equity rule (Nebraska) · Go Syfert
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equity rule in Nebraska

14 Nebraska opinions name it 1 courts 1888–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Nebraska courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (5)

CaseFollowedCited
Sheasley v. Keensgreen
neb · 1896 · cited in 2 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2014–2017
2 sentences

2014Under the common-law doctrine of lis pendens (literally “[a] pending lawsuit”14), the mere pendency of a suit affecting title to real property was constructive notice to the world of the disputed claim.15 Before 1887, Nebraska’s lis pendens statute “was a legislative adoption of the equity rule of lis pendens that had existed from time immemorial.”16 Under the rule then in effect that a suit was not commenced until the service of summons, the traditional application of the doctrine proved problematic.17 Persons aware of the filing of a complaint but not yet served with a summons could freely a

2014Under the common-law doctrine of lis pendens (literally “[a] pending lawsuit”14), the mere pendency of a suit affecting title to real property was constructive notice to the world of the disputed claim.15 Before 1887, Nebraska’s lis pendens statute “was a legislative adoption of the equity rule of lis pendens that had existed from time immemorial.”16 Under the rule then in effect that a suit was not commenced until the service of summons, the traditional application of the doctrine proved problematic.17 Persons aware of the filing of a complaint but not yet served with a summons could freely a

22
Nashua Hospital Ass'n v. Gagegreen
nh · 1932 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See, also, Patch v. Springfield School Dist., 187 Vt. 21, 33 , 989 A.2d 500, 508 (2009) (requiring for application of doctrine that “‘vast majority of subdivided lots contain restrictive covenants which reflect the general scheme’”). 13 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Broekemeier, supra note 11 ; Egan v. Catholic Bishop, supra note 11 ; Nashua Hospital v. Gage, supra note 10 , 85 N.H. at 339 , 159 A. at 139 (requiring that “‘restrictions were intended by the common vendor to be and were for the benefit of all the lots intended to be sold’”). 14 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Bro

2017See, also, Patch v. Springfield School Dist., 187 Vt. 21, 33 , 989 A.2d 500, 508 (2009) (requiring for application of doctrine that “‘vast majority of subdivided lots contain restrictive covenants which reflect the general scheme’”). 13 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Broekemeier, supra note 11 ; Egan v. Catholic Bishop, supra note 11 ; Nashua Hospital v. Gage, supra note 10 , 85 N.H. at 339 , 159 A. at 139 (requiring that “‘restrictions were intended by the common vendor to be and were for the benefit of all the lots intended to be sold’”). 14 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Bro

11
SKYLINE WOODS HOMEOWNERS v. Broekemeiergreen
neb · 2008 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See, also, Patch v. Springfield School Dist., 187 Vt. 21, 33 , 989 A.2d 500, 508 (2009) (requiring for application of doctrine that “‘vast majority of subdivided lots contain restrictive covenants which reflect the general scheme’”). 13 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Broekemeier, supra note 11 ; Egan v. Catholic Bishop, supra note 11 ; Nashua Hospital v. Gage, supra note 10 , 85 N.H. at 339 , 159 A. at 139 (requiring that “‘restrictions were intended by the common vendor to be and were for the benefit of all the lots intended to be sold’”). 14 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Bro

2017See, also, Patch v. Springfield School Dist., 187 Vt. 21, 33 , 989 A.2d 500, 508 (2009) (requiring for application of doctrine that “‘vast majority of subdivided lots contain restrictive covenants which reflect the general scheme’”). 13 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Broekemeier, supra note 11 ; Egan v. Catholic Bishop, supra note 11 ; Nashua Hospital v. Gage, supra note 10 , 85 N.H. at 339 , 159 A. at 139 (requiring that “‘restrictions were intended by the common vendor to be and were for the benefit of all the lots intended to be sold’”). 14 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Bro

11
Patch v. Springfield School Districtgreen
vt · 2009 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See, also, Patch v. Springfield School Dist., 187 Vt. 21, 33 , 989 A.2d 500, 508 (2009) (requiring for application of doctrine that “‘vast majority of subdivided lots contain restrictive covenants which reflect the general scheme’”). 13 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Broekemeier, supra note 11 ; Egan v. Catholic Bishop, supra note 11 ; Nashua Hospital v. Gage, supra note 10 , 85 N.H. at 339 , 159 A. at 139 (requiring that “‘restrictions were intended by the common vendor to be and were for the benefit of all the lots intended to be sold’”). 14 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Bro

