Aguilar-Spinelli test in Texas

35 Texas opinions name it 2 courts 1982–2012 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (19)

Case	Followed	Cited
Illinois v. Gatesgreen scotus · 1983 · cited in 22 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1984–2012 2 sentences 2012In Gates, the Supreme Court ultimately upheld the validity of the search warrant.23 The Supreme Court made it easier to uphold a magistrate’s decision by abandoning the restrictive Aguilar-Spinelli doctrine in favor of a totality-of-the-circumstances test.24 What we think appellant finds significant about Gates is its statement that “the wholly conclusory statement at issue in Nathanson failed to meet” the probable-cause requirement for issuing a warrant.25 But this statement was merely a reaffirmation of Nathanson, which was decided long before our opinion in Sutton.26 Moreover, the statement 2012In Gates, the Supreme Court ultimately upheld the validity of the search warrant.23 The Supreme Court made it easier to uphold a magistrate’s decision by abandoning the restrictive Aguilar-Spinelli doctrine in favor of a totality-of-the-circumstances test.24 What we think appellant finds significant about Gates is its statement that “the wholly conclusory statement at issue in Nathanson failed to meet” the probable-cause requirement for issuing a warrant.25 But this statement was merely a reaffirmation of Nathanson, which was decided long before our opinion in Sutton.26 Moreover, the statement	13	22
Aguilar v. Texasred scotus · 1964 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1982–2012 2 sentences 2012See also Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969). 25 Gates, 462 U.S. at 239 . 26 See Nathanson v. United States, 290 U.S. 41 (1933). 2004See Aguilar v. Texas , 378 U.S. 108 (1964), overruled , Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 (1983); see also Spinelli v. United States , 393 U.S. 410 (1969), overruled , Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 (1983).	9	11
Ware v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2010 2 sentences 2010Rather, the United States Supreme Court simply held that the prongs should not be applied too rigorously, and the entire affidavit should be examined to determine whether, as a whole, probable cause is established.” Ware v. State, 724 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex.Crim.App.1986). 2010Rather, the United States Supreme Court simply held that the prongs should not be applied too rigorously, and the entire affidavit should be examined to determine whether, as a whole, probable cause is established.” Ware v. State, 724 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).	4	4
Spinelli v. United Statesred scotus · 1969 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1982–2012 2 sentences 2012See also Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969). 25 Gates, 462 U.S. at 239 . 26 See Nathanson v. United States, 290 U.S. 41 (1933). 2004See Aguilar v. Texas , 378 U.S. 108 (1964), overruled , Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 (1983); see also Spinelli v. United States , 393 U.S. 410 (1969), overruled , Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 (1983).	3	11
Eisenhauer v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–1998 2 sentences 1998In Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), 5 the court stated: It is to be remembered that adoption of the analysis of Gates does not mean abandoning Aguilar-Spinelli. 6 Gates did not dispense with the two requirements used in the Aguilar-Spinelli test. 1998In Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), 5 the court stated: It is to be remembered that adoption of the analysis of Gates does not mean abandoning Aguilar-Spinelli. 6 Gates did not dispense with the two requirements used in the Aguilar-Spinelli test.	2	3
Hennessy v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1983 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–1988 2 sentences 1987The appellant’s point of error is overruled. 4 It should be borne in mind that we are not dealing with an affidavit based on hearsay (where the affiant is other than the victim of the offense, most likely a police officer-affiant) and where we would be called upon to consider the “totality of the circumstances” test of Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), as applied in Hennessy v. State, 660 S.W.2d 87, 90 (Tex.Cr.App.1983), or the effect of the Aguilar-Spinelli test. 1987The appellant’s point of error is overruled. 4 It should be borne in mind that we are not dealing with an affidavit based on hearsay (where the affiant is other than the victim of the offense, most likely a police officer-affiant) and where we would be called upon to consider the “totality of the circumstances” test of Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), as applied in Hennessy v. State, 660 S.W.2d 87, 90 (Tex.Cr.App.1983), or the effect of the Aguilar-Spinelli test.	2	3
Torres v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1977 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1990 2 sentences 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975). 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).	2	2
Cassias v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1986–1988 2 sentences 1988Cassias v. State, 719 S.W.2d 585, 587 (Tex.Crim.App.1986). 1988Cassias v. State, 719 S.W.2d 585, 587 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).	2	2
Hegdal v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1972 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1988 2 sentences 1988E.g., Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 832 (Tex.Crim.App.1977) (“The second prong of Aguilar was fulfilled by the recitations in the said affidavit that the affiant received information from a credible and reliable person who had given information in the past regarding narcotic traffic which had proven to be true and correct.”); Barnes v. State, 504 S.W.2d 450, 454 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Hegdal v. State, 488 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex.Crim.App.1972). 1988E.g., Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 832 (Tex.Crim.App.1977) (“The second prong of Aguilar was fulfilled by the recitations in the said affidavit that the affiant received information from a credible and reliable person who had given information in the past regarding narcotic traffic which had proven to be true and correct.”); Barnes v. State, 504 S.W.2d 450, 454 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Hegdal v. State, 488 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex.Crim.App.1972).	1	2
