ability challenge (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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ability challenge in Pennsylvania

78 Pennsylvania opinions name it 4 courts 1975–2026 18 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (35)

CaseFollowedCited
Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, M., Apltgreen
pa · 2014 · cited in 16 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2014–2026
2 sentences

2026See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. Super. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms, … the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”).

2025“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms, [. . .] the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.” Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014).

1616
Commonwealth v. Reichlegreen
pasuperct · 1991 · cited in 9 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
2 sentences

2024See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant's knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); see also Commonwealth v. O'Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa. Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”); Reichle, 589 A.2d at 1141 (dismissing appellant's appeal of discretionary aspects of sentence where she received

2023See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); see also Commonwealth v. O’Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa. Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”); Commonwealth v. Baney, 860 A.2d 127, 131 (Pa. Super. 2004) (appellant may not challenge discretionary aspects of

99
Commonwealth v. Baneygreen
pasuperct · 2004 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2023
2 sentences

2023See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); see also Commonwealth v. O’Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa. Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”); Commonwealth v. Baney, 860 A.2d 127, 131 (Pa. Super. 2004) (appellant may not challenge discretionary aspects of

2022See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms … the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea”); see also Commonwealth v. Reichle, 589 A.2d 1140, 1141 (Pa. Super. 1991) (dismissing Appellant’s appeal of discretionary aspects of sentence where she received precisely what she was promised under the terms of her negotiated plea agreement); Commonwealth v. Baney, 860 A.2d 127, 131 (Pa. Super. 2004) (find

55
Commonwealth v. Halleygreen
pa · 2005 · cited in 6 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2009–2025
2 sentences

2025Finally, in Commonwealth v. Halley, 870 A.2d 795 (Pa. 2005), the high court determined ineffectiveness per se occurred where counsel failed to “perfect” the defendant’s appeal by not filing a court-ordered Rule 1925(b) statement; this inaction resulted in the waiver of all claims and left the defendant “without an ability to challenge his conviction and sentence by means of the direct appeal.” Halley, 870 A.2d at 800 .

2025Finally, in Commonwealth v. Halley, 870 A.2d 795 (Pa. 2005), the high court determined ineffectiveness per se occurred where counsel failed to “perfect” the defendant’s appeal by not filing a court-ordered Rule 1925(b) statement; this inaction resulted in the waiver of all claims and left the defendant “without an ability to challenge his conviction and sentence by means of the direct appeal.” Halley, 870 A.2d at 800 .

46
Commonwealth v. O'Malleygreen
pasuperct · 2008 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2022–2024
2 sentences

2024Commonwealth v. Lincoln, 72 A.3d 606, 609-610 (Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied, 87 A.3d 319 (Pa. 2014); see also Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); Commonwealth v. O’Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa.Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”).3 Judgment of s

2024See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant's knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); see also Commonwealth v. O'Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa. Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”); Reichle, 589 A.2d at 1141 (dismissing appellant's appeal of discretionary aspects of sentence where she received

44
Trach v. Fellingreen
pasuperct · 2003 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2021
2 sentences

2021Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 231 A.3d 855, 871 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quoting Trach, 817 A.2d at 1113 ).

2021Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 231 A.3d 855, 871 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quoting Trach, 817 A.2d at 1113 ).

35
Com. v. Hopkins, G.green
pasuperct · 2020 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 231 A.3d 855, 871 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quoting Trach, 817 A.2d at 1113 ).

2021Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 231 A.3d 855, 871 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quoting Trach, 817 A.2d at 1113 ).

22
Commonwealth v. Lincolngreen
pasuperct · 2013 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2024
2 sentences

2024Commonwealth v. Lincoln, 72 A.3d 606, 609-610 (Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied, 87 A.3d 319 (Pa. 2014); see also Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); Commonwealth v. O’Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa.Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”).3 Judgment of s

2018Lincoln, 72 A.3d at 609 - 10.

12
Commonwealth v. Radeckigreen
pasuperct · 2018 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Commonwealth v. Lincoln, 72 A.3d 606, 609-610 (Pa.Super. 2013), appeal denied, 87 A.3d 319 (Pa. 2014); see also Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); Commonwealth v. O’Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa.Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”).3 Judgment of s

11
Com. v. Brown, M.green
pasuperct · 2020 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See Commonwealth v. Brown, 240 A.3d 970, 972 (Pa. Super. 2020). - 22 - J-S09032-24 Commonwealth v. Baker, 72 A.3d 652, 662 (Pa. Super. 2013).12 Hargrove, through Attorney Hurley, did preserve the ability to challenge the discretionary aspects of sentence by objecting generally to the sentence in a post-sentence motion.

