difficult standard (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

difficult standard in Texas

525 Texas opinions name it 9 courts 1990–2026 76 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (58)

CaseFollowedCited
Ellison v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 150 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2026
2 sentences

2016The determination depends “on the unique circumstances of’ each case and “is factual in nature.” Saenz v. State, 479 S.W.3d 939, 947 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 2015, no pet.); see Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (stating “that egregious harm is a difficult standard” to meet).

2015This “is a difficult standard and must be proved on a case-by- case basis.” Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002).

148150
Hutch v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1996 · cited in 129 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–2026
2 sentences

2021“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim.

2021“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove[,] and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim.

94129
Santikos v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1992 · cited in 76 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2025
2 sentences

2025“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim.

2020“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” Ex parte Shires, 508 S.W.3d 856, 863 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2016, no pet.) (quoting Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim.

7176
Taylor v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 54 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2025
2 sentences

2025App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim.

2024App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim.

4654
United States v. Salernogreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 33 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–2024
2 sentences

2024App. 2018); see United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987) (“A facial challenge to a legislative Act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid.”).

2023“Given this high burden, a facial challenge is ‘the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.’” Allen, 614 S.W.3d at 741 (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S. Ct. 2095, 2100 (1987)).

1833
Nava, Andres Maldonadogreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 22 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2022
2 sentences

2022This is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing that the defendant was “deprived of a fair and impartial trial.” Id.

2021Egregious harm “is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing that the defendant[] w[as] deprived of a fair and impartial trial.” Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim.

1822
Marshall v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2016 · cited in 23 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2026
2 sentences

2025He didn’t deserve to be gunned down behind a Wingstop where we all go to get our food. 10 In any event, Tran did not request a jury instruction regarding voluntariness and must therefore show he suffered egregious harm, which is “a difficult standard to meet.” Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim.

2024“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet.” Sandoval, 665 S.W.3d at 528 (quoting Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim.

1623
Cosio v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 18 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025
2 sentences

2025“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet, and the analysis is fact specific.” Id.

2023“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet, and the analysis is a fact-specific one.” Id. (citing Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim.

1418
Villarreal, Rene Danielgreen
texcrimapp · 2015 · cited in 23 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2026
2 sentences

2024Cf. id. (weighing factor in favor of harm when self-defense was defendant’s sole defensive theory and holding that some harm existed); Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 440 (concluding that “[b]ecause the [erroneously omitted instruction] affected only appellant’s secondary defensive theory,” it did not “touch[] upon a ‘vital aspect’ of his case”). e. Summary “Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet,” Alcoser, 663 S.W.3d at 165, and the record in this case shows that the provoking-the-difficulty instruction does not meet that standard.

2023“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet, and the analysis is a fact-specific one.” Id. (citing Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim.

1123
State of Texas v. Rosseau, Robert Louisgreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2023
2 sentences

2023“Because there is no recognized overbreadth doctrine outside the limited context of the First Amendment, a defendant who challenges the facial constitutionality of a statute beyond that limited First Amendment context has the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since he must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the challenged statute would be valid.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “[T]o prevail on a facial challenge” the challenger “must establish that the statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.” State

2016Id. (citing Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.”)).

811
Briggs v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1990 · cited in 9 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1992–2022
2 sentences

2016Because there is no “recognized ... ^verbreadth’ doctrine outside- the limited context of the ■ First Amendment,]” a defendant who challenges the facial constitutionality of a statute beyond'that limited First Amendment context has “the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since [he] must establish, that..no set. of circumstances exists under which the [challenged statute] would be valid.” United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987); Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex.Crim.App.1990); State ex rel.

2015“A facial challenge to a legislative act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the act would be valid.” Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex. Crim.

89
Batiste v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2008
2 sentences

2007"Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis." Hutch , 922 S.W.2d at 170 ; see Batiste , 73 S.W.3d at 407 .

2005“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex.Crim.App.1996); see Batiste v. State, 73 S.W.3d 402, 407 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, no pet.).

66
Wilson v. Andrewsgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2006
2 sentences

2006However, when addressing whether a statute is facially unconstitutional, it is important to note, that "[a] facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid." Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (citing United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987)); see also Wilson v. Andrews, 10 S.W.3d 663, 670 (Tex.1999).

