adverse possession claim (Michigan) · Go Syfert
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adverse possession claim in Michigan

30 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1897–2026 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

CaseFollowedCited
Kipka v. Fountaingreen
michctapp · 1993 · cited in 6 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2017–2025
2 sentences

2025As a result, the elements of an adverse possession claim “are not arbitrary requirements, but the logical consequence of someone claiming by adverse possession having the burden of proving that the statute of limitations has expired.” Id.

2021Disseisin occurs when the true owner is deprived of possession or displaced by someone exercising the powers and privileges of ownership. [Kipka, 198 Mich App at 439 (citations omitted).] In Wengel v Wengel, 270 Mich App 86, 92-93 ; 714 NW2d 371 (2006), this Court further explained the doctrine of adverse possession, touching on the requirement that the possession be hostile: Other cases additionally indicate that the possession must be hostile and under cover of a claim of right.

36
Gorte v. Department of Transportationgreen
michctapp · 1993 · cited in 4 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2011–2026
2 sentences

2018Thus, assuming all other elements have been established, one gains title by adverse possession when the period of limitation expires, not when an action regarding the title to the property is brought. [ Id . at 168-169, 507 N.W.2d 797 (citations omitted).] Therefore, that portion of Gorte quoted by the Court of Appeals simply describes the general effect of an adverse-possession claim, assuming that all the other elements have been established.

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

24
Beach v. Lima Townshipgreen
michctapp · 2009 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2011–2025
2 sentences

2025Because defendants had the right to be on the beach disputed area, their easement rights “somewhat alter the evidentiary burden in relation to the adverse possession analysis.” Beach v Lima Twp, 283 Mich App 504, 514 ; 770 NW2d 386 (2009).

2025Because defendants had the right to be on the beach disputed area, their easement rights “somewhat alter the evidentiary burden in relation to the adverse possession analysis.” Beach v Lima Twp, 283 Mich App 504, 514 ; 770 NW2d 386 (2009).

13
Burns v. Fostergreen
mich · 1957 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1959–2011
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12
McCAUSEY v. OLIVERgreen
michctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025In McCausey, 253 Mich App at 704, 709 , the “plaintiffs brought an adverse possession claim, challenging title to the property conveyed by the [grantors] to the [grantees].” After the grantees “successfully defended against [the] action,” they sought costs and attorney fees.

2025Because the plaintiffs’ adverse possession claim ultimately failed, “[t]here was not a breach of the covenant of warranty because [the] plaintiffs did not have a paramount title and the [grantees] were not evicted.” Id. at 704-705, 709 .

11
Tomecek v. Bavasgreen
mich · 2008 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Tomecek, 482 Mich at 499 (CAVANAGH, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

11
Denison v. Deamgreen
michctapp · 1967 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (36)

CaseCitedYears
Wengel v. Wengel green
michctapp · 2006
2 sentences

2021Disseisin occurs when the true owner is deprived of possession or displaced by someone exercising the powers and privileges of ownership. [Kipka, 198 Mich App at 439 (citations omitted).] In Wengel v Wengel, 270 Mich App 86, 92-93 ; 714 NW2d 371 (2006), this Court further explained the doctrine of adverse possession, touching on the requirement that the possession be hostile: Other cases additionally indicate that the possession must be hostile and under cover of a claim of right.

2021Disseisin occurs when the true owner is deprived of possession or displaced by someone exercising the powers and privileges of ownership. [Kipka, 198 Mich App at 439 (citations omitted).] In Wengel v Wengel, 270 Mich App 86, 92-93 ; 714 NW2d 371 (2006), this Court further explained the doctrine of adverse possession, touching on the requirement that the possession be hostile: Other cases additionally indicate that the possession must be hostile and under cover of a claim of right.

62009–2026
McQueen v. Black green
michctapp · 1988
2 sentences

2021McQueen v Black, 168 Mich App 641, 643 ; 425 NW2d 203 (1988), quoting Connelly v Buckingham, 136 Mich App 462, 467-468 ; 357 NW2d 70 (1984).

2021McQueen v Black, 168 Mich App 641, 643 ; 425 NW2d 203 (1988), quoting Connelly v Buckingham, 136 Mich App 462, 467-468 ; 357 NW2d 70 (1984).

41997–2021
Connelly v. Buckingham green
michctapp · 1984
2 sentences

2021McQueen v Black, 168 Mich App 641, 643 ; 425 NW2d 203 (1988), quoting Connelly v Buckingham, 136 Mich App 462, 467-468 ; 357 NW2d 70 (1984).

2021McQueen v Black, 168 Mich App 641, 643 ; 425 NW2d 203 (1988), quoting Connelly v Buckingham, 136 Mich App 462, 467-468 ; 357 NW2d 70 (1984).

