interests hearing (Illinois) · Go Syfert
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interests hearing in Illinois

117 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1967–2025 34 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (39)

CaseFollowedCited
In Re DTgreen
ill · 2004 · cited in 10 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2025
2 sentences

2024App. 3d 766, 772 (2002). “[A]t a best interests hearing, the parent’s interest in maintaining the parent-child relationship must yield to the child’s interest in a stable, loving home life.” In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 364 (2004).

2023In this case, no argument regarding Sade’s fitness was raised, and therefore, we move to the second stage. ¶ 36 At the best interests hearing “the parent’s interest in maintaining the parent-child relationship must yield to the child’s interest in a stable, loving home life.” In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347 , 364 (2004).

510
In Re GLgreen
illappct · 2002 · cited in 6 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2004–2010
2 sentences

2010See In re G.L., 329 Ill.App.3d 18 , 25, 263 Ill.Dec. 607 , 768 N.E.2d 367 (2002).

2010See In re G.L., 329 Ill.App.3d 18 , 25, 263 Ill.Dec. 607 , 768 N.E.2d 367 (2002).

56
In Interest of Lakita B.green
illappct · 1998 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014In re Lakita B., 297 Ill.

2014In re Lakita B., 297 Ill.

44
People v. Hodgesgreen
illappct · 2009 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2025
2 sentences

2025At the best interests hearing, the formal rules of evidence do not apply, but rather, “all evidence helpful (in the court’s judgment) in determining the questions before the court may be admitted and may be relied upon to the extent of its probative value, even though that evidence would not be admissible in a proceeding where the formal rules of evidence applied.” In re Jay H., 395 Ill.

2025At the best interests hearing, the formal rules of evidence do not apply, but rather, “all evidence helpful (in the court’s judgment) in determining the questions before the court may be admitted and may be relied upon to the extent of its probative value, even though that evidence would not be admissible in a proceeding where the formal rules of evidence applied.” In re Jay H., 395 Ill.

33
In Re APgreen
illappct · 1996 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2001
2 sentences

2001In re J.T.C., 273 Ill.App.3d 193 , 200, 209 Ill.Dec. 881 , 652 N.E.2d 421, 426 (1995); In re A.P., 277 Ill.App.3d 593 , 600, *331 214 Ill.Dec. 299 , 660 N.E.2d 1006, 1012 (1996).

2000Termination is only allowed after a separate best interests hearing ( In re A.P., 277 Ill.App.3d 593 , 600, 214 Ill.

33
In Re DTgreen
illappct · 2003 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2004–2025
2 sentences

2004The cases relied upon by respondent in support of her position that the Report is only admissible with respect to a best interests hearing, In re D.T., 338 Ill.

2004The cases relied upon by respondent in support of her position that the Report is only admissible with respect to a best interests hearing, In re D.T., 338 Ill.App.3d 133 , 272 Ill.Dec. 829 , 788 N.E.2d 133 (2003), and In re C.B., 248 Ill.App.3d 168 , 188 Ill.Dec. 28 , 618 N.E.2d 598 (1993), do not aid her.

24
In Re DLgreen
ill · 2000 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2002
2 sentences

2002See D.L., 191 Ill.2d at 12-13 , 245 Ill.Dec. 256 , 727 N.E.2d 990 (holding that where the parent was found unfit under section 1(D)(m), evidence of the parent's more recent conduct occurring outside the relevant statutory period may be introduced at the best interests hearing); In re Adoption of D.A., 222 Ill.App.3d 73, 79-80 , 164 Ill.Dec. *1117 696, 583 N.E.2d 612 (1991) (holding that a parent's departure from a lengthy period of objectionable conduct does not eliminate the existence of grounds for determination that the parent is unfit; instead, it is a factor to consider at the best intere

2002See D.L., 191 Ill.2d at 12-13 , 245 Ill.Dec. 256 , 727 N.E.2d 990 (holding that where the parent was found unfit under section 1(D)(m), evidence of the parent's more recent conduct occurring outside the relevant statutory period may be introduced at the best interests hearing); In re Adoption of D.A., 222 Ill.App.3d 73, 79-80 , 164 Ill.Dec. *1117 696, 583 N.E.2d 612 (1991) (holding that a parent's departure from a lengthy period of objectionable conduct does not eliminate the existence of grounds for determination that the parent is unfit; instead, it is a factor to consider at the best intere

24
Lisowski v. MACNEAL MEMORIAL HOSP. ASS'Ngreen
illappct · 2008 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2018–2019
2 sentences

2019App. 3d 275, 288 , 885 N.E.2d 1120, 1134 (2008). ¶ 67 The record indicates that the best interests hearing and the trial court’s ruling encompassed Inez’s entire life, not just her recent adulthood, which is when Martin petitioned for visitation.