2017See, also, Patch v. Springfield School Dist., 187 Vt. 21, 33 , 989 A.2d 500, 508 (2009) (requiring for application of doctrine that “‘vast majority of subdivided lots contain restrictive covenants which reflect the general scheme’”). 13 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Broekemeier, supra note 11 ; Egan v. Catholic Bishop, supra note 11 ; Nashua Hospital v. Gage, supra note 10 , 85 N.H. at 339 , 159 A. at 139 (requiring that “‘restrictions were intended by the common vendor to be and were for the benefit of all the lots intended to be sold’”). 14 See, Skyline Woods Homeowners Assn. v. Bro

11
Pierce v. Fontenellegreen
neb · 1952 · cited in 1 Nebraska opinions naming this issue, 1953–1953
1 sentence

1953See, Pierce v. Fontenelle, ante p. 235, 55 N. W. 2d 658 ; Western Smelting & Refining Co. v. First Nat.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Nebraska. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Munger v. T. J. Beard & Brother neutral
neb · 1907
2 sentences

2014Under the common-law doctrine of lis pendens (literally “[a] pending lawsuit”14), the mere pendency of a suit affecting title to real property was constructive notice to the world of the disputed claim.15 Before 1887, Nebraska’s lis pendens statute “was a legislative adoption of the equity rule of lis pendens that had existed from time immemorial.”16 Under the rule then in effect that a suit was not commenced until the service of summons, the traditional application of the doctrine proved problematic.17 Persons aware of the filing of a complaint but not yet served with a summons could freely a

2014Under the common-law doctrine of lis pendens (literally “[a] pending lawsuit”14), the mere pendency of a suit affecting title to real property was constructive notice to the world of the disputed claim.15 Before 1887, Nebraska’s lis pendens statute “was a legislative adoption of the equity rule of lis pendens that had existed from time immemorial.”16 Under the rule then in effect that a suit was not commenced until the service of summons, the traditional application of the doctrine proved problematic.17 Persons aware of the filing of a complaint but not yet served with a summons could freely a

22014–2017
PSK v. Legacy Outdoor Advertising green
neb · 2024
1 sentence

2024LEGACY OUTDOOR ADVERTISING Cite as 318 Neb. 1 “[T]he recording acts have not abolished the equity rule as to actual and constructive notice.” Under this rule, we consider whether there are circumstances which, in the exercise of common reason and prudence, ought to put a [person] upon particular inquiry.

12024–2024
Mock v. Neumeister green
neb · 2017
1 sentence

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

12017–2017
Walters v. Colford green
neb · 2017
1 sentence

2017If so, then the purchaser will be charged with notice of every fact which an inquiry, if made, would have given him or her”); Egan v. Catholic Bishop, supra note 11 . - 312 - Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets 297 Nebraska R eports WALTERS v. COLFORD Cite as 297 Neb. 302 servitude;15 and (6) injustice can be avoided only by imply- ing the servitude.16 [8-10] While the doctrine of implied reciprocal negative servitudes has a long pedigree and is well established,17 courts tend to use it only with great trepidation.

12017–2017
Craig v. Kile green
neb · 1983
2 sentences

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

12017–2017
In Re Estate of Mecello green
neb · 2001
2 sentences

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

12017–2017
Zych v. Zych green
neb · 1969
2 sentences

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

12017–2017
McDonald v. McDonald green
neb · 1980
2 sentences

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

2017To be considered by an appellate court, an error must be both specifically assigned and spe- cifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error.13 Because he did neither, we do not address it. 8 Id. 9 In re Estate of Mecello, 262 Neb. 493 , 633 N.W.2d 892 (2001). 10 Caruso v. Parkos, supra note 7 ; Craig v. Kile, 213 Neb. 340 , 329 N.W.2d 340 (1983); McDonald v. McDonald, 207 Neb. 217 , 298 N.W.2d 136 (1980); Zych v. Zych, 183 Neb. 708 , 163 N.W.2d 882 (1969). 11 Goff v. Weeks, supra note 3 . 12 See, Hartley v. Metropolitan Util.

12017–2017
White v. Wensauer green
okla · 1985
1 sentence

2014Under the common-law doctrine of lis pendens (literally “[a] pending lawsuit”14), the mere pendency of a suit affecting title to real property was constructive notice to the world of the disputed claim.15 Before 1887, Nebraska’s lis pendens statute “was a legislative adoption of the equity rule of lis pendens that had existed from time immemorial.”16 Under the rule then in effect that a suit was not commenced until the service of summons, the traditional application of the doctrine proved problematic.17 Persons aware of the filing of a complaint but not yet served with a summons could freely a

12014–2014
Varnes v. Schwartz neutral
nd · 1924
2 sentences

1959Pomeroy deals with those situations separate and apart from the equity rule as such which he states and which is cited in Reynolds v. Warner, supra. Pomeroy is quoted at length in Varnes v. Schwartz, 50 N.D. 511 , 197 N.W. 129 , to which I shall refer presently.

