Tex. Codes » Finance Code · TITLE 5. PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS OF FINANCIAL SERVICES · CHAPTER 392. DEBT COLLECTION
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Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001 (2026)

Definitions

✓ current as of May 2026
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Sec. 392.001. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:

(1) "Consumer" means an individual who has a consumer debt.

(2) "Consumer debt" means an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.

(3) "Creditor" means a party, other than a consumer, to a transaction or alleged transaction involving one or more consumers.

(4) "Credit bureau" means a person who, for compensation, gathers, records, and disseminates information relating to the creditworthiness, financial responsibility, and paying habits of, and similar information regarding, a person for the purpose of furnishing that information to another person.

(5) "Debt collection" means an action, conduct, or practice in collecting, or in soliciting for collection, consumer debts that are due or alleged to be due a creditor.

(6) "Debt collector" means a person who directly or indirectly engages in debt collection and includes a person who sells or offers to sell forms represented to be a collection system, device, or scheme intended to be used to collect consumer debts.

(7) "Third-party debt collector" means a debt collector, as defined by 15 U.S.C. Section 1692a(6), but does not include an attorney collecting a debt as an attorney on behalf of and in the name of a client unless the attorney has nonattorney employees who:

(A) are regularly engaged to solicit debts for collection; or

(B) regularly make contact with debtors for the purpose of collection or adjustment of debts.

Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 1008, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 62, Sec. 7.42, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.