11
Commonwealth v. Bakergreen
pasuperct · 2013 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See Commonwealth v. Brown, 240 A.3d 970, 972 (Pa. Super. 2020). - 22 - J-S09032-24 Commonwealth v. Baker, 72 A.3d 652, 662 (Pa. Super. 2013).12 Hargrove, through Attorney Hurley, did preserve the ability to challenge the discretionary aspects of sentence by objecting generally to the sentence in a post-sentence motion.

11
Commonwealth v. Caldwellgreen
pasuperct · 2015 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024“A court’s exercise of discretion in imposing a sentence concurrently or consecutively does not ordinarily raise a substantial question[.]” Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 769 (Pa.Super. 2015) (en banc), appeal denied, 126 A.3d 1282 (Pa. 2015).

11
Zemprelli v. Danielsgreen
pa · 1981 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Cf. Zemprelli v. Daniels, 436 A.2d 1165, 1170 (Pa. 1981) (“Unquestionably the Senate has exclusive power over its internal affairs and proceedings.

11
Dime Savings Bank, FSB v. Greenegreen
pasuperct · 2002 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Dime Savings Bank, FSB, 813 A.2d at 895 .

11
H.R. v. Department of Public Welfaregreen
pacommwct · 1996 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See H.R. v. Department of Public Welfare, 676 A.2d 755 , 759- 60 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1996) (“An order sustaining subject matter jurisdiction . . . is fully reviewable on appeal from a final judgment . . . .

11
Twelve Vein Coal Co. v. Commonwealthgreen
pacommwct · 1989 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Commonwealth v. Williamsgreen
pa · 1999 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Commonwealth v. Delligattigreen
pa · 1988 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Accordingly, we find this issue merits no relief. -5- J-S51008-19 As far as Morgan attempts to raise a challenge to the legality of his plea, although this issue would be properly before us, we find this claim waived as he did not develop this issue at all in the argument section of his brief. 3 See Commonwealth v. Williams, 732 A.2d 1167, 1175 (Pa. 1999) (noting that relief is unavailable based upon undeveloped claims for which insufficient arguments are presented on appeal); Commonwealth v. Delligatti, 538 A.2d 34, 41 (Pa. Super. 1988) (“When issues are not properly raised and developed in b

11
Keith v. Commonwealthgreen
pacommwct · 1988 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Dixon, J. v. Northwestern Mutualgreen
pasuperct · 2016 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Morrissey v. Brewergreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Waters v. COM. DEPT. OF CORRECTIONSgreen
pacommwct · 1986 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Austin v. Lehmangreen
paed · 1995 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Silo v. Ridgegreen
pacommwct · 1999 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Commonwealth v. Infantegreen
pasuperct · 2013 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Commonwealth v. Williamsgreen
pacommwct · 2006 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Commonwealth v. Zookgreen
pa · 2005 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
In Re ALDgreen
pasuperct · 2002 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Roe v. Flores-Ortegagreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Lower Gwynedd Township v. Gwynedd Properties, Inc.green
pa · 1991 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Luszczynski v. Bradleygreen
pasuperct · 1999 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
Hudson v. Palmergreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
North Carolina National Bank v. Gillespiegreen
nc · 1976 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
McClendon v. Clinardgreen
ncctapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
Commonwealth v. Perringreen
pa · 1979 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (37)

CaseCitedYears
Young v. Com. Bd. of Probation and Parole green
pa · 1979
2 sentences

2025(Id. at 165.) The Board reasoned that under Section 6138(a)(2) of the Code, 61 Pa.C.S. § 6138(a)(2), “[t]he Board has the statutory authority to recalculate the max[imum] dates of [a CPV] to reflect that the[ CPV] received no credit for the time spent at liberty on parole,” and that Iwanicki was advised “of this potential penalty on the parole conditions [document Iwanicki] signed on April 22, 2019.” (Id.) The Board further reasoned that “the ability to challenge the recalculation decision after it is imposed satisfies [Iwanicki’s] due process rights.” (Id.) On this issue, the Board determined

2018The Board also stated that “the ability to challenge the 5 On September 18, 2013, the day prior to his release on parole, Johnson signed a “Conditions Governing Parole/Reparole” form, which in part stated: “If you are convicted of a crime committed while on parole/reparole, the Board has the authority, after an appropriate hearing, to recommit you to serve the balance of the sentence or sentences which you were serving when paroled/reparoled, with no credit for time at liberty on parole.” C.R. at 7. 4 recalculation decision after it is imposed satisfies [Johnson’s] due process rights” so that

62017–2025
Criswell v. King green
pa · 2003
2 sentences

2018Id. (citing Picca, 645 A.2d at 868 ).

2018Id. (citing Picca , 645 A.2d at 868 ).

