lack defense in District of Columbia

14 District of Columbia opinions name it 1 courts 1976–2023 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by District of Columbia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

Case	Followed	Cited
Greer v. United Statesgreen scotus · 2021 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023 2 sentences 2023The lack of instruction on the mens rea element in such cases “does not deprive defendants of basic protections without which a criminal proceeding cannot reliably serve its function as a vehicle for determination of guilt or innocence[.]” Id. at 2100 (internal quotation marks removed). 2023Thus, even assuming a “Rehaif error” occurred, it is “not a basis for plain- error relief unless the defendant first makes a sufficient argument or representation on appeal that he would have presented evidence at trial that he did not in fact know he was a felon.” Id. at 2100 (cleaned up).	1	1
Gaston v. United Statesgreen dc · 1988 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 1 sentence 2016Under “these circumstances, the lack of a hearing becomes especially significant.” Gaston v. United States, 535 A.2d 893, 900 (D.C.1988).	1	1
Riddick v. United Statesgreen dc · 2002 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004 1 sentence 2004In this case, however, where the point was conceded by defense counsel in closing argument, the error was not obvious; nor was the appellant substantially prejudiced thereby, nor were the fairness and integrity of the trial undermined by the lack of instruction where the evidence of serious bodily injury was clear. 9 See Riddick v. United States, 806 A.2d 631, 639 (D.C.2002) (no plain error where trial court did not instruct on the elements of serious bodily injury, but where the government nevertheless had produced ample evidence of the seriousness of the injuries in question).	1	1
Robinson v. United Statesgreen dc · 1986 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003 1 sentence 2003The government appears to concede that the lack of an instruction on intent-to-frighten assault, see Robinson v. United States, 506 A.2d 572, 574 (D.C.1986), precludes affirmance of the conviction on the ground that the evidence was sufficient to prove an assault of that type. 17 .	1	1
In Re Delaneygreen dc · 1997 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 1 sentence 2000See In re Delaney, 697 A.2d 1212, 1214 (D.C.1997).	1	1
Irick v. United Statesgreen dc · 1989 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 1 sentence 1995Cf. Irick v. United States, 565 A.2d 26, 33 (D.C.1989).	1	1
Thomas v. United Statesgreen dc · 1982 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995 1 sentence 1995Assuming, without deciding, that the discovery provided by the prosecution was inadequate, cf. Thomas v. United States, 444 A.2d 952, 953 (D.C.1982), the lack of a defense objection narrows our review to a determination whether the trial judge committed plain error.	1	1
Fitzgerald v. United Statesgreen dc · 1987 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990 1 sentence 1990See Fitzgerald v. United States, 530 A.2d 1129, 1138 (D.C.1987). . 2 U.S.C. § 136 (1988) provides: The Librarian of Congress shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.	1	1
People v. Zwiersgreen calctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1
Session v. United Statesgreen dc · 1977 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988See Session v. United States, 381 A.2d 1, 2 (D.C.1977) (trial judge's ability to draw upon his own personal knowledge or recollection may be significant factor in reviewing trial court's refusal to grant hearing). 1988See Session v. United States, 381 A.2d 1, 2 (D.C.1977) (trial judge’s ability to draw upon his own personal knowledge or recollection may be significant factor in reviewing trial court’s refusal to grant hearing).	1	1
State v. Wusslergreen ariz · 1984 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1
Ballinger v. Stategreen wyo · 1968 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1
State v. McNealgreen wisctapp · 1980 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1
Lindsey v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1983 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988	1	1
People v. Boettchergreen ny · 1987 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1
Leonard R. Obery v. United Statesgreen cadc · 1954 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983	1	1
United States v. Maynard Francis Hayesgreen ca4 · 1967 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in District of Columbia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (21)

