Already have an account? Sign in instead.
You stay signed in for 30 days on this browser.
Continue with Google Continue with MicrosoftNo account yet? Create a free one.
We sent a six-digit code.
It expires in ten minutes, works once, and only in this browser. Five wrong tries void it. Send another code.
Your account is live and the Cloudflare checks are off for this browser.
580 Texas opinions name it 10 courts 1990–2026 84 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Ellison v. Stategreen2 sentences2026However, Mansolo did not challenge the jury charge on the ground that it omitted a statutory element. 29 of” each case and “is factual in nature.” Saenz v. State, 479 S.W.3d 939, 947 (Tex. App.— San Antonio 2015, pet. ref’d); see Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (stating “that egregious harm is a difficult standard” to meet). 2016The determination depends “on the unique circumstances of’ each case and “is factual in nature.” Saenz v. State, 479 S.W.3d 939, 947 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 2015, no pet.); see Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (stating “that egregious harm is a difficult standard” to meet). | 186 | 189 |
Hutch v. Statered2 sentences2021“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). 2021“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove[,] and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. | 100 | 161 |
Santikos v. Stategreen2 sentences2026When challenging a statute as facially unconstitutional, “a party must establish that the statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.” State v. Rousseau, 396 S.W.3d 550, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citations modified); Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.”). 2025“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. | 77 | 82 |
Taylor v. Stategreen2 sentences2025App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. 2024App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. | 48 | 56 |
Nava, Andres Maldonadogreen2 sentences2025“Egregious harm is a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial record.’” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.2d 812 , 48 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)); see Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“[Egregious harm] is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing that the defendants were deprived of a fair and impartial trial.”). 2024“Egregious harm is a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial record.’” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.2d 812 , 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)); see Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“[Egregious harm] is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing 17 that the defendants were deprived of a fair and impartial trial.”). | 23 | 27 |
United States v. Salernogreen2 sentences2024“Given this high burden, a facial challenge is ‘the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.’” Allen v. State, 614 S.W.3d 736 , 741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019) (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S. Ct. 2095, 2100 (1987)). 2024“Given this high burden, a facial challenge is ‘the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.’” Allen v. State, 614 S.W.3d 736 , 741 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019) (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S. Ct. 2095, 2100 (1987)). | 18 | 33 |
Villarreal, Rene Danielgreen2 sentences2025“Egregious harm is a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial record.’” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.2d 812 , 48 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)); see Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“[Egregious harm] is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing that the defendants were deprived of a fair and impartial trial.”). 2024Cf. id. (weighing factor in favor of harm when self-defense was defendant’s sole defensive theory and holding that some harm existed); Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 440 (concluding that “[b]ecause the [erroneously omitted instruction] affected only appellant’s secondary defensive theory,” it did not “touch[] upon a ‘vital aspect’ of his case”). e. Summary “Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet,” Alcoser, 663 S.W.3d at 165, and the record in this case shows that the provoking-the-difficulty instruction does not meet that standard. | 17 | 28 |
Marshall v. Stategreen2 sentences2026“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet.” Sandoval v. State, 665 S.W.3d 496 , 528 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022) (quoting Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016)). 2025He didn’t deserve to be gunned down behind a Wingstop where we all go to get our food. 10 In any event, Tran did not request a jury instruction regarding voluntariness and must therefore show he suffered egregious harm, which is “a difficult standard to meet.” Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim. | 17 | 24 |
Cosio v. Stategreen2 sentences2025“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet, and the analysis is fact specific.” Id. 2023“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet, and the analysis is a fact-specific one.” Id. (citing Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. | 14 | 18 |
State of Texas v. Rosseau, Robert Louisgreen2 sentences2026When challenging a statute as facially unconstitutional, “a party must establish that the statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.” State v. Rousseau, 396 S.W.3d 550, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (citations modified); Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.”). 2023“Because there is no recognized overbreadth doctrine outside the limited context of the First Amendment, a defendant who challenges the facial constitutionality of a statute beyond that limited First Amendment context has the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since he must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the challenged statute would be valid.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “[T]o prevail on a facial challenge” the challenger “must establish that the statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.” State | 9 | 12 |
