transfer error (New York) · Go Syfert
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transfer error in New York

45 New York opinions name it 7 courts 1854–2024 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Wilsongreen
ny · 2010 · cited in 8 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2022
2 sentences

2022"Given that Supreme Court had the power to hear the case, the transfer error defendant alleges is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised" ( People v Wilson , 14 NY3d 895 , 897 [2010] [citation omitted]; see People v Rashid , 166 AD3d 1382 , 1385 [3d Dept 2018], lv denied 32 NY3d 1208 [2019]).

2021Preliminarily, "[a]lthough a contention that a [jurist] lacks subject matter jurisdiction to preside over a matter may be raised for the first time on appeal . . . , '[g]iven that Supreme Court [and County Court] had the power to hear the [motion], the transfer error defendant alleges [here] is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised,' " i.e., that contention is subject to the preservation rule ( People v Ott , 83 AD3d 1495, 1496 [4th Dept 2011], lv denied 17 NY3d 808 [2011], writ of error coram nobis granted on other

48
People v. Ottgreen
nyappdiv · 2011 · cited in 5 New York opinions naming this issue, 2011–2021
2 sentences

2021Preliminarily, "[a]lthough a contention that a [jurist] lacks subject matter jurisdiction to preside over a matter may be raised for the first time on appeal . . . , '[g]iven that Supreme Court [and County Court] had the power to hear the [motion], the transfer error defendant alleges [here] is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised,' " i.e., that contention is subject to the preservation rule ( People v Ott , 83 AD3d 1495, 1496 [4th Dept 2011], lv denied 17 NY3d 808 [2011], writ of error coram nobis granted on other

2011“Given that Supreme Court had the power to hear the case, the transfer error defendant alleges is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised” (People v Wilson, 14 NY3d 895, 897 [2010]; see Ott, 83 AD3d at 1496 ), and here defendant did not timely raise the alleged transfer error inasmuch as his contention is raised for the first time on appeal.

35
Fundo De Recuperaç o De Ativos - Fundo De Investimentos Em Direitos Creditórios N o Padronizados v. Ceagro Agrícola LTDAgreen
nyappdiv · 2022 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024While the question of an assignee's intent and purpose as to the transfer of a claim is often factual, here, the court correctly dismissed the defense on summary judgment ( see Fundo de RecuperaÇ o de Ativos-Fundo de Investimentos em Direitos CreditÓrios N o Padronizados v Ceagro AgrÍcola LTDA, 210 AD3d 585, 585-586 [1st Dept 2022]).

2024While the question of an assignee's intent and purpose as to the transfer of a claim is often factual, here, the court correctly dismissed the defense on summary judgment ( see Fundo de RecuperaÇ o de Ativos-Fundo de Investimentos em Direitos CreditÓrios N o Padronizados v Ceagro AgrÍcola LTDA, 210 AD3d 585, 585-586 [1st Dept 2022]).

22
People v. Woodrowgreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2022
2 sentences

2022As defendant did not object to the transfer either prior to or during the trial, he waived this claim ( see People v Roberts-Alexandrov , 102 AD3d 219, 222 [3d Dept 2012]; People v Woodrow , 91 AD3d 1188, 1189 [3d Dept 2012], lv denied 18 NY3d 999 [2012]).

2021People v Morgan , 96 AD3d 1418, 1420 [4th Dept 2012], lv denied 20 NY3d 987 [2012]; People v Woodrow , 91 AD3d 1188, 1189 [3d Dept 2012], lv denied 18 NY3d 999 [2012]).

22
People v. Morgangreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2021–2022
2 sentences

2022"We reject defendant's contention that the alleged transfer error constitutes a mode of proceedings error such that preservation is not required" ( People v Perez , 89 AD3d 1393, 1395 [4th Dept 2011] [citations omitted], lv denied 18 NY3d 961 [2012]; see People v Morgan , 96 AD3d 1418, 1420 [4th Dept 2012], lv denied 20 NY3d 987 [2012]).

2021People v Morgan , 96 AD3d 1418, 1420 [4th Dept 2012], lv denied 20 NY3d 987 [2012]; People v Woodrow , 91 AD3d 1188, 1189 [3d Dept 2012], lv denied 18 NY3d 999 [2012]).