32018–2021
Mason v. City of Menominee green
michctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2015To succeed on a claim of acquiescence, it is “not require[d] that the possession be hostile or without permission as would an adverse possession claim.” Mason, 282 Mich App at 529 . 3 Plaintiff also brought a claim based on the doctrine of adverse possession, but that claim was later abandoned and is not before us. -2- Instead, “[a] claim of acquiescence to a boundary line based upon the statutory period of fifteen years . . . requires merely a showing that the parties acquiesced in the line and treated the line as the boundary for the statutory period, irrespective of whether there was a bona

2015To succeed on a claim of acquiescence, it is “not require[d] that the possession be hostile or without permission as would an adverse possession claim.” Mason, 282 Mich App at 529 . 3 Plaintiff also brought a claim based on the doctrine of adverse possession, but that claim was later abandoned and is not before us. -2- Instead, “[a] claim of acquiescence to a boundary line based upon the statutory period of fifteen years . . . requires merely a showing that the parties acquiesced in the line and treated the line as the boundary for the statutory period, irrespective of whether there was a bona

22015–2018
Siegel v. Renkiewicz Estate green
mich · 1964
2 sentences

2026Unlike claims brought under the doctrine of adverse possession, “proof of privity is not necessary . . . to employ tacking of holdings to obtain the 15-year minimum under the doctrine of acquiescence.” Siegel v Renkiewicz’ Estate, 373 Mich 421, 426 ; 129 NW2d 876 (1964).

2026Unlike claims brought under the doctrine of adverse possession, “proof of privity is not necessary . . . to employ tacking of holdings to obtain the 15-year minimum under the doctrine of acquiescence.” Siegel v Renkiewicz’ Estate, 373 Mich 421, 426 ; 129 NW2d 876 (1964).

12026–2026
Smith v. Feneley green
mich · 1927
1 sentence

2023Id.

12023–2023
People v. Lueth green
michctapp · 2003
2 sentences

2021Despite not qualifying to take title under the doctrine of adverse possession, defendant nonetheless would have to be acquitted if he held an honest belief that he was the owner of the properties because false pretenses requires, among other things, that “at the time the pretense was used[,] the defendant must have known it to be false.” People v Lueth, 253 Mich App 670, 680 ; 660 NW2d 322 (2002).

2021Despite not qualifying to take title under the doctrine of adverse possession, defendant nonetheless would have to be acquitted if he held an honest belief that he was the owner of the properties because false pretenses requires, among other things, that “at the time the pretense was used[,] the defendant must have known it to be false.” People v Lueth, 253 Mich App 670, 680 ; 660 NW2d 322 (2002).

12021–2021
Canjar v. Cole green
michctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2020MCL 600.5801(4); Canjar v Cole, 283 Mich App 723, 731 ; 770 NW2d 449 (2009).

2020MCL 600.5801(4); Canjar v Cole, 283 Mich App 723, 731 ; 770 NW2d 449 (2009).

12020–2020
Ligon v. City of Detroit green
michctapp · 2007
1 sentence

2018Ligon v Detroit, 276 Mich App 120, 124 ; 739 NW2d 900 (2007). -5- This theory of acquiescence does not require that possession to be hostile or without permission as would an adverse possession claim. . . .

12018–2018
Ligon v. City of Detroit green
michctapp · 2007
1 sentence

2018Ligon v Detroit, 276 Mich App 120, 124 ; 739 NW2d 900 (2007). -5- This theory of acquiescence does not require that possession to be hostile or without permission as would an adverse possession claim. . . .

12018–2018
Beach v. Lima Township green
mich · 2011
1 sentence

2018Beach v Lima Twp, 283 Mich App 504, 513-514 ; 770 NW2d 386 (2009), aff’d 489 Mich 99 (2011).

12018–2018
Arduino v. City of Detroit neutral
mich · 1930
2 sentences

2017Arduino v Detroit, 249 Mich 382, 384 ; 228 NW 694 (1930).

2017Arduino v Detroit, 249 Mich 382, 384 ; 228 NW 694 (1930).

12017–2017
Marble v. Price neutral
mich · 1884
2 sentences

2017Marble v Price, 54 Mich 466, 467-468 ; 20 NW 531 (1884); Bachus v West Traverse Twp, 107 Mich App 743, 747 ; 310 NW2d 1 (1981), remanded 412 Mich 870 (1981).

2017Marble v Price, 54 Mich 466, 467-468 ; 20 NW 531 (1884); Bachus v West Traverse Twp, 107 Mich App 743, 747 ; 310 NW2d 1 (1981), remanded 412 Mich 870 (1981).