22018–2018
Picca v. Kriner green
pasuperct · 1994
2 sentences

2018Id. (citing Picca, 645 A.2d at 868 ).

2018Id. (citing Picca , 645 A.2d at 868 ).

22018–2018
Beasley v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board green
pacommwct · 2016
2 sentences

2018We made no mention of the 60-day limit in Section 306(a.2)(2) in Beasley v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (PECO Energy Company), 152 A.3d 391 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016).

2018We made no mention of the 60-day limit in Section 306(a.2)(2) in Beasley v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board (PECO Energy Company) , 152 A.3d 391 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016).

22018–2018
Commonwealth v. Petroski green
pasuperct · 1997
2 sentences

1999In support of this holding, the majority also cited Commonwealth v. Petroski, 695 A.2d 844 (Pa.Super.1997), in which a Superior Court panel previously held that a PCRA petitioner lacked the ability to challenge his counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to file a direct appeal.

1999In support of this holding, the majority also cited Commonwealth v. Petroski, 695 A.2d 844 (Pa.Super.1997), in which a Superior Court panel previously held that a PCRA petitioner lacked the ability to challenge his counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to file a direct appeal.

21999–1999
Smith v. Board of Probation & Parole green
pa · 1990
1 sentence

2025(C.R. at 166.) Thus, the Board found that “the decision for [Iwanicki] to serve 12 months falls within the presumptive range and is not subject to challenge.” (Id. (citing Smith v. Pa. Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 574 A.2d 558 (Pa. 1990)).) Finally, through recounting Iwanicki’s conviction and parole violation history, the Board determined that Iwanicki “still had a total of 4[,]445 days 6 remaining on [the original] sentence based on [Iwanicki’s] recommitment.” (Id. at 166.) The Board concluded that [t]he [] Code provides that [CPVs] who are paroled from a state correctional institution and then re

12025–2025
Com. v. Eddington neutral
pasuperct · 2017
1 sentence

2025We therefore reverse the PCRA court’s order denying Burke post-conviction relief and reinstate his right to file a direct appeal.3 In so doing, we deny current counsel’s motion to withdraw. ____________________________________________ 2 On remand, this Court decided “the best resolution of this matter is to put [Rosado] in a position that will fully restore his direct appeal rights.” Commonwealth v. Rosado, 160 A.3d 258 (Pa. Super. 2017) (non- precedential decision at 4). 3 Burke acknowledges that, because he entered a guilty plea his appellate issues are limited to claims involving the court’

12025–2025
Com. v. CHIKONYERA green
pa · 2005
1 sentence

2023See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98 A.3d 1268, 1276 (Pa. 2014) (“When a negotiated plea includes sentencing terms[,] the defendant’s knowing and voluntary acceptance of those terms rightly extinguishes the ability to challenge a sentence the defendant knew was a proper consequence of his plea.”); see also Commonwealth v. O’Malley, 957 A.2d 1265, 1267 (Pa. Super. 2008) (“One who pleads guilty and receives a negotiated sentence may not then seek discretionary review of that sentence.”); Commonwealth v. Baney, 860 A.2d 127, 131 (Pa. Super. 2004) (appellant may not challenge discretionary aspects of

12023–2023
Franks v. Delaware green
scotus · 1978
1 sentence

2023Attorney Galloway has filed an appellate brief in this Court. 5 Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978). -5- J-S30021-23 [h]earing to challenge the fraudulent [a]ffidavit of [p]robable [c]ause[?] b) Request and provide [Woods] with any and all pre-trial discovery which [Woods] has not yet received in violation of the [Brady6] rule? c) To investigate and/or interview all law enforcement officers involved in the alleged investigation of [Woods]? d) Request the testimony of the two alleged [CIs] thereby denying [Woods] the ability to test the Commonwealth’s prima facie case, no witnesses to cross

12023–2023
Commonwealth v. Simmons green
pa · 2014
1 sentence

2023Was [Woods] denied the effective assistance of PCRA counsel when he . . . [f]ailed to properly argue exigent circumstances and the constitutionality of Commonwealth v. Gary, [] 91 A.3d 102 (Pa[.] 2014) and failed to raise other meritorious issues[?] 3.

12023–2023
Petrongola v. Comcast-Spectacor, L.P. green
pasuperct · 2001
1 sentence

2021It also “had the ability to rule differently” because Encompass’s “new preliminary objections were filed to a different complaint.” Id.