2006However, when addressing whether a statute is facially unconstitutional, it is important to note, that “[a] facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (citing United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987)); see also Wilson v. Andrews, 10 S.W.3d 663, 670 (Tex.1999).

66
Almanza v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1985 · cited in 27 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2026
2 sentences

2026“This is a difficult standard to meet and requires the record disclose actual rather than theoretical harm.” Hareter v. State, 435 S.W.3d 356 , 361 5 Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim.

2025“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to meet, and the analysis is a fact-specific one.” Id.

527
Iniguez v. Stategreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2025
2 sentences

2025App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim.

2024App. 1989); Iniguez v. State, 835 S.W.2d 167, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). “‘[E]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’” Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim.

55
Gelinas, James Henrygreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2022
2 sentences

2022“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove[,] and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Id.

2021“Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove[,] and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.” Id.

46
Reeves, Gary Patrickgreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 10 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2024
2 sentences

2019“Egregious harm is a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial record.’” Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex.Crim.App. 2015), quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013); see Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex.Crim.App. 19 2013)(“[Egregious harm] is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing that the defendants were deprived of a fair and impartial trial.”).

2018“Egregious harm is a ‘high and difficult standard’ to meet, and such a determination must be ‘borne out by the trial record.’” Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433 (quoting Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013)); see Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013)(“[Egregious harm] is a difficult standard to meet and requires a showing that the defendants were deprived of a fair and impartial trial.”).

310
Gulf Contracting, Inc. v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2018
2 sentences

2018App.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 999 (1992); see also United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987).

2018See Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992)(op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 999 , 113 S.Ct. 600 , 121 L.Ed.2d 537 (1992).

37
Santikos v. Texasgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–2018
2 sentences

2018See Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992)(op. on reh’g), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 999 , 113 S.Ct. 600 , 121 L.Ed.2d 537 (1992).

2008Shaffer, 184 S.W.3d at 364 ; see also Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.), cer t. denied, 506 U.S. 999 , 113 S.Ct. 600 , 121 L.Ed.2d 537 (1992).

36
Arrington, Charlesgreen
texcrimapp · 2015 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019
2 sentences

2019See Arrington v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 840 (Tex. Crim.

2015Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 489 ; see Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 840 ; Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703, 710 (Tex. Crim.

33
Shaffer v. Stategreen
texapp · 2006 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2008
2 sentences

2008Shaffer, 184 S.W.3d at 364 ; see also Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.), cer t. denied, 506 U.S. 999 , 113 S.Ct. 600 , 121 L.Ed.2d 537 (1992).

2008Shaffer , 184 S.W.3d at 364 ; see also Santikos v. State , 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim.

25
Warner v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2008 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2011
2 sentences

2009Although neither party has the burden to demonstrate the existence or the absence of harm, (3) "[e]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such determination must be done on a case-by-case basis." Hutch , 922 S.W.2d at 171 ; Warner , 245 S.W.3d at 462-64 .

2009P. 33.1(a). 4 the existence or the absence of harm,3 "[e]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such determination must be done on a case-by-case basis." Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 171 ; Warner, 245 S.W.3d at 462–64.

24
McGruder, Michael Anthonygreen
texcrimapp · 2016 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2023
2 sentences

2023“Because there is no recognized overbreadth doctrine outside the limited context of the First Amendment, a defendant who challenges the facial constitutionality of a statute beyond that limited First Amendment context has the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since he must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the challenged statute would be valid.” Id. (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). “[T]o prevail on a facial challenge” the challenger “must establish that the statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible circumstances.” State

2018The United States Supreme Court has explained: “A facial challenge to a legislative Act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid.” United States v. 4 Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987); see also McGruder v. State, 483 S.W.3d 880, 883 (Tex. Crim.

23
State v. Garciagreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2015
2 sentences

2015App. 1990); State v. Garcia, 823 S.W.2d 793 , 796–97 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1992, pet. ref’d).

2011“A facial challenge to a legislative act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the act would be valid.” Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 928 (Tex.Crim.App.1990); State v. Garcia, 823 S.W.2d 793, 796-97 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1992, pet. ref'd).