2018App. 3d 275 , 288, 319 Ill.Dec. 440 , 885 N.E.2d 1120 , 1134 (2008). ¶ 67 The record indicates that the best interests hearing and the trial court's ruling encompassed Inez's entire life, not just her recent adulthood, which is when Martin petitioned for visitation.

23
In re Julian K.green
illappct · 2012 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See In re Julian K., 2012 IL App (1st) 112841, ¶¶ 82-84 . ¶ 90 Respondent also contends that Z.S. “would clearly be harmed if that contact were to cease.” There is no reason to think that Z.S.’s contact with respondent will cease when his foster parents - 22 - No. 1-25-0228 adopt him.

2025See In re Julian K., 2012 IL App (1st) 112841, ¶¶ 82-84 . ¶ 91 Respondent also contends that Z.S. “would clearly be harmed if that contact were to cease.” There is no reason to think that Z.S.’s contact with respondent will cease when his foster parents adopt him.

22
People v. Arthur H.green
ill · 2004 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 462 (2004); 705 ILCS 405/1- 1 et seq.

2024In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d 441, 462 (2004); 705 ILCS 405/1- 1 et seq.

22
People v. Leegreen
illappct · 2016 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See People v. Lee, 2016 IL App (2d) 150359, ¶ 14 (appellate court reviews the trial court’s judgment, not its reasoning, and can affirm on any basis supported by the record).

2024See People v. Lee, 2016 IL App (2d) 150359, ¶ 14 (appellate court reviews the trial court’s judgment, not its reasoning, and can affirm on any - 24 - No. 1-23-2041 basis supported by the record).

22
People v. Houargreen
illappct · 2006 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2021
2 sentences

2021App. 3d 682, 686 , 850 N.E.2d 327, 331 (2006). ¶ 26 In this case, the best interests factors all favor termination of respondent’s parental rights.

2020App. 3d 682, 686 , 850 N.E.2d 327, 331 (2006). ¶ 34 In this case, the best interests factors all favor termination of respondent’s parental rights.

22
People v. Rudigreen
ill · 1984 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008People v. Rudi, 103 Ill. 2d 216, 223 , 469 N.E.2d 580, 583-84 (1984); People v. Collins, 214 Ill.

2008People v. Rudi, 103 Ill. 2d 216, 223 , 469 N.E.2d 580, 583-84 (1984); People v. Collins, 214 Ill.

22
People v. Browngreen
ill · 1981 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
22
In Re BCgreen
illappct · 2000 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See In re B.C., 317 Ill.App.3d 607, 614 , 251 Ill.Dec. 211 , 740 N.E.2d 41 (2000); In re G.L., 329 Ill.App.3d 18 , 25, 263 Ill.Dec. 607 , 768 N.E.2d 367 (2002).

2004See In re B.C., 317 Ill.App.3d 607, 614 , 251 Ill.Dec. 211 , 740 N.E.2d 41 (2000); In re G.L., 329 Ill.App.3d 18 , 25, 263 Ill.Dec. 607 , 768 N.E.2d 367 (2002).

22
In Re Marriage of Ludwinskigreen
illappct · 2000 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
22
In Re Marriage of Smithgreen
ill · 1996 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
22
In Re Davonte L.green
illappct · 1998 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
22
Petition of Kirchnergreen
ill · 1995 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1996–1998
22
In re Tajannah O.green
illappct · 2014 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025In re Tajannah O., 2014 IL App (1st) 133119, ¶ 19 . ¶ 49 The evidence presented at the best interests hearing was more than sufficient to support the circuit court’s finding that termination of Father’s rights was in Ethan’s best interest.

2025In re Tajannah O., 2014 IL App (1st) 133119, ¶ 19 . ¶ 68 Respondent also argues that the trial court erred when it limited her presentation of evidence about the services she was continuing to receive at the time of the best interests hearing.