12021–2021
Groller v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board green
pacommwct · 2005
1 sentence

2020Claimant also argues that IRE orders evade appellate review; however, because an IRE order, by itself, has no effect on WC benefits and WC benefits are only affected after a modification petition is decided, claimants retain the ability to challenge the appropriateness of an IRE at a 4 In Groller, the underlying issue was whether the claimant was barred by res judicata from arguing that an IRE was untimely where the claimant did not appeal the WCJ’s IRE order, but instead, filed a review petition after he had already attended the IRE and after the employer’s insurer had changed his disability

12020–2020
Commonwealth v. Bennett green
pa · 2007
1 sentence

2020In Commonwealth v. Bennett, 930 A.2d 1264 (Pa. 2006), our Supreme Court distinguished between situations in which “counsel has narrowed the ambit of appellate review by the claims he has raised or - 10 - J-S25012-20 foregone,” versus those “in which counsel failed to file an appeal at all,” with the second category amounting to per se ineffectiveness.

12020–2020
Bearoff v. Bearoff Bros., Inc. green
pa · 1974
1 sentence

2019“It may not be used to affirm a decision when the appellate court must weigh evidence and engage in fact finding or make credibility determinations to reach a legal conclusion.” Id. 12 While it appears the question of whether our Supreme Court has the ability to apply this doctrine in discretionary appeals is “unsettled,” the doctrine’s use by the intermediate appellate courts is settled.

12019–2019
Boyle Land & Fuel Co. v. Commonwealth green
pacommwct · 1984
12019–2019
Commonwealth v. Minich green
pasuperct · 2010
12019–2019
Thompson v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board (Exelon Corp.) green
pacommwct · 2017
12018–2018
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. green
scotus · 1993
12018–2018
Riley v. Workers' Compensation Appeal Board neutral
pacommwct · 2016
12018–2018
Adams v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation & Parole green
pacommwct · 2005
12017–2017
Philadelphia Federation of Teachers, AFT, Local 3 v. School District of Philadelphia green
pa · 2016
12016–2016
Daugherty v. County of Allegheny green
pacommwct · 2007
12014–2014
Florig v. Estate of O'Hara green
pasuperct · 2006
12013–2013
Commonwealth v. Nelson green
pa · 1977
12010–2010
Freezer Storage, Inc. v. Armstrong Cork Co. green
pa · 1978
12010–2010
Fordyce v. Clerk of Courts green
pacommwct · 2005
12010–2010
Board of Education of the School District v. Philadelphia Federation of Teachers Local No. 3 green
pa · 1975
12007–2007
Musheno v. Department of Public Welfare green
pacommwct · 2003
12003–2003
Keogh v. Chicago & Northwestern Railway Co. green
scotus · 1922
12002–2002
Commonwealth v. Mott green
pa · 1988
11994–1994
McClendon v. Clinard green
ncctapp · 1978
11983–1983
Commonwealth v. Bighum green
pa · 1973
11979–1979
Commonwealth v. Roots green
pa · 1978
11979–1979
Commonwealth v. Green green
pa · 1978
11979–1979
Painter v. Painter green
njsuperctappdiv · 1972
11977–1977
United States Ex Rel. Spears v. Rundle green
paed · 1967
11975–1975
United States v. Rundle neutral
ca3 · 1969
11975–1975

Statutes the citing opinions construe

PA § 61 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6138 (7) PA § 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 6105 (4) PA § 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 9541 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 97 (1964–2026) IL 86 (1976–2026) PA 78 (1975–2026) OH 56 (1982–2026) IN 54 (1973–2025) TX 42 (1984–2025) MD 33 (1970–2021) NY 27 (1967–2026) WA 27 (1996–2026) MI 24 (1987–2025) FL 21 (1990–2025) NC 21 (1980–2023) KS 16 (1974–2025) CT 14 (1995–2024) CO 12 (1987–2026) OR 12 (1999–2026) DC 11 (1980–2023) NJ 10 (1993–2023) AZ 10 (1914–2023) IA 8 (2000–2021) LA 8 (1977–2016) TN 8 (2002–2023) NV 8 (2010–2024) DE 8 (1993–2024) MO 7 (1994–2020) AR 7 (2013–2024) WI 7 (1981–2026) NM 7 (1981–2024) UT 6 (1982–2014) ID 6 (2007–2022) ND 5 (2007–2023) MA 5 (2003–2023) ME 5 (1991–2025) SD 5 (1978–2026) KY 5 (1995–2026) AK 5 (1983–2025) SC 4 (2007–2025) MN 4 (2001–2014) MT 4 (1994–2022) VT 4 (2016–2026) NE 4 (1992–2026) RI 3 (1997–2011) OK 3 (1990–2013) HI 3 (2006–2014) MS 3 (1994–2005) VI 3 (2001–2017) AL 3 (1987–2024) WY 2 (2003–2025) GA 2 (2019–2020) VA 2 (2013–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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