1959Pomeroy deals with those situations separate and apart from the equity rule as such which he states and which is cited in Reynolds v. Warner, supra. Pomeroy is quoted at length in Varnes v. Schwartz, 50 N.D. 511 , 197 N.W. 129 , to which I shall refer presently.

11959–1959
Stockhausen v. Oehler neutral
wis · 1925
2 sentences

1959It cited 1 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (4th Ed.), §§ 237, 238; and Stockhausen v. Oehler, 186 Wis. 277 , 201 N. W. 823 .

1959It cited 1 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (4th Ed.), §§ 237, 238; and Stockhausen v. Oehler, 186 Wis. 277 , 201 N. W. 823 .

11959–1959
Tumey v. Ohio green
scotus · 1927
2 sentences

1958(Unoff.) 235, 95 N. W. 486 , that: “This statute is declaratory of the principles of the common law and everyone must subscribe to the equity of the rule which declares that no one shall be a judge in his own case or where he is interested * * Therein we went on to say, by quoting from Oakley v. Aspinwall, 3 N. Y. 547 , that: “ ‘The first idea in the administration of justice is that a judge must necessarily be free from all bias and partiality.’ ” Then we said: “Courts of all grades ought to regard with the most scrupulous care this pro *12 vision of our statute and a justice of the peace,' o

1958(Unoff.) 235, 95 N. W. 486 , that: “This statute is declaratory of the principles of the common law and everyone must subscribe to the equity of the rule which declares that no one shall be a judge in his own case or where he is interested * * Therein we went on to say, by quoting from Oakley v. Aspinwall, 3 N. Y. 547 , that: “ ‘The first idea in the administration of justice is that a judge must necessarily be free from all bias and partiality.’ ” Then we said: “Courts of all grades ought to regard with the most scrupulous care this pro *12 vision of our statute and a justice of the peace,' o

11958–1958
Oakley v. . Aspinwall green
ny · 1850
1 sentence

1958(Unoff.) 235, 95 N. W. 486 , that: “This statute is declaratory of the principles of the common law and everyone must subscribe to the equity of the rule which declares that no one shall be a judge in his own case or where he is interested * * Therein we went on to say, by quoting from Oakley v. Aspinwall, 3 N. Y. 547 , that: “ ‘The first idea in the administration of justice is that a judge must necessarily be free from all bias and partiality.’ ” Then we said: “Courts of all grades ought to regard with the most scrupulous care this pro *12 vision of our statute and a justice of the peace,' o

11958–1958
Rettinger ex rel. Standard Oil Co. v. Pierpont green
neb · 1944
2 sentences

1957We have reviewed the evidence subject to the equity rule that “when the evidence on material questions of fact is in irreconcilable conflict this court will, in determining the weight of the evidence, consider the fact that the trial court observed the witnesses and their manner of testifying and must have accepted one version of the facts rather than the opposite.” Rettinger v. Pierpont, 145 Neb. 161 , 15 N. W. 2d 393 .

1957We have reviewed the evidence subject to the equity rule that “when the evidence on material questions of fact is in irreconcilable conflict this court will, in determining the weight of the evidence, consider the fact that the trial court observed the witnesses and their manner of testifying and must have accepted one version of the facts rather than the opposite.” Rettinger v. Pierpont, 145 Neb. 161 , 15 N. W. 2d 393 .

11957–1957
Spencer v. Spencer green
neb · 1954
2 sentences

1957Plaintiff relies on the rule that:- “Any unjustifiable conduct on the part of a husband or wife which destroys the legitimate ends and objects of matrimony may constitute extreme cruelty.” Spencer v. Spencer, 158 Neb. 629 , 64 N. W. 2d 348 .

1957Plaintiff relies on the rule that:- “Any unjustifiable conduct on the part of a husband or wife which destroys the legitimate ends and objects of matrimony may constitute extreme cruelty.” Spencer v. Spencer, 158 Neb. 629 , 64 N. W. 2d 348 .

11957–1957
In Re Hendricksen's Estate green
neb · 1953
2 sentences

1957In regard to defendants’ first contention, we are mindful of the controlling rule that: “In a case tried to the court in equity the presumption obtains that the trial court, in arriving at decision, considered such evidence only as was competent and relevant, and this court will not reverse a case so tried because other evidence was admitted, if there is sufficient competent and relevant evidence in the record to sustain the judgment.” Rohn v. Kelley, 156 Neb. 463 , 56 N. W. 2d 711 .

1957In regard to defendants’ first contention, we are mindful of the controlling rule that: “In a case tried to the court in equity the presumption obtains that the trial court, in arriving at decision, considered such evidence only as was competent and relevant, and this court will not reverse a case so tried because other evidence was admitted, if there is sufficient competent and relevant evidence in the record to sustain the judgment.” Rohn v. Kelley, 156 Neb. 463 , 56 N. W. 2d 711 .

