Wilson claim (California) · Go Syfert
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Wilson claim in California

43 California opinions name it 2 courts 1946–2025 14 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (30)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Scottgreen
calctapp · 2001 · cited in 3 California opinions naming this issue, 2019–2021
2 sentences

2021(Dent, at p. 218; see People v. Scott, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1206 [sufficient reasons on record constitute implicit consideration of Windham factors].) The record here similarly shows that Wilson’s motion was properly denied.

2019(Dent, at p. 218; see People v. Scott, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1206 , [sufficient reasons on record constitute implicit consideration of Windham factors].) The record here similarly shows that Wilson’s motion was properly denied.

33
Briggs v. Eden Council for Hope & Opportunitygreen
cal · 1999 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023(See Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1020 [Wilson test, as applied to noncommunicative acts, asks whether acts “furthered the [defendants’] speech or petitioning rights because they bore some ‘substantial relationship’ to the [defendants’] ‘ability to [petition or] speak on matters of public concern’ ”].) In fact, defendants’ noncommunicative conduct directly “further[ed]” speech—the report—falling squarely within the coverage of subdivision (e)(1) and (2). (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(4).) As our Supreme Court has repeatedly observed, the anti- SLAPP statute “ ‘ “equate[s] a public issue with the auth

2023(See Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1020 [Wilson test, as applied to noncommunicative acts, asks whether acts “furthered the [defendants’] speech or petitioning rights because they bore some ‘substantial relationship’ to the [defendants’] ‘ability to [petition or] speak on matters of public concern’ ”].) In fact, defendants’ noncommunicative conduct directly “further[ed]” speech—the report—falling squarely within the coverage of subdivision (e)(1) and (2). (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(4).) As our Supreme Court has repeatedly observed, the anti- SLAPP statute “ ‘ “equate[s] a public issue with the auth

22
Filmon.Com. Inc. v. Doubleverify Inc.green
cal · 2019 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023(See Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1020 [Wilson test, as applied to noncommunicative acts, asks whether acts “furthered the [defendants’] speech or petitioning rights because they bore some ‘substantial relationship’ to the [defendants’] ‘ability to [petition or] speak on matters of public concern’ ”].) In fact, defendants’ noncommunicative conduct directly “further[ed]” speech—the report—falling squarely within the coverage of subdivision (e)(1) and (2). (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(4).) As our Supreme Court has repeatedly observed, the anti- SLAPP statute “ ‘ “equate[s] a public issue with the auth

2023(See Bonni, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 1020 [Wilson test, as applied to noncommunicative acts, asks whether acts “furthered the [defendants’] speech or petitioning rights because they bore some ‘substantial relationship’ to the [defendants’] ‘ability to [petition or] speak on matters of public concern’ ”].) In fact, defendants’ noncommunicative conduct directly “further[ed]” speech—the report—falling squarely within the coverage of subdivision (e)(1) and (2). (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(4).) As our Supreme Court has repeatedly observed, the anti- SLAPP statute “ ‘ “equate[s] a public issue with the auth

22
Robey v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 2013 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020The court denied Wilson’s motion for new trial and sentenced Wilson to an indeterminate prison term of 45 years to life. 11 DISCUSSION I Motion to Suppress: Private Search Doctrine A. Standard of Review “ ‘In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we defer to that court’s factual findings, express or implied, if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.] We exercise our independent judgment in determining whether, on the facts presented, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’ ” (Robey v. Superior Court (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1218,

2020The court denied Wilson’s motion for new trial and sentenced Wilson to an indeterminate prison term of 45 years to life. 11 DISCUSSION I Motion to Suppress: Private Search Doctrine A. Standard of Review “ ‘In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we defer to that court’s factual findings, express or implied, if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.] We exercise our independent judgment in determining whether, on the facts presented, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’ ” (Robey v. Superior Court (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1218,

22
People v. Super. Ct. (Johnson)green
cal · 2015 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025(Cf. People v. Superior Court (Johnson) (2015) 61 Cal.4th 696, 715 [“ ‘when information is fully available to a defendant at the time of trial and his only reason for not obtaining and presenting the evidence to the Court is his lack of reasonable diligence, the defendant has no Brady claim.’ ”].) The record here indicates that, after the withheld portions of the chronological report were first disclosed in 2019, the People made the entire police file available to Wilson’s defense team in October 2021, over two years before the 2024 retrial.