Briggs v. Stategreen2 sentences2016Because there is no “recognized ... ^verbreadth’ doctrine outside- the limited context of the ■ First Amendment,]” a defendant who challenges the facial constitutionality of a statute beyond'that limited First Amendment context has “the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since [he] must establish, that..no set. of circumstances exists under which the [challenged statute] would be valid.” United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987); Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex.Crim.App.1990); State ex rel. 2015“A facial challenge to a legislative act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the act would be valid.” Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); State v. Garcia, 823 S.W.2d 793 , 796-97 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1992, pet. ref’d). | 9 | 10 |
Batiste v. Stategreen2 sentences2007"Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis." Hutch , 922 S.W.2d at 170 ; see Batiste , 73 S.W.3d at 407 . 2005“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex.Crim.App.1996); see Batiste v. State, 73 S.W.3d 402, 407 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, no pet.). | 8 | 8 |
Almanza v. Statered2 sentences2026“This is a difficult standard to meet and requires the record disclose actual rather than theoretical harm.” Hareter v. State, 435 S.W.3d 356 , 361 5 Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. 2025“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet, and the analysis is a fact-specific one.” Id. | 6 | 31 |
Wilson v. Andrewsgreen2 sentences2006However, when addressing whether a statute is facially unconstitutional, it is important to note, that "[a] facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid." Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (citing United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987)); see also Wilson v. Andrews, 10 S.W.3d 663, 670 (Tex.1999). 2006However, when addressing whether a statute is facially unconstitutional, it is important to note, that “[a] facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (citing United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987)); see also Wilson v. Andrews, 10 S.W.3d 663, 670 (Tex.1999). | 6 | 6 |
Reeves, Gary Patrickgreen2 sentences2024“Egregious harm is a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial record.’” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.2d 812 , 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)); see Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“[Egregious harm] is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing that the defendants were deprived of a fair and impartial trial.”). 2024“Egregious harm is a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial record.’” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.2d 812 , 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)); see Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“[Egregious harm] is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing 17 that the defendants were deprived of a fair and impartial trial.”). | 5 | 14 |
Iniguez v. Stategreen2 sentences2025App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. 2024App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. | 5 | 5 |
Gelinas, James Henrygreen2 sentences2022“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove[,] and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Id. 2021“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove[,] and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Id. | 4 | 6 |
Santikos v. Texasgreen2 sentences2018See Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992)(op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 999 , 113 S.Ct. 600 , 121 L.Ed.2d 537 (1992). 2018See Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992)(op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 999 , 113 S.Ct. 600 , 121 L.Ed.2d 537 (1992). | 3 | 10 |
Warner v. Stategreen2 sentences2011“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Hutch v. State , 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see also Warner , 245 S.W.3d at 462-64. 2009Although neither party has the burden to demonstrate the existence or the absence of harm, (3) "[e]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such determination must be done on a case-by-case basis." Hutch , 922 S.W.2d at 171 ; Warner , 245 S.W.3d at 462-64 . | 3 | 5 |
Arrington, Charlesgreen2 sentences2019See Arrington v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 840 (Tex. Crim. 2015Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 489 ; see Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 840 ; Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703, 710 (Tex. Crim. | 3 | 3 |
Shaffer v. Stategreen2 sentences2008Shaffer , 184 S.W.3d at 364 ; see also Santikos v. State , 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. 2008Shaffer, 184 S.W.3d at 364 ; see also Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.), cer t. denied, 506 U.S. 999 , 113 S.Ct. 600 , 121 L.Ed.2d 537 (1992). | 2 | 6 |
McGruder, Michael Anthonygreen2 sentences2023“Because there is no recognized overbreadth doctrine outside the limited context of the First Amendment, a defendant who challenges the facial constitutionality of a statute beyond that limited First Amendment context has the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since he must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the challenged statute would be valid.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “[T]o prevail on a facial challenge” the challenger “must establish that the statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.” State 2018The United States Supreme Court has explained: “A facial challenge to a legislative Act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid.” United States v. 4 Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987); see also McGruder v. State, 483 S.W.3d 880, 883 (Tex. Crim. | 2 | 3 |
State v. Garciagreen2 sentences2015“A facial challenge to a legislative act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the act would be valid.” Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); State v. Garcia, 823 S.W.2d 793 , 796-97 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1992, pet. ref’d). 2011“A facial challenge to a legislative act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the act would be valid.” Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 928 (Tex.Crim.App.1990); State v. Garcia, 823 S.W.2d 793, 796-97 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1992, pet. ref'd). | 2 | 3 |
