ability test (Texas) · Go Syfert
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ability test in Texas

42 Texas opinions name it 3 courts 1984–2025 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (34)

CaseFollowedCited
Haddock v. Quinngreen
texapp · 2009 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Haddock, 287 S.W.3d at 172 ; In re Estate of Anderegg, 360 S.W.3d 677, 681 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.)(under the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, “the expression in a contract of one or more things of a class implies the exclusion of all not expressed”)[Internal quotation marks omitted]; Grimes v. Walsh & Watts, Inc., 649 S.W.2d 724 , 8 727 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(courts cannot read implied provisions into contracts absent evidence the covenant “so clearly within the contemplation of the parties that they deemed it unnecessary to express it”)[Internal

2015See Haddock, 287 S.W.3d at 172-73 ; In re Estate of Anderegg, 360 S.W.3d 677, 681 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.)(under the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, “the expression in a contract of one or more things of a class implies the exclusion of all not expressed”)[Internal quotation marks omitted]; Grimes v. Walsh & Watts, Inc., 649 S.W.2d 724 , 8 727 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(courts cannot read implied provisions into contracts absent evidence the covenant “so clearly within the contemplation of the parties that they deemed it unnecessary to express it”)[Intern

44
In Re Estate of Anderegggreen
texapp · 2012 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Haddock, 287 S.W.3d at 172 ; In re Estate of Anderegg, 360 S.W.3d 677, 681 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.)(under the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, “the expression in a contract of one or more things of a class implies the exclusion of all not expressed”)[Internal quotation marks omitted]; Grimes v. Walsh & Watts, Inc., 649 S.W.2d 724 , 8 727 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(courts cannot read implied provisions into contracts absent evidence the covenant “so clearly within the contemplation of the parties that they deemed it unnecessary to express it”)[Internal

2015See Haddock, 287 S.W.3d at 172-73 ; In re Estate of Anderegg, 360 S.W.3d 677, 681 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.)(under the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, “the expression in a contract of one or more things of a class implies the exclusion of all not expressed”)[Internal quotation marks omitted]; Grimes v. Walsh & Watts, Inc., 649 S.W.2d 724 , 8 727 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(courts cannot read implied provisions into contracts absent evidence the covenant “so clearly within the contemplation of the parties that they deemed it unnecessary to express it”)[Intern

44
Jones v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1980 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1992–1998
2 sentences

1995In Jones , we explained: The voir dire examination is not an exercise to test the ability of defense counsel to joust with a prospective juror in an attempt to see what quantum of information he may or may not be withholding. [2] Id., 596 S.W.2d at 137 .

1995In Jones , we explained: The voir dire examination is not an exercise to test the ability of defense counsel to joust with a prospective juror in an attempt to see what quantum of information he may or may not be withholding. [2] Id., 596 S.W.2d at 137 .

34
Manley Dewayne Johnson v. Stategreen
texapp · 2012 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2014See Thomas v. State, No. 01-12-00487-CR, 2013 WL 1163980, at *2 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 21, 2013, no pet.) (“Despite the lack of a written bill of costs, completely apart from the availability of direct appeal, Thomas could also seek correction of an error in costs by moving to correct costs in the trial court.”) (emphasis added); see also Johnson v. State, 389 S.W.3d 513 , *441 517 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2012) (“While [article 108.008] provides a procedure for correcting errors in costs, it does not explicitly or implicitly limit an appellant’s ability to challenge the suff

2013See Nelson, 2013 WL 1858921 , at *3 (concluding that availability of other remedies did not preclude review); see also Johnson, 389 S.W.3d at 517 (stating that section 103.008(a) “does not explicitly or implicitly limit an appellant’s ability to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support a part of the court’s judgment”).