22
People v. Perezgreen
nyappdiv · 2011 · cited in 4 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2022
2 sentences

2022"We reject defendant's contention that the alleged transfer error constitutes a mode of proceedings error such that preservation is not required" ( People v Perez , 89 AD3d 1393, 1395 [4th Dept 2011] [citations omitted], lv denied 18 NY3d 961 [2012]; see People v Morgan , 96 AD3d 1418, 1420 [4th Dept 2012], lv denied 20 NY3d 987 [2012]).

2012Contrary to defendant’s contention, the alleged transfer error does not constitute a mode of proceedings error such that preservation is not required (see Perez, 89 AD3d at 1395 ).

14
Sharp v. Kosmalskigreen
ny · 1976 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Rather, the elements of a claim for imposition of a constructive trust are "(1) a confidential [*6]or fiduciary relationship, (2) a promise, (3) a transfer in reliance thereon and (4) unjust enrichment" ( Sharp v Kosmalski , 40 NY2d 119, 121 [1976]).

2024Instead, the elements of a claim for imposition of a [*4]constructive trust are (1) a confidential or fiduciary relationship, (2) a promise, (3) a transfer in reliance thereon, and (4) unjust enrichment. ( Matter of Newman , 2024 NY Slip Op. 03544 (1st Dept 2024); Sharp v. Kosmalski , 40 NY2d 119 [1976]).

12
People v. Shinklegreen
ny · 1980 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2001–2002
2 sentences

2002“Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create a conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney * * * the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office [ordinarily] involves no such conflict * * *[,] appearance of impropriety or opportunity for abuse of confidence * * *” (People v Clevenger, 189 Misc 2d 80, 81 [citations omitted]; see, People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ; People v

2001Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create á conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney (People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ), the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office involves no such conflict (People v Sawyer, 83 AD2d 205 , affd 57 NY2d 12 , cert denied 459 US 1178 ; see also, People v Lincoln, 109 AD2d 1044, 1047 [Casey, J., dissenting on other grounds]).

12
People v. Roberts-Alexandrovgreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022As defendant did not object to the transfer either prior to or during the trial, he waived this claim ( see People v Roberts-Alexandrov , 102 AD3d 219, 222 [3d Dept 2012]; People v Woodrow , 91 AD3d 1188, 1189 [3d Dept 2012], lv denied 18 NY3d 999 [2012]).

11
Longwood Central School District v. Springs Union Free School Districtgreen
ny · 2004 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016School Dist. v Springs Union Free School Dist., 1 NY3d 385, 388-390 [2004]; Appeal of J.H.L., 48 Ed Dept Rep 190 [Decision No. 15,827]; Appeal of Haldane Cent.

11
Parochial Bus Systems, Inc. v. Board of Educationgreen
ny · 1983 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016Although respondent was entitled to raise that issue on appeal as an alternative ground for affirmance (see generally Parochial Bus Sys. v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y, 60 NY2d 539, 545-546 [1983]), it has not done so.

11
People v. Carvajalgreen
ny · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Given that Supreme Court had the power to hear the case, the transfer error defendant alleges is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised (see People v Carvajal, 6 NY3d 305, 312 [2005] [“venue issues—which relate only to the proper place of trial, rather than to the power of the court to hear and determine the case—are waivable”] [emphasis and citation omitted]).

11
Rapoport v. 55 Perry Co.green
nyappdiv · 1975 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004The transfer was in violation of Partnership Law § 40 (7), which provides that “[n]o person can become a member of the partnership without the consent of all the partners.” The transfer of the property effectively made Anita a partner to the partnership, and it is undisputed that defendant did not consent to the transfer of the partnership property (see Rapoport v 55 Perry Co., 50 AD2d 54, 57-58 [1975]).

11
People v. Clevengergreen
nyappterm · 2001 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002“Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create a conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney * * * the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office [ordinarily] involves no such conflict * * *[,] appearance of impropriety or opportunity for abuse of confidence * * *” (People v Clevenger, 189 Misc 2d 80, 81 [citations omitted]; see, People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ; People v

11
Indiana High School Athletic Ass'n v. Carlberg Ex Rel. Carlberggreen
ind · 1997 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
People v. Lincolngreen
nyappdiv · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create á conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney (People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ), the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office involves no such conflict (People v Sawyer, 83 AD2d 205 , affd 57 NY2d 12 , cert denied 459 US 1178 ; see also, People v Lincoln, 109 AD2d 1044, 1047 [Casey, J., dissenting on other grounds]).