12
In re B.B. and A.T.green
illappct · 2008 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2024
2 sentences

2024The foster parents’ commitment to maintaining the siblings’ relationships with each other also favors termination of parental rights and adoption. ¶ 78 Destiny S. relies on In re B.B., 386 Ill.

2011App.3d at 697-98 , 326 Ill.Dec. 252 , 899 N.E.2d 469 . ¶ 34 During the best interests hearing, the parent's interest in maintaining the parent-child relationship must yield to the child's interest to live in a stable, permanent, loving home.

12
People v. Martha R.green
illappct · 2010 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2012–2021
2 sentences

2021The State has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that termination is in the child’s best interests. [Citation.] The court’s determination in this respect lies within its 25 sound discretion, especially when it considers the credibility of testimony presented at the best interests hearing; that determination will not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence or the trial court has abused its discretion. [Citation.] ‘A finding is against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident.’ [Citation.]” In re Dea

2012In re Deandre D., 405 Ill.

12
People v. Naylorgreen
ill · 2008 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011People v. Naylor, 229 Ill.2d 584, 603 , 323 Ill.Dec. 381 , 893 N.E.2d 653 (2008). ¶ 29 On appeal, father does not challenge the court's finding of unfitness as improper or state how the conversation, if overheard, affected the outcome of the best interests hearing.

2011People v. Naylor, 229 Ill.2d 584, 603 , 323 Ill.Dec. 381 , 893 N.E.2d 653 (2008). ¶ 29 On appeal, father does not challenge the court's finding of unfitness as improper or state how the conversation, if overheard, affected the outcome of the best interests hearing.

12
People v. Collinsgreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008People v. Rudi, 103 Ill. 2d 216, 223 , 469 N.E.2d 580, 583-84 (1984); People v. Collins, 214 Ill.

2008People v. Rudi, 103 Ill.2d 216, 223 , 82 Ill.Dec. 936 , 469 N.E.2d 580, 583-84 (1984); People v. Collins, 214 Ill.App.3d 98, 104 , 157 Ill.Dec. 928 , 573 N.E.2d 346, 350 (1991).

12
In Re Adoption of DAgreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
12
In Interest of Jtcgreen
illappct · 1995 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
12
In Re GWgreen
illappct · 2005 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
In Re Jay H.green
illappct · 2009 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
In Re Marriage of Walkergreen
illappct · 2008 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
In Re Marriage of Bhati and Singhgreen
illappct · 2009 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
In re Marriage of Gabrielgreen
illappct · 2020 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
In Re AWgreen
ill · 2008 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
In Re AJgreen
illappct · 2001 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
In Re Marriage of Petraitisgreen
illappct · 1993 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
In Re Marriage of Striblinggreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
People v. Terry S.green
illappct · 2002 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
In re S.W.green
illappct · 2015 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
In Re OSgreen
illappct · 2006 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
In Re Marriage of Lombaergreen
illappct · 1990 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (41)

CaseCitedYears
In Re DM green
illappct · 2002
2 sentences

2022Minor Children’s Best Interests ¶ 48 Last, respondent argues the circuit court’s finding it was in the children’s best interests to terminate her parental rights was against the manifest weight of the evidence. ¶ 49 At the best interests hearing, the circuit court is to consider “the child[ren]’s welfare and whether termination would improve the child[ren]’s future financial, social and emotional atmosphere.” In re D.M., 336 Ill.

2022The State disagrees and contends the court’s finding was proper. ¶ 37 During the best interests hearing, the circuit court focuses on “the child’s welfare and whether termination would improve the child’s future financial, social and emotional atmosphere.” In re D.M., 336 Ill.

52020–2022
People v. Stilley green
ill · 1977
2 sentences

2014"If the best interests standard can be attained only by placing the child in the custody of someone other than the natural parent, it is unnecessary for the court to find the natural parent unfit to care for the child." (Emphasis added.) (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 29 The standard of proof at the dispositional hearing is a preponderance of the evidence.

2014"If the best interests standard can be attained only by placing the child in the custody of someone other than the natural parent, it is unnecessary for the court to find the natural parent unfit to care for the child." (Emphasis added.) (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 29 The standard of proof at the dispositional hearing is a preponderance of the evidence.