33
Grimes v. Walsh & Watts, Inc.green
texapp · 1983 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Haddock, 287 S.W.3d at 172-73 ; In re Estate of Anderegg, 360 S.W.3d 677, 681 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.)(under the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, “the expression in a contract of one or more things of a class implies the exclusion of all not expressed”)[Internal quotation marks omitted]; Grimes v. Walsh & Watts, Inc., 649 S.W.2d 724 , 8 727 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(courts cannot read implied provisions into contracts absent evidence the covenant “so clearly within the contemplation of the parties that they deemed it unnecessary to express it”)[Intern

2015See Haddock, 287 S.W.3d at 172 ; In re Estate of Anderegg, 360 S.W.3d 677, 681 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.)(under the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius, “the expression in a contract of one or more things of a class implies the exclusion of all not expressed”)[Internal quotation marks omitted]; Grimes v. Walsh & Watts, Inc., 649 S.W.2d 724 , 8 727 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.)(courts cannot read implied provisions into contracts absent evidence the covenant “so clearly within the contemplation of the parties that they deemed it unnecessary to express it”)[Internal

24
Miller v. Stategreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2009
2 sentences

2009See Miller v. State, 177 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet) (concluding the error was harmful when “appellants were effectively deprived of the ability to test the credibility of the complaining witness through cross-examination”); Rubio, 241 S.W.3d at 11 (concluding that the State’s witness’s statement likely contributed to the jury’s conviction and thus the error clearly prejudiced the defendant’s case).

2007Ann. art. 38.30); Miller v. State, 177 S.W.3d 1, 5-6 (TexApp.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (concluding this right is “simply lost to an accused who, because of a language barrier, is deprived of the ability to test the credibility of a material witness through cross-examination”).

22
Miller v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1987 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Moreover, it is well-settled and self-evident that an "improper argument may present a Fourteenth Amendment due process claim if the prosecutor's argument so infected the trial with unfairness" as to make the result "a denial of due process." Miller v. State, 741 S.W.2d 382, 391 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (citing Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 , 106 S.Ct. 2464, 2471 , 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986)).

2002Moreover, it is well-settled and self-evident that an “improper argument may present a Fourteenth Amendment due process claim if the prosecutor’s argument so infected the trial with unfairness” as to make the result “a denial of due process.” Miller v. State, 741 S.W.2d 382, 391 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (citing Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 , 106 S.Ct. 2464, 2471 , 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986)).

22
R Communications, Inc. v. Sharpgreen
tex · 1994 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2024
2 sentences

2024Id. at 318 ; see Tex. Const. art.

2020The importance 19 of the meaning of “inability to pay” in this context is highlighted by the legal landscape that now exists after R Communications reinstated a taxpayer’s ability to challenge its tax assessment through a declaratory judgment action, curing the original section 112.108’s Open Courts defect. 875 S.W.2d at 315–16.

12
Ohio v. Robertsred
scotus · 1980 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Here, by urging the jury to consider matters not before them, and while effectively acknowledging that to do so was a violation of their solemn oath [3] as jurors, the prosecutor's remarks violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment [4] and implicated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. [5] The ability to test the accuracy of evidence is "so important that the absence of proper confrontation at trial `calls into question the ultimate integrity of the fact-finding process.'" Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 63 , 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2538 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (quoting Cha

2002Here, by urging the jury to consider matters not before them, and while effectively acknowledging that to do so was a violation of their solemn oath [3] as jurors, the prosecutor's remarks violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment [4] and implicated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. [5] The ability to test the accuracy of evidence is "so important that the absence of proper confrontation at trial `calls into question the ultimate integrity of the fact-finding process.'" Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 63 , 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2538 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (quoting Cha

12
Chambers v. Mississippigreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Here, by urging the jury to consider matters not before them, and while effectively acknowledging that to do so was a violation of their solemn oath [3] as jurors, the prosecutor's remarks violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment [4] and implicated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. [5] The ability to test the accuracy of evidence is "so important that the absence of proper confrontation at trial `calls into question the ultimate integrity of the fact-finding process.'" Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 63 , 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2538 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (quoting Cha