11
Sturrup v. Mahangreen
ind · 1974 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001Indeed, it was pointed out in case law long ago that the rule “sweep [s] too broadly * * * [by] creating] an over-inclusive class — those who move from one school to another for reasons wholly unrelated to athletics are grouped together with those who have been recruited or who have ‘jumped’ for athletic reasons.” (Sturrup v Mahan, 261 Ind 463, 468-469, 305 NE2d 877, 881 [1974].) By “severely limit [ing] the transferee eligibility in general,” the transfer rule “penalize [s] a student-athlete who * * * transferís] for academic or religious reasons or for any number of other legitimate reasons,

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (52)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Medina green
ny · 2011
2 sentences

2021Preliminarily, "[a]lthough a contention that a [jurist] lacks subject matter jurisdiction to preside over a matter may be raised for the first time on appeal . . . , '[g]iven that Supreme Court [and County Court] had the power to hear the [motion], the transfer error defendant alleges [here] is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised,' " i.e., that contention is subject to the preservation rule ( People v Ott , 83 AD3d 1495, 1496 [4th Dept 2011], lv denied 17 NY3d 808 [2011], writ of error coram nobis granted on other

2011We reject defendant’s contention that the alleged transfer error constitutes a mode of proceedings error such that preservation is not required (see People v Ott, 83 AD3d 1495 [2011], lv denied 17 NY3d 808 [2011]; see generally People v Wilson, 14 NY3d 895 [2010]).

32011–2021
People v. Correa green
ny · 2010
2 sentences

2011Although a contention that a judge lacks subject matter jurisdiction to preside over a matter may be raised for the first time on appeal (see People v Correa, 15 NY3d 213 ), “[g]iven that Supreme Court [and County Court] had the power to hear the case, the transfer error defendant alleges is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised . . .

2011Although a contention that a judge lacks subject matter jurisdiction to preside over a matter may be raised for the first time on appeal (see People v Correa, 15 NY3d 213 [2010]), “[g]iven that Supreme Court [and County Court] had the power to hear the case, the transfer error defendant alleges is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised . . .

22011–2011
People v. Sawyer green
nyappdiv · 1981
2 sentences

2002“Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create a conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney * * * the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office [ordinarily] involves no such conflict * * *[,] appearance of impropriety or opportunity for abuse of confidence * * *” (People v Clevenger, 189 Misc 2d 80, 81 [citations omitted]; see, People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ; People v

2001Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create á conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney (People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ), the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office involves no such conflict (People v Sawyer, 83 AD2d 205 , affd 57 NY2d 12 , cert denied 459 US 1178 ; see also, People v Lincoln, 109 AD2d 1044, 1047 [Casey, J., dissenting on other grounds]).

22001–2002
People v. Sawyer green
ny · 1982
2 sentences

2002“Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create a conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney * * * the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office [ordinarily] involves no such conflict * * *[,] appearance of impropriety or opportunity for abuse of confidence * * *” (People v Clevenger, 189 Misc 2d 80, 81 [citations omitted]; see, People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ; People v

2001Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create á conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney (People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ), the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office involves no such conflict (People v Sawyer, 83 AD2d 205 , affd 57 NY2d 12 , cert denied 459 US 1178 ; see also, People v Lincoln, 109 AD2d 1044, 1047 [Casey, J., dissenting on other grounds]).

22001–2002
Watkins v. Jones neutral
nysupct · 1894
2 sentences

1905Freelove v. Cole, 41 Barb. 318 , affirmed on appeal 41 N. Y. 619 ; Goldsmith v. Goldsmith, 145 N. Y. 313 , 39 N. E. 1067 ; Watkins v. Jones, 78 Hun, 496 , 29 N. Y.

1905Freelove v. Cole, 41 Barb. 318 , affirmed on appeal 41 N. Y. 619 ; Goldsmith v. Goldsmith, 145 N. Y. 313 , 39 N. E. 1067 ; Watkins v. Jones, 78 Hun, 496 , 29 N. Y.