11
People v. Lemckegreen
cal · 2021 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024To evaluate Wilson’s claim that the jury instruction resulted in the deprivation of federal due process, we consider the instruction in the context of the trial record and the instructions as a whole to determine whether the instruction “ ‘ “so infuse[d] the trial with unfairness as to deny due process of law.” ’ ” (People v. Lemcke (2021) 11 Cal.5th 644, 655 (Lemcke).) In Lemcke, we explained that a similar reference to eyewitness certainty in CALCRIM No. 315 was “ ‘superficially neutral,’ ” in that it does not direct jurors to presume an identification is accurate if the eyewitness has expre

11
People v. Mitchellgreen
cal · 2019 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024In such circumstances, the “failure to request clarification or amplification of the instruction at issue does not result in a forfeiture of his challenge.” (People v. Hudson (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1002, 1011 ; see also People v. Mitchell (2019) 7 Cal.5th 561 , 579– 580 [failure to object does not result in forfeiture of a claim that an instruction violated due process or other substantial rights]; Pen.

11
People v. Peoplesgreen
cal · 2016 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023(See Peoples, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 801 [motion for mistrial “put the court on notice that misconduct was alleged in time for the court to instruct the jury and correct any error”].) The timing of Wilson’s motion falls somewhere between Steskal and Adams.

11
People v. Guzmangreen
calctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(See Cross, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 66, fn. 3 [“To the extent defendant argues that great bodily injury invariably requires the application of physical force to the victim in order to cause great bodily injury, we reject that view”]; People v. Guzman (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 761, 764 [defendant 37 personally inflicted injury by turning his vehicle into oncoming traffic and causing collision].) Wilson’s analysis fails to persuade us because the great bodily injury enhancements are supported by overwhelming evidence of serious and deadly injuries, and Wilson’s conduct meets the “personally inflicts

11
People v. Fuiavagreen
cal · 2012 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(See Fuiava, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 650 [“Even assuming counsel was required to complete his fine- tuning in the evenings during the trial, this would not have been so unusual or burdensome that we would conclude the trial court’s decision was outside the bounds of reason.”].) Moreover, Schwartz was a seasoned attorney who had been Wilson’s defense counsel for over three years at the time of the February 2019 trial, and he had researched and filed his own motions in limine and received the prosecution’s motions months before the start of trial.

11
People v. Crossgreen
cal · 2008 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022(See Cross, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 66, fn. 3 [“To the extent defendant argues that great bodily injury invariably requires the application of physical force to the victim in order to cause great bodily injury, we reject that view”]; People v. Guzman (2000) 77 Cal.App.4th 761, 764 [defendant 37 personally inflicted injury by turning his vehicle into oncoming traffic and causing collision].) Wilson’s analysis fails to persuade us because the great bodily injury enhancements are supported by overwhelming evidence of serious and deadly injuries, and Wilson’s conduct meets the “personally inflicts

11
Foreman & Clark Corp. v. Fallongreen
cal · 1971 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Randone v. Appellate Departmentgreen
cal · 1971 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Carsongreen
cal · 2005 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Monroy v. City of Los Angelesgreen
calctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Buckner v. Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp.green
calctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
People v. Jonesgreen
cal · 1959 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Ladas v. California State Automobile Ass'ngreen
calctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
People v. Seatongreen
cal · 2001 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
People v. Wilsonred
cal · 1969 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
People v. Garrisongreen
cal · 1989 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
People v. Sandersgreen
cal · 1990 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Zetterberg v. State Department of Public Healthgreen
calctapp · 1974 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Consumer Cause, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnsongreen
calctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
PG&E Corp. v. Public Utilities Commissiongreen
calctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
People v. Trujillogreen
calctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
People v. Tacygreen
calctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
People v. Jacobsgreen
cal · 1987 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Schiro v. Farleygreen
scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
People v. Rhodesgreen
calctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
People v. Farleygreen
cal · 2009 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11

Also cited on this issue (49)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Wende green
cal · 1979
2 sentences

2025Wilson’s appointed counsel filed a brief pursuant to People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436 (Wende), raising no arguable issue and requesting that this court independently review the record.