2002Here, by urging the jury to consider matters not before them, and while effectively acknowledging that to do so was a violation of their solemn oath [3] as jurors, the prosecutor's remarks violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment [4] and implicated the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. [5] The ability to test the accuracy of evidence is "so important that the absence of proper confrontation at trial `calls into question the ultimate integrity of the fact-finding process.'" Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 63 , 100 S.Ct. 2531, 2538 , 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980) (quoting Cha

12
Darden v. Wainwrightgreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Moreover, it is well-settled and self-evident that an "improper argument may present a Fourteenth Amendment due process claim if the prosecutor's argument so infected the trial with unfairness" as to make the result "a denial of due process." Miller v. State, 741 S.W.2d 382, 391 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (citing Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 , 106 S.Ct. 2464, 2471 , 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986)).

2002Moreover, it is well-settled and self-evident that an "improper argument may present a Fourteenth Amendment due process claim if the prosecutor's argument so infected the trial with unfairness" as to make the result "a denial of due process." Miller v. State, 741 S.W.2d 382, 391 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (citing Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 , 106 S.Ct. 2464, 2471 , 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986)).

12
Spellman v. Hung Duy Hoanggreen
texapp · 1994 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1999
2 sentences

1999Polley, 937 S.W.2d at 625 ; Ramirez, 888 S.W.2d at 31 ; Spellman, 887 S.W.2d at 481 .

1997Spellman, 887 S.W.2d at 481; Ramirez, 888 S.W.2d at 31 . 3 We agree with the Spellman *626 and Ramirez courts: a timely tendered motion for new trial extends the appellate timetable regardless when the filing fee is paid.

12
Usaa Texas Lloyds Company v. Gail Menchacagreen
tex · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d at 504–05; see also TEX.

11
Grand Homes 96, L.P. v. Loudermilkgreen
texapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Williams, 244 S.W.3d at 568–69 (“Many Texas courts have held that without a complete record of the evidence presented to the arbitrator at the arbitration proceedings, there can be no appellate review of the arbitrator’s decision.” (first citing Gumble v. Grand Homes 2000, L.P., 334 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.); then citing Grand Homes 96, L.P. v. Loudermilk, 208 S.W.3d 696, 706 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. filed); then citing GJR Mgmt.

11
Gumble v. Grand Homes 2000, L.P.green
texapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Williams, 244 S.W.3d at 568–69 (“Many Texas courts have held that without a complete record of the evidence presented to the arbitrator at the arbitration proceedings, there can be no appellate review of the arbitrator’s decision.” (first citing Gumble v. Grand Homes 2000, L.P., 334 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.); then citing Grand Homes 96, L.P. v. Loudermilk, 208 S.W.3d 696, 706 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. filed); then citing GJR Mgmt.

11
Statewide Remodeling, Inc. v. Williamsgreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Williams, 244 S.W.3d at 568–69 (“Many Texas courts have held that without a complete record of the evidence presented to the arbitrator at the arbitration proceedings, there can be no appellate review of the arbitrator’s decision.” (first citing Gumble v. Grand Homes 2000, L.P., 334 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.); then citing Grand Homes 96, L.P. v. Loudermilk, 208 S.W.3d 696, 706 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. filed); then citing GJR Mgmt.

11
Dickson v. Stricklandgreen
· 1924 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See, e.g., Dickson v. Strickland, 265 S.W. 1012, 1018 (Tex. 1924) (“In determining what a ‘contested election’ is, we must bear in mind that an election in this state is not a single event, but a process, and that the entire process is subject to contest.”).

11
Fairfield Insurance Co. v. Stephens Martin Paving, LPgreen
tex · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Co. v. Stephens Martin Paving, LP, 246 S.W.3d 653, 664 (Tex. 2008).