21905–1905
Freelove v. Cole green
nysupct · 1863
2 sentences

1905(Freelove v. Cole, 41 Barb. 318 ; affd. on appeal, 41 N. Y. 619 ; Goldsmith v. Goldsmith, 145 id. 313 ; Watkins v. Jones, 78 Hun, 496 ; Bingham v. Sheldon, 101 App. Div. 48 .) In Wood v. Rabe ( 96 N. Y. 414 ) the court announced the principle upon which the doctrine rests in these words: “ When a person through the influence of a confidential relation acquires title to property, or obtains an advantage which he cannot conscientiously retain, the court, to prevent the abuse of confidence, will grant relief.” The foregoing authorities support this doctrine.

1905Freelove v. Cole, 41 Barb. 318 , affirmed on appeal 41 N. Y. 619 ; Goldsmith v. Goldsmith, 145 N. Y. 313 , 39 N. E. 1067 ; Watkins v. Jones, 78 Hun, 496 , 29 N. Y.

21905–1905
Matter of Newman neutral
nyappdiv · 2024
1 sentence

2024Instead, the elements of a claim for imposition of a [*4]constructive trust are (1) a confidential or fiduciary relationship, (2) a promise, (3) a transfer in reliance thereon, and (4) unjust enrichment. ( Matter of Newman , 2024 NY Slip Op. 03544 (1st Dept 2024); Sharp v. Kosmalski , 40 NY2d 119 [1976]).

12024–2024
People v. Quinones green
ny · 2012
1 sentence

2022"We reject defendant's contention that the alleged transfer error constitutes a mode of proceedings error such that preservation is not required" ( People v Perez , 89 AD3d 1393, 1395 [4th Dept 2011] [citations omitted], lv denied 18 NY3d 961 [2012]; see People v Morgan , 96 AD3d 1418, 1420 [4th Dept 2012], lv denied 20 NY3d 987 [2012]).

12022–2022
Matter of Rosbrook neutral
nyappdiv · 2017
1 sentence

2021Preliminarily, "[a]lthough a contention that a [jurist] lacks subject matter jurisdiction to preside over a matter may be raised for the first time on appeal . . . , '[g]iven that Supreme Court [and County Court] had the power to hear the [motion], the transfer error defendant alleges [here] is the equivalent of an improper venue claim, which is not jurisdictional in nature and is waived if not timely raised,' " i.e., that contention is subject to the preservation rule ( People v Ott , 83 AD3d 1495, 1496 [4th Dept 2011], lv denied 17 NY3d 808 [2011], writ of error coram nobis granted on other

12021–2021
Claim of Prescott v. Town of Lake Luzerne green
nyappdiv · 2010
1 sentence

2017The issue of the propriety of the transfer of this claim to the expedited calendar was not raised on the carrier’s appeal to the Board and, thus, it is not preserved for our review (see Matter of Prescott v Town of Lake Luzerne, 79 AD3d 1216 , 1218 n 2 [2010]).

12017–2017
AVR, Inc. v. City of St. Louis Park green
scotus · 1999
1 sentence

2002Although disqualification may be required where the claimed conflict of interest could have a direct affect on the representation (see, People v Longtin, 92 NY2d 640, 644 , cert denied 526 US 1114 ), here there is no evidence of any such prejudice to defendant (see, People v Sides, 242 AD2d 750 , lv denied 91 NY2d 836 ).

12002–2002
People v. Longtin green
ny · 1998
1 sentence

2002Although disqualification may be required where the claimed conflict of interest could have a direct affect on the representation (see, People v Longtin, 92 NY2d 640, 644 , cert denied 526 US 1114 ), here there is no evidence of any such prejudice to defendant (see, People v Sides, 242 AD2d 750 , lv denied 91 NY2d 836 ).

12002–2002
People v. Sides green
nyappdiv · 1997
1 sentence

2002Although disqualification may be required where the claimed conflict of interest could have a direct affect on the representation (see, People v Longtin, 92 NY2d 640, 644 , cert denied 526 US 1114 ), here there is no evidence of any such prejudice to defendant (see, People v Sides, 242 AD2d 750 , lv denied 91 NY2d 836 ).

