–2026) WI 10 (1977–2025) VT 9 (1988–2023) OK 8 (1931–2023) MO 8 (1988–2017) UT 8 (1987–2025) AL 7 (1976–2026) DC 6 (1974–2021) MS 6 (1996–2019) IN 5 (1987–2015) NC 5 (2001–2017) GA 4 (1970–2017) VA 4 (1981–2016) SD 4 (2007–2018) NH 4 (1995–2017) KY 4 (1986–2020) ID 4 (1983–2018) NM 4 (1970–2011) DE 4 (2017–2026) SC 4 (1983–2025) AR 3 (1986–2023) KS 3 (1989–2023) WV 3 (1999–2005) IA 3 (1961–2017) NE 2 (1990–2005) ND 2 (2003–2005) RI 2 (1991–2004) WY 2 (1985–2018) CT 2 (1998–2014) MN 2 (1987–2000)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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