11
Thornton v. Stategreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016At the time of the trial in this case,29 Texas Rule of Evidence 705(b) provided: Prior to the expert giving the expert’s opinion or disclosing the underlying facts or data, a party against whom the opinion is offered upon request in a criminal trial shall…be permitted to conduct a voir dire 28 See, e.g., Thornton v. State, 37 S.W.3d 490, 493 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. ref'd). 29 In March 2015, the Texas Supreme Court and this Court made slight modifications to the wording of this Rule.

11
First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplangreen
scotus · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 , 115 S.Ct. 1920, 1924 , 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995); ReadyOne Indus., Inc. v. Carreon, 458 S.W.3d 621, 623-24 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2014, no pet.).

2015See First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 , 115 S.Ct. 1920, 1924 , 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995); ReadyOne Indus., Inc. v. Carreon, 458 S.W.3d 621, 623-24 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2014, no pet.).

11
State v. Hodgesgreen
tex · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015As argued by the TEC, such an interpretation would render the TEC “powerless when the respondent filed in an improper venue,” which “makes no sense.” See generally id. § 311.023(5) (West 2013) (allowing courts to consider “consequences of a particular construction” in construing a statute); State v. Hodges, 92 S.W.3d 489, 494 (Tex. 2002) (allowing courts to consider statute’s objectives and consequences of particular construction even if statute is clear and unambiguous).

11
In Re KMBgreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
PGP Gas Products, Inc. v. Farissgreen
tex · 1981 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
In Re Lantzgreen
ilnb · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Ind. 2014) ("commingfing of an eamed income credit refund with other funds does not affect the ability to claim the statutory earned income 0 N credit exemption•); In re Lantz, 451 B.R. 843, 647 (Bankr..

11
ReadyOne Industries, Inc. v. Roberto Carreongreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015See First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 , 115 S.Ct. 1920, 1924 , 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995); ReadyOne Indus., Inc. v. Carreon, 458 S.W.3d 621, 623-24 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2014, no pet.).

11
Stephens v. Beardgreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Johnson, Manley Dewaynegreen
texcrimapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Roderick D. Thomas v. Stategreen
texapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Delaware v. Van Arsdallgreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Haley v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Rubio v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Rose v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Flowers v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Zani v. Statered
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
Ex Parte Rich green
texcrimapp · 2006
2 sentences

2012But Rich dealt with an appellant’s ability to claim for the first time on a writ of habeas corpus that his sentence was illegal based on an improper enhancement. 194 S.W.3d at 510 .

2012But Rich dealt with an appellant’s ability to claim for the first time on a writ of habeas corpus that his sentence was illegal based on an improper enhancement. 194 S.W.3d at 510 .

22012–2012
Ramirez v. Get\ N\" Go 103" green
texapp · 1994
2 sentences

1999Polley, 937 S.W.2d at 625 ; Ramirez, 888 S.W.2d at 31 ; Spellman, 887 S.W.2d at 481 .

1997Spellman, 887 S.W.2d at 481; Ramirez, 888 S.W.2d at 31 . 3 We agree with the Spellman *626 and Ramirez courts: a timely tendered motion for new trial extends the appellate timetable regardless when the filing fee is paid.

21997–1999
Florida v. JL green
scotus · 2000
1 sentence

2023Id. at 271 .

12023–2023
State v. Cullen green
texcrimapp · 2006
1 sentence

2020App. 2002), make findings of fact when the trial court is required by law to do so, see State v. Cullen, 195 S.W.3d 696 , 698–99 (Tex. Crim.

12020–2020
Martinez v. State green
texcrimapp · 2002
1 sentence

2020App. 1986), but it includes the ability to hold a hearing on a motion for new trial in certain cases, see Martinez v. State, 74 S.W.3d 19 , 21–22 (Tex. Crim.