Case	Cited	Years
Pinckney v. United States green dc · 2006 2 sentences 2009This claim, however, is foreclosed by our decision in Pinckney v. United States, 906 A.2d 301 (D.C.2006), decided after the parties here had submitted their briefs, which rejected the same argument. 2009This claim, however, is foreclosed by our decision in Pinckney v. United States, 906 A.2d 301 (D.C.2006), decided after the parties here had submitted their briefs, which rejected the same argument.	1	2009–2009
Dresnek v. State green alaskactapp · 1985 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Dresnek v. State green alaska · 1986 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
State v. Wilkins green · 1977 2 sentences 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
State v. Walker neutral nc · 1977 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
State v. Wallace neutral nc · 1978 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Ex Parte Lindsey green ala · 1984 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Fince v. Klein neutral scotus · 1979 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Petrillo v. Spatola green scotus · 1979 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Foster v. County School Board green scotus · 1979 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
McKinley v. Illinois green scotus · 1985 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Lindsey v. Alabama green scotus · 1985 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Bushey v. New York State Civil Service Commission green scotus · 1985 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Stout v. United States green scotus · 1986	1	1988–1988
Wiman v. Lockhart green scotus · 1986 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Spierings v. Alaska green scotus · 1986 1 sentence 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Lámar v. State green ga · 1979 2 sentences 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People 1988Lindsey v. State, 456 So.2d 383, 387 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), aff 'd, 456 So.2d 393 (Ala.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1023 , 105 S.Ct. 1384 , 84 L.Ed.2d 403 (1985); Dresnek v. State, 718 P.2d 156 (Alaska 1986), aff'g 697 P.2d 1059 (Alaska Ct.App.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1021 , 107 S.Ct. 679 , 93 L.Ed.2d 729 (1986); State v. Wussler, 139 Ariz. 428, 430 , 679 P.2d 74, 76 (1984); People v. Zwiers, 191 Cal.App.3d 1498, 1505-06 , 237 Cal. Rptr. 123, 128 (1987); Lamar v. State, 243 Ga. 401, 402-03 , 254 S.E.2d 353, 355 , appeal dismissed, 444 U.S. 803 , 100 S.Ct. 23 , 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); People	1	1988–1988
Williams v. Meredith green dc · 1979	1	1984–1984
Smart v. Illinois green scotus · 1955	1	1983–1983
Clark v. Associated Retail Credit Men of Washington green cadc · 1939	1	1980–1980
Warren v. Waterville Urban Renewal Authority green scotus · 1968	1	1976–1976

Statutes the citing opinions construe

DC § D.C. Code § 23-110 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 241 (1968–2026) CA 230 (1943–2026) OH 112 (1981–2025) PA 86 (1927–2026) WA 74 (1974–2025) IL 72 (1908–2026) NY 53 (1898–2023) FL 49 (1973–2026) NJ 44 (1941–2026) GA 43 (1964–2024) MS 41 (1965–2024) IN 40 (1975–2026) MO 40 (1942–2024) MI 37 (1914–2025) MA 34 (1947–2023) LA 25 (1967–2020) CT 25 (1943–2024) OK 24 (1932–2020) MN 24 (1975–2024) IA 21 (1975–2025) OR 21 (1988–2024) MD 20 (1951–2025) VT 18 (1977–2025) NC 18 (1973–2022) CO 18 (1991–2026) AZ 16 (1970–2024) KS 16 (1904–2024) NM 16 (1929–2024) WI 15 (1963–2025) AL 15 (1968–2025) UT 15 (1988–2026) TN 14 (1984–2021) WV 14 (1959–2026) DC 14 (1976–2023) ND 12 (1955–2021) KY 11 (1940–2026) HI 9 (1962–2023) WY 8 (1986–2019) RI 8 (1980–2010) NE 7 (1981–2026) NH 7 (1970–2023) MT 7 (1899–2025) VA 6 (1950–2010) NV 6 (1939–2021) ME 6 (1985–2025) SD 5 (2007–2020) SC 5 (1984–2002) AK 5 (1980–2015) ID 4 (1987–2023) AR 3 (1987–2018) DE 3 (1962–2025) GU 2 (2021–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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