12002–2002
John Cuneo, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board green
scotus · 1982
1 sentence

2001Although the transfer of a defense attorney to a District Attorney’s office might well create á conflict of interest constituting a disqualification of the District Attorney’s staff from prosecuting the defendant previously represented by the former defense attorney (People v Shinkle, 51 NY2d 417 ), the converse situation of an Assistant District Attorney transferring to a defense counsel’s office involves no such conflict (People v Sawyer, 83 AD2d 205 , affd 57 NY2d 12 , cert denied 459 US 1178 ; see also, People v Lincoln, 109 AD2d 1044, 1047 [Casey, J., dissenting on other grounds]).

12001–2001
Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. red
scotus · 1984
11998–1998
Catherine Walsh, Etc. v. Louisiana High School Athletic Association, Lutheran High School Association of Greater New Orleans green
ca5 · 1980
11996–1996
Stephan v. Shulman green
nyappdiv · 1987
11996–1996
Gottlieb v. Gottlieb green
nyappdiv · 1990
11996–1996
Starr Piano Company v. . Sammak neutral
ny · 1923
11995–1995
Cinocco Realty, Inc. v. J.L.J., Ltd. green
coloctapp · 1987
11995–1995
Rishel v. Multer neutral
nyappdiv · 1922
11995–1995
Hornett v. Leather green
nyappdiv · 1988
11992–1992
I-R Equipment Corp. v. Nargi Contracting & Trucking Corp. neutral
nyappdiv · 1975
11978–1978
Parris v. Board of Education neutral
nyappdiv · 1975
11978–1978
Longahzo v. Anker green
nyappdiv · 1975
11978–1978
Michigan Savings Bank v. . Millar neutral
· 1906
11963–1963
Collens v. Philipsborn's, Inc. neutral
ny · 1925
11963–1963
Michigan Savings Bank v. Millar neutral
nyappdiv · 1906
11963–1963
Golden v. D. R. Paskie & Co. neutral
nyappdiv · 1923
11963–1963
Collens v. Philipsborn's, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1924
11963–1963
Lambert v. Lambert green
ny · 1936
11959–1959
Dealers Lumber Corp. v. Stauffer neutral
nysupct · 1926
11959–1959
McBride v. . the Farmers' Bank green
ny · 1863
11958–1958
American Mercantile Co. v. Wohlmuth neutral
nyappdiv · 1952
11957–1957
Newman v. Dore green
ny · 1937
11939–1939
In Re the Accounting of Totten green
ny · 1904
11939–1939
In re Merrill green
nyappdiv · 1926
11928–1928
Mach v. Baum neutral
nyappterm · 1917
11923–1923
Apex Leasing Company v. . Litke green
· 1918
11923–1923
Apex Leasing Co. v. Litke green
nyappdiv · 1916
11923–1923

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NY § N.Y. Judiciary Law § 21 (5) NY § N.Y. Penal Law § 125.25 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 195 (1896–2026) TX 155 (1912–2026) AL 129 (1922–2022) IL 62 (1976–2025) NY 45 (1854–2024) VA 43 (1976–2011) WV 43 (1977–2022) TN 37 (1976–2026) SD 27 (1976–2016) MA 26 (1900–2026) AZ 25 (1971–2024) GA 21 (1977–2022) MT 19 (1973–2023) AR 19 (1976–2024) WA 17 (1968–2022) CT 15 (1989–2020) IN 15 (1913–2014) LA 15 (1915–2023) ND 15 (1976–2013) OH 14 (1987–2024) PA 13 (1920–2024) NM 12 (1974–2023) NJ 12 (1975–2018) KY 11 (1971–2022) NE 9 (1983–2026) NC 8 (1991–2016) CO 8 (1991–2016) MO 7 (1903–2018) DC 6 (1995–1999) IA 6 (1916–2024) WY 6 (1984–2022) FL 5 (1962–1981) MD 5 (1980–2011) SC 4 (1980–1998) MN 4 (1894–2025) MS 4 (1880–2007) VI 3 (2009–2012) ME 3 (1978–2019) NH 2 (1981–2023) HI 2 (1977–2003) OR 2 (1981–2022) AK 2 (1978–2023) VT 2 (1960–2009) OK 2 (1978–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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