2016Wilson's brief on appeal, filed by appointed appellate counsel, presents no argument for reversal, but invites this court to review the record for error in accordance with People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436 (Wende).

32016–2025
People v. Forrest green
calctapp · 1990
2 sentences

2021Here, as in People v. Forrest, supra, 221 Cal.App.3d at page 679 , Wilson’s plea to the substantive offense and to the prior convictions occurred in a single proceeding and was not separate in time.

2019Here, as in People v. Forrest, supra, 221 Cal.App.3d at page 679 , Wilson’s plea to the substantive offense and to the prior convictions occurred in a single proceeding and was not separate in time.

32019–2021
Wilson v. Cable News Network, Inc. green
cal · 2019
2 sentences

2023Wilson concerned what categories of speech are protected under subdivision (e)(4). ( Wilson, supra, 7 Cal.5th 871 .) The Wilson court reasoned that “a defendant who claims its speech was protected as ‘conduct in furtherance of the exercise of [free speech rights] in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest’ (id., subd. (e)(4)) must show not only that its speech referred to an issue 18 of public interest, but also that its speech contributed to public discussion or resolution of the issue.” (Wilson, at p. 900.) By its terms, the Wilson test applies only to speech, not nonco

2023Wilson concerned what categories of speech are protected under subdivision (e)(4). ( Wilson, supra, 7 Cal.5th 871 .) The Wilson court reasoned that “a defendant who claims its speech was protected as ‘conduct in furtherance of the exercise of [free speech rights] in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest’ (id., subd. (e)(4)) must show not only that its speech referred to an issue 18 of public interest, but also that its speech contributed to public discussion or resolution of the issue.” (Wilson, at p. 900.) By its terms, the Wilson test applies only to speech, not nonco

22023–2023
Chapman v. California red
scotus · 1967
2 sentences

2021(Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 .) Wilson’s theory of prejudice is that the prosecutor’s disclosure that Tanner told Wilson that Stevens had a gun impaired Wilson’s credibility and gave the jury reason to reject Wilson’s testimony that he was taken by surprise when Stevens got out of the car with a gun in his hand.

2021(Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 .) Wilson’s theory of prejudice is that the prosecutor’s disclosure that Tanner told Wilson that Stevens had a gun impaired Wilson’s credibility and gave the jury reason to reject Wilson’s testimony that he was taken by surprise when Stevens got out of the car with a gun in his hand.

22021–2021
People v. Tully green
cal · 2012
2 sentences

2020The court denied Wilson’s motion for new trial and sentenced Wilson to an indeterminate prison term of 45 years to life. 11 DISCUSSION I Motion to Suppress: Private Search Doctrine A. Standard of Review “ ‘In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we defer to that court’s factual findings, express or implied, if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.] We exercise our independent judgment in determining whether, on the facts presented, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’ ” (Robey v. Superior Court (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1218,

2020The court denied Wilson’s motion for new trial and sentenced Wilson to an indeterminate prison term of 45 years to life. 11 DISCUSSION I Motion to Suppress: Private Search Doctrine A. Standard of Review “ ‘In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we defer to that court’s factual findings, express or implied, if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.] We exercise our independent judgment in determining whether, on the facts presented, the search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’ ” (Robey v. Superior Court (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1218,

22020–2020
People v. Brown green
calctapp · 2017
2 sentences

2020(Brown, supra, 11 Cal.App.5th at p. 341 .) Thus, Wilson’s claim to the contrary has no merit.

2020(Brown, supra, 11 Cal.App.5th at p. 341 .) Thus, Wilson’s claim to the contrary has no merit.

22020–2020
Sullivan v. United States green
scotus · 1954
1 sentence

2025(Sullivan v. United States, supra, 348 U.S. at p. 174 .) In any event, we will neither speculate about the inner workings of the district attorney’s office, nor will we usurp the prosecutor’s discretion to recommend (or not) resentencing.