Stoddard v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1972 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005 2 sentences 2005Ware v. State, 724 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex.Crim.App.1986); see Stoddard v. State, 475 S.W.2d 744 (Tex.Crim.App.1972). 2005Ware v. State, 724 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex.Crim.App.1986); see Stoddard v. State, 475 S.W.2d 744 (Tex.Crim.App.1972).	1	1
Curtis v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1975 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990 2 sentences 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975). 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).	1	1
Young v. Stategreen texapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990 2 sentences 1990Eisenhauer, 754 S.W.2d at 164 ; Young v. State, 759 S.W.2d 680, 682 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1988, pet. ref’d). 1990Eisenhauer, 754 S.W.2d at 164 ; Young v. State, 759 S.W.2d 680, 682 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1988, pet. ref’d).	1	1
Capistran v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990 2 sentences 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975). 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).	1	1
Gonzales v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990 2 sentences 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975). 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).	1	1
Barnes v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1974 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988E.g., Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 832 (Tex.Crim.App.1977) (“The second prong of Aguilar was fulfilled by the recitations in the said affidavit that the affiant received information from a credible and reliable person who had given information in the past regarding narcotic traffic which had proven to be true and correct.”); Barnes v. State, 504 S.W.2d 450, 454 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Hegdal v. State, 488 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex.Crim.App.1972). 1988E.g., Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 832 (Tex.Crim.App.1977) (“The second prong of Aguilar was fulfilled by the recitations in the said affidavit that the affiant received information from a credible and reliable person who had given information in the past regarding narcotic traffic which had proven to be true and correct.”); Barnes v. State, 504 S.W.2d 450, 454 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Hegdal v. State, 488 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex.Crim.App.1972).	1	1
Marquez v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988Marquez v. State, 725 S.W.2d 217, 233 (Tex.Crim.App.1987); Ware v. State, 724 S.W.2d 38, 41 (Tex.Crim.App.1986). 1988Marquez v. State, 725 S.W.2d 217, 233 (Tex.Crim.App.1987); Ware v. State, 724 S.W.2d 38, 41 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).	1	1
Winkles v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1982 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988In order for a search warrant based on hearsay to issue under the test, "The magistrate must simply (1) be informed of the underlying circumstances from which it can be determined that the affiant received his information in a `reliable' way and the magistrate must also (2) simply be informed of specific factual allegations from which the affiant concluded that the source was `credible' or his information `reliable.' Absent such factual allegations, there is not sufficient basis for a neutral magistrate to make an initial determination that probable cause exists." Winkles v. State, 634 S.W. 2d 1988In order for a search warrant based on hearsay to issue under the test, “The magistrate must simply (1) be informed of the underlying circumstances from which it can be determined that the affiant received his information in a ‘reliable’ way and the magistrate must also (2) simply be informed of specific factual allegations from which the affiant concluded that the source was ‘credible’ or his information ‘reliable.’ Absent such factual allegations, there is not sufficient basis for a neutral magistrate to make an initial determination that probable cause exists.” Winkles v. State, 634 S.W.2d	1	1
Bridger v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1974 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987 2 sentences 1987Appellant relies upon the reasoning expressed in Bridger v. State, 503 S.W.2d 801, 803-804 (Tex.Crim.App.1974), which invalidated a search warrant under the first prong of the former Aguilar-Spinelli standard of review. 1987Appellant relies upon the reasoning expressed in Bridger v. State, 503 S.W.2d 801, 803-804 (Tex.Crim.App.1974), which invalidated a search warrant under the first prong of the former Aguilar-Spinelli standard of review.	1	1
Wood v. Stategreen texcrimapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982 2 sentences 1982Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 114-15 , 84 S.Ct. 1509, 1513-1514 , 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 412-413 , 89 S.Ct. 584, 586-587 , 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969); Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 313-314 , 79 S.Ct. 329, 333 , 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959); Wood v. State, 573 S.W.2d 207, 212 (Tex.Cr.App.1978). 1982Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 114-15 , 84 S.Ct. 1509, 1513-1514 , 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 412-413 , 89 S.Ct. 584, 586-587 , 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969); Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 313-314 , 79 S.Ct. 329, 333 , 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959); Wood v. State, 573 S.W.2d 207, 212 (Tex.Cr.App.1978).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (12)