42014–2014
Estate of Howell v. Howell green
illappct · 2015
2 sentences

2019Howell, 2015 IL App (1st) 133247, ¶ 41 .

2018Howell , 2015 IL App (1st) 133247 , ¶ 41, 394 Ill.Dec. 360 , 36 N.E.3d 293 .

32018–2019
In re C.P. green
illappct · 2020
2 sentences

2023C.P., 2019 IL App (4th) 190420, ¶ 68 . ¶ 21 At the time of the best interests hearing, J.M. had been in the care of his foster parents since he was born.

2023C.P., 2019 IL App (4th) 190420, ¶ 68 . ¶ 21 At the time of the best interests hearing, J.M. had been in the care of his foster parents since he was born.

22023–2023
In Re Marriage of Anderson green
illappct · 1985
2 sentences

2016Id. at 688 . ¶ 56 In this case, neither party requested a limitation or restriction of any kind in John’s visitation with his children, and the trial court did not restrict or limit John’s visitation rights beyond what the parties had already agreed to in the October 29, 2013 custody judgment.

2015Id. at 688 . 20 1-15-1358 ¶ 56 In this case, neither party requested a limitation or restriction of any kind in John's visitation with his children, and the trial court did not restrict or limit John's visitation rights beyond what the parties had already agreed to in the October 29, 2013 custody judgment.

22015–2016
In Re Parentage of John M. green
ill · 2004
2 sentences

2015Id. at 257 . ¶ 30 In rejecting this argument, we recognized that legal determinations regarding the father-child relationship are governed by section 7 of the Parentage Act.

2015(Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 33 CONCLUSION ¶ 34 For the above stated reasons, we conclude that the trial court was not required to make a best interests of the child determination prior to granting the GAL’s petition to disestablish paternity between Matthew and A.A.

22015–2015
People v. Lynette H.F. green
illappct · 2004
2 sentences

2014“The [trial] court’s determination [of the children’s best interest] lies within its sound discretion, especially when it considers the credibility of testimony presented at the best interests hearing; that determination will not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence or the trial court has abused its discretion.” In re Jaron Z., 348 Ill.

2014"The [trial] court's determination [of the children's best interest] lies within its sound discretion, especially when it considers the credibility of testimony presented at the best interests hearing; that determination will not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence or the trial court has abused its discretion." In re Jaron Z., 348 Ill.

22014–2014
People v. Knaff green
ill · 2001
2 sentences

2010People v. Knaff, 196 Ill. 2d 460, 468-69 , 752 N.E.2d 1123 (2001).

2010People v. Knaff, 196 Ill. 2d 460, 468-69 , 752 N.E.2d 1123 (2001).

22010–2010
People v. Ortega green
ill · 2004
2 sentences

2007In Holmes, the supreme court identified four of the interests or factors that could outweigh the defendant’s right to counsel of choice: “(1) the defendant’s interest in having the undivided loyalty of counsel; (2) the State’s right to a fair trial in which defense counsel acts ethically and does not use confidential information to attack a State’s witness; (3) the appearance of impropriety should the jury learn of the conflict; and (4) the probability that continued representation by counsel of choice will provide grounds for overturning a conviction.” Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 361-62 , 808 N.E.

2007In Holmes, the supreme court identified four of the interests or factors that could outweigh the defendant’s right to counsel of choice: “(1) the defendant’s interest in having the undivided loyalty of counsel; (2) the State’s right to a fair trial in which defense counsel acts ethically and does not use confidential information to attack a State’s witness; (3) the appearance of impropriety should the jury learn of the conflict; and (4) the probability that continued representation by counsel of choice will provide grounds for overturning a conviction.” Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 361-62 , 808 N.E.

22007–2007
In Re Adoption of E.L. green
illappct · 2000
2 sentences

2006In practical terms, the longer a party has custody of a child before a best interests hearing occurs, the greater the chance that the best interests of the child will lie with the child remaining in their care." In re E.L., 315 Ill.App.3d at 155 , 248 Ill.Dec. 171 , 733 N.E.2d at 860 .

2006In practical terms, the longer a party has custody of a child before a best interests hearing occurs, the greater the chance that the best interests of the child will lie with the child remaining in their care." In re E.L., 315 Ill.App.3d at 155 , 248 Ill.Dec. 171 , 733 N.E.2d at 860 .