12017–2017
Bachus v. West Traverse Township green
michctapp · 1981
2 sentences

2017Marble v Price, 54 Mich 466, 467-468 ; 20 NW 531 (1884); Bachus v West Traverse Twp, 107 Mich App 743, 747 ; 310 NW2d 1 (1981), remanded 412 Mich 870 (1981).

2017Marble v Price, 54 Mich 466, 467-468 ; 20 NW 531 (1884); Bachus v West Traverse Twp, 107 Mich App 743, 747 ; 310 NW2d 1 (1981), remanded 412 Mich 870 (1981).

12017–2017
Killips v. Mannisto green
michctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2015“Further, ‘[t]he acquiescence of predecessors in title can be tacked onto that of the parties in order to establish the mandated period of fifteen years.’” Id., quoting Killips v Mannisto, 244 Mich App 256, 260 ; 624 NW2d 224 (2001).

2015“Further, ‘[t]he acquiescence of predecessors in title can be tacked onto that of the parties in order to establish the mandated period of fifteen years.’” Id., quoting Killips v Mannisto, 244 Mich App 256, 260 ; 624 NW2d 224 (2001).

12015–2015
Zabowski v. Loerch neutral
mich · 1931
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Gardner v. Gardner green
mich · 1932
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Sanscrainte v. Torongo green
mich · 1891
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Miller v. Miller neutral
mich · 1894
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Escher v. Bender green
mich · 1953
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Walker v. Bowen green
mich · 1952
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Woodman v. Kera LLC green
mich · 2010
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Hoover v. MICHIGAN MUT. INS. CO. neutral
mich · 2010
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010).

12011–2011
Department of Transportation v. Tomkins green
mich · 2008
2 sentences

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

2011ANALYSIS This Court has long recognized the common law doctrine of adverse possession,15 which the Legislature has since codified.16 To establish adverse possession, the party 9 Id. at 520 (emphasis omitted). 10 The order granting leave to appeal directed the parties to brief only “whether a plaintiff who seeks to establish an adverse possession claim that would affect property in a recorded plat must file a claim under the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq., if the plaintiff is not expressly requesting that the plat be vacated, corrected or revised.” Beach v Lima Twp, 485 Mich 1036 (2010)

12011–2011
Nicholls v. Healy green
michctapp · 1971
12009–2009
People v. Raymond green
mich · 2008
12009–2009
Terlecki v. Stewart green
michctapp · 2008
12009–2009
Walters v. Snyder green
michctapp · 1997
12009–2009
Longton v. Stedman green
mich · 1917
12009–2009
Dunnick v. Stockgrowers Bank of Marmouth green
neb · 1974
11981–1981
Dubois v. Karazin green
mich · 1946
11976–1976
Toll v. Wright green
mich · 1877
11897–1897
Campau v. Lafferty green
mich · 1883
11897–1897
Murray v. Hudson green
mich · 1887
11897–1897
Bower v. Earl green
mich · 1869
11897–1897
Whitaker v. Erie Shooting Club green
mich · 1894
11897–1897

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5801 (21) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5821 (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 560.227a (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5829 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 90 (1930–2026) NY 81 (1875–2026) MO 52 (1855–2025) WA 51 (1943–2026) OH 46 (1979–2026) OR 35 (1909–2025) IN 33 (1855–2025) ME 32 (1914–2024) MI 30 (1897–2026) RI 27 (1970–2026) CT 27 (1983–2025) WY 27 (1981–2025) WI 26 (1927–2025) IA 21 (1903–2024) AL 21 (1866–2026) PA 20 (1840–2025) CA 19 (1915–2025) IL 19 (1981–2024) SC 18 (1987–2022) TN 18 (1998–2026) CO 17 (1956–2026) MS 15 (1987–2025) AZ 14 (1979–2024) MN 13 (1988–2026) AR 13 (1959–2021) WV 12 (1892–2025) MD 10 (1984–2018) NH 10 (1984–2025) ND 10 (1999–2025) OK 10 (1924–2014) NC 9 (1919–2025) VT 8 (2013–2025) UT 8 (1989–2025) VA 8 (1938–2026) NM 8 (1969–2003) MA 8 (1979–2025) KY 8 (2009–2025) GA 8 (1999–2023) KS 7 (1974–2024) HI 7 (1905–2016) ID 7 (1892–2024) SD 6 (1997–2026) NJ 6 (1979–2024) DE 5 (1959–2024) NE 4 (2016–2023) FL 4 (1991–2019) AK 3 (1982–2005) NV 3 (1992–2021) VI 3 (2008–2012) DC 2 (2019–2020) MT 2 (1991–2000)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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