Case	Cited	Years
Eisenhauer v. Texas green scotus · 1988 2 sentences 1998Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 848 , 109 S.Ct. 127 , 102 L.Ed.2d 101 . 1998Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 848 , 109 S.Ct. 127 , 102 L.Ed.2d 101 .	2	1990–1998
Herman Bros. v. Teamsters Local Union No. 430 green scotus · 1988 2 sentences 1998Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 848 , 109 S.Ct. 127 , 102 L.Ed.2d 101 . 1998Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 848 , 109 S.Ct. 127 , 102 L.Ed.2d 101 .	2	1990–1998
Van Voorhis & Skaggs v. Federal Savings & Loan Insurance green scotus · 1988 2 sentences 1998Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 848 , 109 S.Ct. 127 , 102 L.Ed.2d 101 . 1998Eisenhauer v. State, 754 S.W.2d 159, 164 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 848 , 109 S.Ct. 127 , 102 L.Ed.2d 101 .	2	1990–1998
Nathanson v. United States green scotus · 1933 1 sentence 2012See also Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 (1964); Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 (1969). 25 Gates, 462 U.S. at 239 . 26 See Nathanson v. United States, 290 U.S. 41 (1933).	1	2012–2012
Avilez v. State neutral texapp · 1990 2 sentences 1998The Fourteenth Court of Appeals in Avilez v. State, 796 S.W.2d 240 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, pet. dism’d) stated: The informant’s “basis of knowledge” is not contested, but the affidavit is challenged for failure to meet the second prong of the Aguilar-Spinelli test which requires that sufficient facts be shown in the affidavit to establish the informant’s “veracity” or the “reliability” of his report. 1998The Fourteenth Court of Appeals in Avilez v. State, 796 S.W.2d 240 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, pet. dism’d) stated: The informant’s “basis of knowledge” is not contested, but the affidavit is challenged for failure to meet the second prong of the Aguilar-Spinelli test which requires that sufficient facts be shown in the affidavit to establish the informant’s “veracity” or the “reliability” of his report.	1	1998–1998
Muniz v. State neutral texapp · 1992 2 sentences 1993Muniz v. State, 844 S.W.2d at 261-62 . 1993Muniz v. State, 844 S.W.2d at 261-62 .	1	1993–1993
Young v. Mabry green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975). 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).	1	1990–1990
Gonzales v. Texas neutral scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975). 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).	1	1990–1990
Gibbs v. United States green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975). 1990Capistran v. State, 759 S.W.2d 121, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.1988) (on reh’g); Gonzales v. State, 577 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Tex.Crim.App.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 853 , 100 S.Ct. 109 , 62 L.Ed.2d 71 (1979); Torres v. State, 552 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.Crim.App.1977); Curtis v. State, 519 S.W.2d 883, 886 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).	1	1990–1990
Long v. State red texcrimapp · 1987 2 sentences 1988E.g., People v. Sherbine, supra. What really shocks me about Judge McCormick's opinion, in addition to what I have already stated, is the fact that he has long been the paradigmatic judge of this Court in dogmatically subscribing to the view that this Court should never be or act as a "Super Legislature", as seen by the dissenting opinions that he filed in Long v. State, 742 S.W.2d 302 (Tex.Cr.App.1987), "This Court has the obligation not to act as a super-legislature, substituting our opinion for that of the second branch of government. 1988E.g., People v. Sherbine, supra. What really shocks me about Judge McCormick’s opinion, in addition to what I have already stated, is the fact that he has long been the paradigmatic judge of this Court in dogmatically subscribing to the view that this Court should never be or act as a “Super Legislature”, as seen by the dissenting opinions that he filed in Long v. State, 742 S.W.2d 302 (Tex.Cr.App.1987), “This Court has the obligation not to act as a super-legislature, substituting our opinion for that of the second branch of government.	1	1988–1988
Avery v. State green texcrimapp · 1977 2 sentences 1983Avery v. State, 545 S.W.2d 803 (Tex.Cr.App.1977). 1983Avery v. State, 545 S.W.2d 803 (Tex.Cr.App.1977).	1	1983–1983
Draper v. United States green scotus · 1959	1	1982–1982

Where else courts name it

NY 312 (1975–2025) MA 119 (1985–2025) WA 87 (1973–2023) TN 86 (1991–2025) CT 44 (1984–2021) CO 43 (1973–2021) TX 35 (1982–2012) NM 29 (1989–2025) PA 29 (1973–2018) AK 21 (1985–2016) IL 17 (1977–2006) GA 15 (1975–1992) ID 15 (1980–2012) MI 13 (1982–2021) AL 12 (1982–2004) CA 10 (1983–2017) VA 9 (1972–2011) UT 8 (1984–2003) FL 8 (1978–1995) MD 8 (1974–2007) VT 7 (1989–2018) OH 7 (1988–2025) DC 6 (1977–2017) MT 6 (1978–2020) NC 5 (1983–2008) OK 5 (1973–1991) SD 4 (1976–2006) OR 3 (1985–2020) RI 3 (1984–2001) MS 3 (1985–2007) LA 3 (1983–1983) DE 2 (2008–2018) NH 2 (1985–1986) WY 2 (1992–1993) ND 2 (1985–1988) IN 2 (1988–1988) MN 2 (1978–1985) IA 2 (1990–2022) NJ 2 (1987–1991)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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