12025–2025
Garcia v. Conmed Corp. green
calctapp · 2012
1 sentence

2025(See Garcia, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 148 .) Second, Wilson’s claim that there was no evidence of inaccuracy or bad faith regarding the March 7 letter is incorrect.

12025–2025
People v. Duong green
cal · 2020
1 sentence

2024“A criminal defendant has the right to testify at trial, ‘a right that is the mirror image of the privilege against compelled self-incrimination and accordingly is of equal dignity.’ [Citations.] ‘The defendant may exercise the right to testify over the objection of, and contrary to the advice of, defense counsel. [Citations.] “When the decision is whether to testify . . . at the guilt phase of a capital trial [citation] it is only in case of an express conflict arising between the defendant and counsel that the defendant’s desires must prevail. . . . [T]here is no duty to admonish and secure

12024–2024
People v. Hudson green
cal · 2006
1 sentence

2024In such circumstances, the “failure to request clarification or amplification of the instruction at issue does not result in a forfeiture of his challenge.” (People v. Hudson (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1002, 1011 ; see also People v. Mitchell (2019) 7 Cal.5th 561 , 579– 580 [failure to object does not result in forfeiture of a claim that an instruction violated due process or other substantial rights]; Pen.

12024–2024
People v. Cahill green
cal · 1993
1 sentence

2024(People v. Cahill (1993) 5 Cal.4th 478, 500 .) Because we conclude that the evidence was, in fact, admissible under state law, we need not consider this contention. 53 PEOPLE v. WILSON Opinion of the Court by Kruger, J. 665–666.) Here, although the court erred in its application of the rules of evidence, its mistake — judging the admissibility of impeachment evidence according to the statutory standard applicable to testifying witnesses, as opposed to nontestifying hearsay declarants — is not the sort of mistake that significantly undermined fundamental elements of Wilson’s defense.

12024–2024
People v. Cowan green
calctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2023(People v. Cowan (2017) 8 Cal.App.5th 1152, 1159 .) Although the prosecutor’s use of the word “presume” was imprecise, Wilson’s claim that jurors would have understood it to mean they were required to find him guilty if persuaded he also committed the uncharged offenses is not accurate either.

12023–2023
Crawford v. Washington green
scotus · 2004
2 sentences

2022Wilson’s challenge to mother’s statements under Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. 36 , is more complicated.

2022Wilson’s challenge to mother’s statements under Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. 36 , is more complicated.

12022–2022
Michigan v. Bryant green
scotus · 2011
1 sentence

2022Crawford held that “the admission of ‘testimonial’ out-of-court statements violates a criminal defendant’s confrontation rights unless the declarant is unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination [citation], or waived that right by his own wrongdoing.” (People v. Leon (2015) 61 Cal.4th 569 , 602–603 (Leon).) In contrast, “the admission of ‘nontestimonial’ statements ‘is the concern of state and federal rules of evidence, not the Confrontation Clause.’ ” (Gallardo, supra, 181 Cal.App.5th at p. 66, citing Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at p. 68 and quoting M

12022–2022
People v. Sanchez green
cal · 2016
1 sentence

2022There was extensive evidence that A.Y. had been generally healthy and active up to 11 Our conclusions also resolve Wilson’s claim that introducing mother’s statements through Dr. Gilgoff’s testimony violated Wilson’s constitutional rights under People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 665 .

12022–2022
People v. Leon green
cal · 2015
1 sentence

2022Crawford held that “the admission of ‘testimonial’ out-of-court statements violates a criminal defendant’s confrontation rights unless the declarant is unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination [citation], or waived that right by his own wrongdoing.” (People v. Leon (2015) 61 Cal.4th 569 , 602–603 (Leon).) In contrast, “the admission of ‘nontestimonial’ statements ‘is the concern of state and federal rules of evidence, not the Confrontation Clause.’ ” (Gallardo, supra, 181 Cal.App.5th at p. 66, citing Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at p. 68 and quoting M