12020–2020
Ten Hagen Excavating, Inc. v. Jose Castro-Lopez and Lorena Castro green
texapp · 2016
2 sentences

2020The court of appeals in Flores explained one of the most important reasons for denying mandamus was the ability of defense counsel to do the following at a trial where a counteraffidavit has been stricken: And perhaps most importantly, even when an 18.001(b) affidavit is admitted into evidence, the opposing party: • is not prevented from making arguments contesting the affidavits during opening statements and closing arguments, Gutierrez; Ten Hagen, 503 S.W.3d at 494 ; • may cross-examine the offering parties about their injuries and prior medical conditions, Ten Hagen, 503 S.W.3d at 494 ; Gro

2020The court of appeals in Flores explained one of the most important reasons for denying mandamus was the ability of defense counsel to do the following at a trial where a counteraffidavit has been stricken: And perhaps most importantly, even when an 18.001(b) affidavit is admitted into evidence, the opposing party: • is not prevented from making arguments contesting the affidavits during opening statements and closing arguments, Gutierrez; Ten Hagen, 503 S.W.3d at 494 ; • may cross-examine the offering parties about their injuries and prior medical conditions, Ten Hagen, 503 S.W.3d at 494 ; Gro

12020–2020
Qualcomm Incorporated v. Nokia Corporation green
cafc · 2006
1 sentence

2015Given that the agreement’s plain language purports to restrict the arbitrator’s power to hear only certain classes of disputes, we will not read an unwritten clause into the agreement that enlarges the arbitrator’s ability to rule on unenumerated (8th Cir. 2009); Qualcomm Inc. v. Nokia Corp., 466 F.3d 1366 , 1372–73 (Fed.Cir. 2006), we note that even under the FAA, the threshold question of what a contract says is a matter of state interpretational law.

12015–2015
Tri-Cities Construction, Inc. v. American National Insurance Co. green
texapp · 1975
12014–2014
Dinh Tan Ho v. State green
texapp · 2005
12009–2009
Holmes v. State green
texcrimapp · 2008
12009–2009
Sanchez v. State green
texcrimapp · 2003
12009–2009
Stults v. State green
texapp · 2000
12009–2009
Davis v. State green
texcrimapp · 2006
12009–2009
Kelly v. State green
texcrimapp · 1992
12009–2009
Georgia v. McCollum green
scotus · 1992
12000–2000
Polley v. Odom green
texapp · 1997
11999–1999
Marion Francis Fountain and Roosevelt Tremble v. United States of America, Eugene J. Marshall v. United States green
ca5 · 1968
11984–1984

Where else courts name it

CA 97 (1964–2026) IL 86 (1976–2026) PA 78 (1975–2026) OH 56 (1982–2026) IN 54 (1973–2025) TX 42 (1984–2025) MD 33 (1970–2021) NY 27 (1967–2026) WA 27 (1996–2026) MI 24 (1987–2025) FL 21 (1990–2025) NC 21 (1980–2023) KS 16 (1974–2025) CT 14 (1995–2024) CO 12 (1987–2026) OR 12 (1999–2026) DC 11 (1980–2023) NJ 10 (1993–2023) AZ 10 (1914–2023) IA 8 (2000–2021) LA 8 (1977–2016) TN 8 (2002–2023) NV 8 (2010–2024) DE 8 (1993–2024) MO 7 (1994–2020) AR 7 (2013–2024) WI 7 (1981–2026) NM 7 (1981–2024) UT 6 (1982–2014) ID 6 (2007–2022) ND 5 (2007–2023) MA 5 (2003–2023) ME 5 (1991–2025) SD 5 (1978–2026) KY 5 (1995–2026) AK 5 (1983–2025) SC 4 (2007–2025) MN 4 (2001–2014) MT 4 (1994–2022) VT 4 (2016–2026) NE 4 (1992–2026) RI 3 (1997–2011) OK 3 (1990–2013) HI 3 (2006–2014) MS 3 (1994–2005) VI 3 (2001–2017) AL 3 (1987–2024) WY 2 (2003–2025) GA 2 (2019–2020) VA 2 (2013–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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