22006–2006
In Re CB green
illappct · 1993
2 sentences

2004The cases relied upon by respondent in support of her position that the Report is only admissible with respect to a best interests hearing, In re D.T., 338 Ill.App.3d 133 , 272 Ill.Dec. 829 , 788 N.E.2d 133 (2003), and In re C.B., 248 Ill.App.3d 168 , 188 Ill.Dec. 28 , 618 N.E.2d 598 (1993), do not aid her.

2004The cases relied upon by respondent in support of her position that the Report is only admissible with respect to a best interests hearing, In re D.T., 338 Ill.App.3d 133 , 272 Ill.Dec. 829 , 788 N.E.2d 133 (2003), and In re C.B., 248 Ill.App.3d 168 , 188 Ill.Dec. 28 , 618 N.E.2d 598 (1993), do not aid her.

22004–2004
In Re DH green
illappct · 2001
22003–2003
In Re Marriage of Eckert green
ill · 1988
22003–2003
In Re HG green
ill · 2001
22003–2003
People v. Gloria M. green
illappct · 2001
22001–2001
In Interest of Jg green
illappct · 1998
22000–2000
Violetta B. v. Stanciel green
illappct · 1991
21994–1994
In Re LHR green
ga · 1984
21992–1992
In Re Guardianship of Barry green
fladistctapp · 1984
21992–1992
In Re Custody of Barokas green
illappct · 1982
21983–1989
Custody of a Minor green
mass · 1978
21987–1987
In re J.W. green
illappct · 2024
12025–2025
In re Faith S. green
illappct · 2019
12025–2025
In re Je. A. green
illappct · 2019
12025–2025
People v. Holveck green
ill · 1990
12024–2024
In Re DW green
ill · 2005
12024–2024
Presley v. Georgia green
scotus · 2010
12024–2024
In re A.R. green
illappct · 2023
12024–2024
In Re JP green
illappct · 2000
12024–2024
In re J.B. green
illappct · 2020
12023–2023
In Re Estate of Longeway green
ill · 1989
12022–2022
In re Es.C. green
illappct · 2021
12021–2021
In Re Marriage of Collingbourne green
ill · 2003
12021–2021
In Re RL green
illappct · 2004
12020–2020
In Re CW green
ill · 2002
12020–2020
People v. Hampton green
illappct · 2009
12020–2020
People v. Simpson green
ill · 2015
12019–2019
Lisowski v. MacNeal Memorial Hospital Association green
illappct · 2008
12018–2018
Karbin v. Karbin green
ill · 2012
12016–2016
In re Parentage of J.W. neutral
illappct · 2012
12012–2012

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 750 ILCS 50/1 (60) IL § 705 ILCS 405/1-3 (39) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-3 (36) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-29 (30) IL § 705 ILCS 405/1-1 (22) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-18 (10) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-21 (9) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-22 (9) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-27 (8) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-23 (7) IL § 705 ILCS 405/2-28 (6) IL § 750 ILCS 5/607 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 414 (1976–2026) NJ 259 (1972–2026) TN 253 (1978–2026) IL 117 (1967–2025) NE 99 (1991–2026) PA 73 (1976–2026) CO 68 (1994–2026) AZ 66 (1923–2025) AK 61 (1975–2026) CA 46 (1930–2026) MI 44 (1879–2025) ND 37 (1999–2025) MD 30 (1992–2024) UT 30 (1919–2024) MN 27 (1980–2024) ID 26 (1928–2026) OH 24 (1992–2024) MO 20 (1889–2022) WY 19 (1990–2026) MA 18 (1975–2018) WI 17 (1973–2024) VA 17 (1999–2022) TX 16 (1949–2020) WA 14 (1978–2024) WV 13 (1987–2024) NC 13 (1993–2020) FL 12 (1987–2018) DC 12 (1978–2010) KY 10 (1998–2025) KS 10 (1917–2019) IA 10 (1894–2022) NM 10 (1991–2024) AL 9 (1981–2006) IN 9 (1993–2018) CT 8 (1979–2016) OR 7 (1986–2025) VT 6 (1991–2018) DE 6 (1984–2023) SD 5 (1996–2023) MT 5 (1989–2004) ME 4 (1990–2010) OK 3 (2000–2013) HI 3 (2006–2024) VI 2 (1978–2016) GA 2 (2005–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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