SUBCHAPTER B. SURETY BOND


Notes of Decisions
Cited in 132 cases (41 in the last 5 years), 1998–2026 · leading case: McCaig Ex Rel. Est. of McCaig v. Wells Fargo Bank (Texas), N.A., 788 F.3d 463 (5th Cir. 2015).
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McCaig Ex Rel. Est. of McCaig v. Wells Fargo Bank (Texas), N.A., 788 F.3d 463 (5th Cir. 2015). · cites it 4× “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(1). “‘Consumer debt’ means an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.”
Ca Partners v. Spears, 274 S.W.3d 51 (Tex. App. 2008). · cites it 3× “See Tex. Fin.Code § 392.001(7) (“ ‘Third-party debt collector’ means a debt collector, as defined by 15 U.”
James Miller v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L, 726 F.3d 717 (5th Cir. 2013). · cites it 3× “Compare Tex. Fin.Code § 392.001(3) (creditors), with Tex.”
Ford v. City State Bank of Palacios, 44 S.W.3d 121 (Tex. App. 2001). · cites it 2× “3435 (Vernon) (current version at Tex.Fin.Code Ann. § 392.001 (Vernon Supp.”
Michael Wease v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, L.L.C., et, 915 F.3d 987 (5th Cir. 2019). “Texas Debt Collection Practices Act (TDCPA) Wease's complaint alleged that Ocwen violated the TDCA, Texas Finance Code §§ 392.001 et seq. , by, among other actions, calling Wease's home and leaving "numerous harassing messages.”
Biggers v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 767 F. Supp. 2d 725 (N.D. Tex. 2011). · cites it 2× “§ 1692a(5)-(6) (defining “debt” and “debt collector”) with Tex. Fin.Code Ann. § 392.001(2), (5), (6) (West 2006) (defining “consumer debt,” “debt collection,” and “debt collector”).”
Cox v. Hilco Receivables, LLC, 726 F. Supp. 2d 659 (N.D. Tex. 2010). · cites it 3× “(2006), and the Texas Debt Collection Act (“TDCA”), Tex. Fin. Code Ann. § 392.001 et seq. (Vernon 2006).”
Brush v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 911 F. Supp. 2d 445 (S.D. Tex. 2012). · cites it 3× “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(1). A “consumer debt” is “an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.”
Cushman v. Gc Servs., Lp, 657 F. Supp. 2d 834 (S.D. Tex. 2009). · cites it 3× “” Tex. Fin.Code Ann. § 392.001(1) (2009). “Consumer debt” is an obligation “primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction.”
Robert Burton v. Wayman L. Prince, Nafisa Yaqoob, Indep. Mgmt. & Inv. LLC & Leawood Homeowners Ass'n, Inc., 577 S.W.3d 280 (Tex. App. 2019). “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(5). A consumer is “an individual who has a consumer debt.”
Am. Express Centurion Bank v. Pitono Haryanto, 491 S.W.3d 337 (Tex. App. 2016). · cites it 2× “7 See Tex. Fin. Code Ann. §§ 392.001 -.404 (West 2006), The parties dispute whether the contacts Haryanto had with Texas regarding his account were sufficient to justify the trial court’s exercise of specific jurisdiction over the suit.”
Henning, Kenneth v. OneWest Bank FSB, 405 S.W.3d 950 (Tex. App. 2013). “See Tex. Fin. Code Ann. §§ 392.001 -.404 (West 2006).”
Show all 132 citing cases →
— Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(1) — 8 cases
McCaig Ex Rel. Est. of McCaig v. Wells Fargo Bank (Texas), N.A., 788 F.3d 463 (5th Cir. 2015). “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(1). “‘Consumer debt’ means an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.”
Brush v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 911 F. Supp. 2d 445 (S.D. Tex. 2012). “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(1). A “consumer debt” is “an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.”
Cushman v. Gc Servs., Lp, 657 F. Supp. 2d 834 (S.D. Tex. 2009). “” Tex. Fin.Code Ann. § 392.001(1) (2009). “Consumer debt” is an obligation “primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction.”
Candy Guajardo v. GC Servs., L.P., 498 F. App'x 379 (5th Cir. 2012).
Vanderbilt Mortg. & Fin., Inc. v. Flores, 747 F. Supp. 2d 794 (S.D. Tex. 2010).
— Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(2) — 14 cases
McCaig Ex Rel. Est. of McCaig v. Wells Fargo Bank (Texas), N.A., 788 F.3d 463 (5th Cir. 2015). “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(1). “‘Consumer debt’ means an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.”
Biggers v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 767 F. Supp. 2d 725 (N.D. Tex. 2011). “§ 1692a(5)-(6) (defining “debt” and “debt collector”) with Tex. Fin.Code Ann. § 392.001(2), (5), (6) (West 2006) (defining “consumer debt,” “debt collection,” and “debt collector”).”
Israel Garcia, Jr. v. Jenkins Babb, L.L.P., 569 F. App'x 274 (5th Cir. 2014).
Cushman v. Gc Servs., Lp, 657 F. Supp. 2d 834 (S.D. Tex. 2009). “” Tex. Fin.Code Ann. § 392.001(1) (2009). “Consumer debt” is an obligation “primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction.”
Candy Guajardo v. GC Servs., L.P., 498 F. App'x 379 (5th Cir. 2012).
— Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(3) — 1 case
James Miller v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L, 726 F.3d 717 (5th Cir. 2013). “Compare Tex. Fin.Code § 392.001(3) (creditors), with Tex.”
— Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(4) — 2 cases
Black v. Trust Bank (S.D. Tex. 2022).
Black v. Trust Bank (S.D. Tex. 2023).
— Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(5) — 12 cases
Robert Burton v. Wayman L. Prince, Nafisa Yaqoob, Indep. Mgmt. & Inv. LLC & Leawood Homeowners Ass'n, Inc., 577 S.W.3d 280 (Tex. App. 2019). “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(5). A consumer is “an individual who has a consumer debt.”
Biggers v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, 767 F. Supp. 2d 725 (N.D. Tex. 2011). “§ 1692a(5)-(6) (defining “debt” and “debt collector”) with Tex. Fin.Code Ann. § 392.001(2), (5), (6) (West 2006) (defining “consumer debt,” “debt collection,” and “debt collector”).”
Brush v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 911 F. Supp. 2d 445 (S.D. Tex. 2012). “” Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(1). A “consumer debt” is “an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction.”
Bracken v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 13 F. Supp. 3d 673 (E.D. Tex. 2014).
Joe Alfred Izen Junior v. Move-It Self Storage, LP (Tex. App. 2023).
— Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(6) — 10 cases
James Miller v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L, 726 F.3d 717 (5th Cir. 2013). “Compare Tex. Fin.Code § 392.001(3) (creditors), with Tex.”
Genender v. Kirkwood, 506 S.W.3d 508 (Tex. App. 2016).
Bracken v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 13 F. Supp. 3d 673 (E.D. Tex. 2014).
Wesner v. Southall (N.D. Tex. 2023).
Frankfort v. Metropolis Tech. Inc (N.D. Tex. 2025).
— Tex. Fin. Code § 392.001(7) — 9 cases
Ca Partners v. Spears, 274 S.W.3d 51 (Tex. App. 2008). “See Tex. Fin.Code § 392.001(7) (“ ‘Third-party debt collector’ means a debt collector, as defined by 15 U.”
James Miller v. BAC Home Loans Servicing, L, 726 F.3d 717 (5th Cir. 2013). “Compare Tex. Fin.Code § 392.001(3) (creditors), with Tex.”
DeFranceschi v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 837 F. Supp. 2d 616 (N.D. Tex. 2011).
Wesner v. Southall (N.D. Tex. 2023).
Kenneth Lawry v. Bank of NY Mellon Trust C (5th Cir. 2019).
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