12022–2022
Baral v. Schnitt green
cal · 2016
1 sentence

2021In Wilson, supra, D072948, we explained that, when applying the anti-SLAPP statute, “a court generally is required to engage in a two-step process”: “ ‘First, the defendant must establish that the challenged claim arises from activity protected by section 425.16’ ”; and second, “ ‘[i]f the defendant makes the required showing, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate the merit of the claim by establishing a probability of success.’ ” (Quoting Baral v. Schnitt (2016) 1 Cal.5th 376, 384 .) In our de novo review in Wilson, supra, D072948, we concluded in part that, contrary to Wilson’s p

12021–2021
Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. University of Southern California green
calctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2021(Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. University of Southern California (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1495, 1506 .) Here, because our ruling that Dagostino met his prong one burden was necessary to the disposition of Wilson, supra, D072948, the trial court properly applied it in Wilson’s later proceedings for fees and costs, and we apply it in this appeal. 11 In short, since Dagostino in fact prevailed in establishing that Wilson’s claim against him arose from activity that is protected by the anti-SLAPP statute, Wilson did not meet her burden in this appeal of establishing that the trial court abused its dis

12021–2021
Schraer v. Berkeley Property Owners' Ass'n green
calctapp · 1989
1 sentence

2020(See Schraer v. Berkeley Property Owners’ Assn. (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 719 , 729–730 [noting the state has expressed, by statute and in the California Constitution (§ 527.6; Cal. Const., art.

12020–2020
People v. Ayala green
cal · 2000
12016–2016
People v. Hayes green
cal · 2000
12016–2016
Zinermon v. Burch green
scotus · 1990
12016–2016
People v. Superior Court (Romero) green
cal · 1996
12014–2014
Horning v. Shilberg green
calctapp · 2005
12014–2014
Waller v. TJD, INC. green
calctapp · 1993
12014–2014
Broden v. Marin Humane Society green
calctapp · 1999
12014–2014
People v. Ramos green
calctapp · 2008
12014–2014
People v. Kelley green
calctapp · 1997
12014–2014
Buss v. Superior Court green
cal · 1997
12014–2014
People v. Stone green
calctapp · 2008
12014–2014
People v. Smith green
cal · 1993
12014–2014
Guardianship of Phillip B. green
calctapp · 1983
12014–2014
People v. Delgado green
cal · 1993
12014–2014
Acosta v. SI CORP. green
calctapp · 2005
12013–2013
Adam v. DeCharon green
calctapp · 1995
12013–2013
People v. Davis green
cal · 2009
12012–2012
Woodward Park Homeowners Ass'n v. Garreks, Inc. green
calctapp · 2000
12011–2011
People v. McKee green
cal · 2010
12010–2010
Addington v. Texas green
scotus · 1979
12010–2010
People v. Wilson green
cal · 2006
12007–2007

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CA § Cal. Penal Code § 187 (6) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 210 (4) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 352 (4) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 1108 (3) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 1250 (3) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 353 (3) CA § Cal. Evidence Code § 452 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 48 (1924–2025) IL 44 (1982–2024) CA 43 (1946–2025) GA 34 (1973–2026) OH 31 (1996–2025) NJ 31 (1982–2022) IN 26 (1977–2023) FL 23 (1990–2026) WA 22 (1981–2024) AL 19 (1993–2025) MS 19 (1993–2026) NY 15 (1913–2019) PA 13 (2011–2025) MO 12 (1968–2021) VA 11 (1976–2025) IA 11 (1963–2021) KS 10 (1998–2026) NC 10 (1958–2022) AR 10 (1998–2025) MD 10 (1974–2025) MI 8 (1973–2024) MT 8 (1982–2024) AZ 7 (1989–2024) HI 7 (1999–2014) WI 6 (1988–2026) CT 5 (1994–2023) OK 4 (1993–2002) OR 4 (1912–2025) KY 4 (1999–2026) CO 4 (1983–2024) ME 3 (1994–2012) TN 3 (2003–2004) SC 3 (2002–2025) DE 3 (1999–2019) LA 3 (1995–2012) NE 2 (1990–2008) UT 2 (2009–2025) DC 2 (1998–2013) MN 2 (1996–2017) WY 2 (2002–2024) NM 2 (2008–2009)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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