Kimberly Clark Saenz v. Stategreen2 sentences2026However, Mansolo did not challenge the jury charge on the ground that it omitted a statutory element. 29 of” each case and “is factual in nature.” Saenz v. State, 479 S.W.3d 939, 947 (Tex. App.— San Antonio 2015, pet. ref’d); see Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (stating “that egregious harm is a difficult standard” to meet). 2016The determination depends “on the unique circumstances of’ each case and “is factual in nature.” Saenz v. State, 479 S.W.3d 939, 947 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 2015, no pet.); see Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (stating “that egregious harm is a difficult standard” to meet). | 2 | 2 |
Ex parte Shiresgreen2 sentences2020“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” Ex parte Shires, 508 S.W.3d 856, 863 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.) (quoting Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (op. on reh’g)). 2020“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” Ex parte Shires, 508 S.W.3d 856, 863 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.) (quoting Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. | 2 | 2 |
| United States v. Julius Omar Robinson, Also Known as Face, Also Known as Scar, Also Known as Scarfacegreen | 2 | 2 |
| Igo v. Stategreen | 2 | 2 |
| Gonzalez v. Stategreen | 2 | 2 |
| Smith v. Davisgreen | 2 | 2 |
| Oursbourn v. Stategreen | 2 | 2 |
| Schiffert v. Stategreen | 2 | 2 |
| Frieling v. Stategreen | 2 | 2 |
| Cortez Ex Rel. Estate of Puentes v. HCCI-San Antonio, Inc.green | 2 | 2 |
Ngo v. Stategreen2 sentences2019“When the defendant fails to object or states that he has no objection to the charge, we will not reverse for jury-charge error unless the record shows ‘egregious harm’ to the defendant.” Id. at 743-44. 7 Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be made on a case-by-case basis. 2015Egregious Error Analysis An appellate court=s first duty in evaluating a jury charge issue is to determine whether error exists. 21 If error is found, the appellate court must determine whether the error caused sufficient harm to require reversal. 22 The degree of harm necessary for reversal depends on whether the Appellant preserved the error by objection. 23 If no objection was made at trial, reversal is proper only if the error is so egregious and created such harm that it might be fairly said the defendant did not have a fair and impartial trial. 24 Egregious harm is a difficult standard t | 1 | 4 |
State Ex Rel. Lykos v. Finegreen2 sentences2020“In a facial challenge to a statute’s constitutionality, we examine the statute as it is written, rather than how it is applied in a particular case.” Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d at 558 n.9; Lykos, 330 S.W.3d at 908 . 2013See Lykos, 330 S.W.3d at 908-09 ; United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987); Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.”). | 1 | 3 |
| Curry v. Stategreen | 1 | 2 |
| Barshop v. Medina County Underground Water Conservation Districtgreen | 1 | 2 |
| Tanner Oneal Engel v. Stategreen | 1 | 1 |
| Staples v. United Statesgreen | 1 | 1 |
| In Re WINSHIPgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Texas Workers' Compensation Commission v. Garcia
green
2 sentences2022Comm’n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504 , 518 n.16 (Tex. 1995); In re D.R.L., No. 01-15-00733-CV, 2016 WL 672664 , at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 18, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). “[A] facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” In re D.R.L., 2016 WL 672664 , at *10 (quotation omitted). 2011Id. (quoting Corsicana Cotton Mills v. Sheppard, 71 S.W.2d 247, 250 (1934)). 13 Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (“‘A facial challenge to a legislative Act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid.’”) (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987)). 14 See Smith v. Davis, 426 S.W.2d 827, 831 (Tex.1968). | 3 | 2000–2022 |
Holt v. State
green
2 sentences2009We also noted “that ‘[ejgregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’ ” Id. at *2 (quoting Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 171 ). 2009We also noted "that '[e]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.'" Id. at *2 (quoting Hutch , 922 S.W.2d at 171 ). | 3 | 2009–2009 |
FM Properties Operating Co. v. City of Austin
green
2 sentences2020Because a facial challenge attacks a statute’s validity in all scenarios, “it is ‘the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.’” Id. (quoting Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc)). c. 2020Because a facial challenge attacks a statute’s validity in all scenarios, “it is ‘the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.’” Id. (quoting Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc)). c. | 2 | 2020–2020 |
| Peraza v. State green | 2 | 2020–2020 |
| Jesse Beam v. State green | 2 | 2015–2015 |
| Lo, Ex Parte John Christopher green | 2 | 2015–2015 |
| Smith v. State green | 2 | 2013–2013 |
| Cesar Gomez v. State green | 1 | 2026–2026 |
| Charles Edward Hareter v. State green | 1 | 2026–2026 |
| Elizondo, Jose Guadalupe Rodriguez green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| Estes v. State green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| Scott Niles v. State neutral | 1 | 2021–2021 |
| Medina v. State green | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| Franklin YEAGER, Walter Brandt, Don C. Yeager and Mark Yeager, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY of McGREGOR, Et Al., Defendants-Appellees green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| Gulf Contracting, Inc. v. United States green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| Walker v. Gutierrez green | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| Smith, Al Letroy green | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| LeCroy v. Hanlon green | 1 | 2015–2015 |
| Martinez v. State green | 1 | 2015–2015 |
| Texas Department of Public Safety v. Jauregui green | 1 | 2015–2015 |
| Gillenwaters v. State green | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.