11957–1957
Craven v. Pinion neutral
neb · 1935
2 sentences

1952Ed. 1250 , said on this subject: “From the beginning there has existed alongside the term rule a rule of equity to the effect that under certain circumstances, one of which is after-discovered fraud, relief will be granted against judgments regardless of the term of their entry. * * * This equity rule, which was firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of our Republic, the courts have developed and fashioned to fulfill a universally recognized need for correcting injustices which, in certain instances, are deemed sufficiently gross to demand a departure from rigid adhe

1952Ed. 1250 , said on this subject: “From the beginning there has existed alongside the term rule a rule of equity to the effect that under certain circumstances, one of which is after-discovered fraud, relief will be granted against judgments regardless of the term of their entry. * * * This equity rule, which was firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of our Republic, the courts have developed and fashioned to fulfill a universally recognized need for correcting injustices which, in certain instances, are deemed sufficiently gross to demand a departure from rigid adhe

11952–1952
Reikofski v. Reikofski neutral
neb · 1944
2 sentences

1952Ed. 1250 , said on this subject: “From the beginning there has existed alongside the term rule a rule of equity to the effect that under certain circumstances, one of which is after-discovered fraud, relief will be granted against judgments regardless of the term of their entry. * * * This equity rule, which was firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of our Republic, the courts have developed and fashioned to fulfill a universally recognized need for correcting injustices which, in certain instances, are deemed sufficiently gross to demand a departure from rigid adhe

1952Ed. 1250 , said on this subject: “From the beginning there has existed alongside the term rule a rule of equity to the effect that under certain circumstances, one of which is after-discovered fraud, relief will be granted against judgments regardless of the term of their entry. * * * This equity rule, which was firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of our Republic, the courts have developed and fashioned to fulfill a universally recognized need for correcting injustices which, in certain instances, are deemed sufficiently gross to demand a departure from rigid adhe

11952–1952
Miller v. Estate of Miller green
neb · 1903
1 sentence

1952Ed. 1250 , said on this subject: “From the beginning there has existed alongside the term rule a rule of equity to the effect that under certain circumstances, one of which is after-discovered fraud, relief will be granted against judgments regardless of the term of their entry. * * * This equity rule, which was firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of our Republic, the courts have developed and fashioned to fulfill a universally recognized need for correcting injustices which, in certain instances, are deemed sufficiently gross to demand a departure from rigid adhe

11952–1952
Barr v. Post neutral
neb · 1899
1 sentence

1908Secord v. Powers, 61 Neb. 615 ; Barr v. Post, 59 Neb. 361 .

11908–1908
Secord v. Powers green
neb · 1901
1 sentence

1908Secord v. Powers, 61 Neb. 615 ; Barr v. Post, 59 Neb. 361 .

11908–1908
Laithe v. McDonald neutral
kan · 1873
1 sentence

1898In Laithe v. McDonald, 12 Kan. 340 , Laithe brought an action against McDonald for a failure to deliver goods which he charged were received by McDonald as a common carrier and lost through his negligence.

11898–1898
Comstock v. . Johnson neutral
ny · 1871
1 sentence

1888Comstock v. Johnson, 46 N. Y., 615 .

11888–1888

Where else courts name it

NY 42 (1843–2021) TX 26 (1902–2025) PA 24 (1888–2021) CA 24 (1887–2016) MO 23 (1879–1975) MI 20 (1868–2022) AL 18 (1883–2016) FL 18 (1901–2017) GA 17 (1854–2023) IL 16 (1882–2009) OK 16 (1913–2021) NE 14 (1888–2024) WA 14 (1891–2014) MA 12 (1936–2014) KY 12 (1899–2009) KS 11 (1893–2017) MN 11 (1895–1951) IN 10 (1873–1994) WV 9 (1879–2025) WI 7 (1912–1985) NJ 7 (1880–2021) AR 6 (1897–1922) MD 6 (1882–1992) SD 6 (1911–2010) CT 5 (1860–2010) TN 5 (1873–1961) LA 5 (1843–1985) HI 5 (1921–2011) OH 5 (1895–2005) ID 4 (1909–1955) DE 4 (1958–2022) AZ 4 (1889–2026) MS 4 (1985–2025) NM 4 (1922–2016) MT 4 (1905–2018) OR 3 (1959–1973) NC 3 (1908–2006) VA 3 (1889–1939) ND 3 (1903–1951) CO 3 (1889–1914) IA 3 (1939–1978) DC 3 (1914–1993) NH 2 (1860–1868) SC 2 (1906–2006) UT 2 (1995–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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