23
Ex parte Shiresgreen
texapp · 2016 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
22
United States v. Julius Omar Robinson, Also Known as Face, Also Known as Scar, Also Known as Scarfacegreen
ca5 · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
22
Sterry v. Stategreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2011
22
Gonzalez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
Oursbourn v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
Smith v. Davisgreen
tex · 1968 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
Frieling v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2007
22
State Ex Rel. Lykos v. Finegreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2020
2 sentences

2020“In a facial challenge to a statute’s constitutionality, we examine the statute as it is written, rather than how it is applied in a particular case.” Rosseau, 396 S.W.3d at 558 n.9; Lykos, 330 S.W.3d at 908 .

2013See Lykos, 330 S.W.3d at 908-09 ; United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987); Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) (“A facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.”).

13
Curry v. Stategreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
12
Barshop v. Medina County Underground Water Conservation Districtgreen
tex · 1996 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2009
12
Staples v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
United States v. O’Briengreen
scotus · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Long v. Statered
texcrimapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
In Re WINSHIPgreen
scotus · 1970 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Stuhler v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Simmons v. Stategreen
texapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (22)

CaseCitedYears
United States v. Allied Oil Corp. green
scotus · 1951
2 sentences

2020Given this high burden, a facial challenge is “the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.” United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987).

2016Because there is no “recognized ... ^verbreadth’ doctrine outside- the limited context of the ■ First Amendment,]” a defendant who challenges the facial constitutionality of a statute beyond'that limited First Amendment context has “the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since [he] must establish, that..no set. of circumstances exists under which the [challenged statute] would be valid.” United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 , 107 S.Ct. 2095 , 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987); Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex.Crim.App.1990); State ex rel.

131990–2020
Ngo v. State green
texcrimapp · 2005
2 sentences

2019“When the defendant fails to object or states that he has no objection to the charge, we will not reverse for jury-charge error unless the record shows ‘egregious harm’ to the defendant.” Id. at 743–44. 7 Egregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be made on a case-by-case basis.

2015Egregious Error Analysis An appellate court=s first duty in evaluating a jury charge issue is to determine whether error exists. 21 If error is found, the appellate court must determine whether the error caused sufficient harm to require reversal. 22 The degree of harm necessary for reversal depends on whether the Appellant preserved the error by objection. 23 If no objection was made at trial, reversal is proper only if the error is so egregious and created such harm that it might be fairly said the defendant did not have a fair and impartial trial. 24 Egregious harm is a difficult standard t

42015–2022
Holt v. State green
texapp · 1995
2 sentences

2009We also noted “that ‘[ejgregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.’ ” Id. at *2 (quoting Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 171 ).

2009We also noted "that '[e]gregious harm is a difficult standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.'" Id. at *2 (quoting Hutch , 922 S.W.2d at 171 ).

32009–2009
Texas Workers' Compensation Commission v. Garcia green
tex · 1995
2 sentences

2022Comm’n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504 , 518 n.16 (Tex. 1995); In re D.R.L., No. 01-15-00733-CV, 2016 WL 672664 , at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 18, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). “[A] facial challenge to a statute is the most difficult challenge to mount successfully because the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the statute will be valid.” In re D.R.L., 2016 WL 672664 , at *10 (quotation omitted).

2000The fact that the [Act] might operate unconstitutionally under some conceivable set of circumstances is insufficient...."); Wilson v. Andrews, 10 S.W.3d 663, 669 (Tex.1999); Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 623 ; Garcia, 893 S.W.2d at 518 .

22000–2022
FM Properties Operating Co. v. City of Austin green
tex · 2000
22020–2020
Peraza v. State green
texcrimapp · 2015
2 sentences

2020Because a facial challenge attacks a statute’s validity in all scenarios, “it is ‘the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.’” Id. (quoting Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim.

2020Because a facial challenge attacks a statute’s validity in all scenarios, “it is ‘the most difficult challenge to mount successfully.’” Id. (quoting Santikos v. State, 836 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Tex. Crim.

22020–2020
Lo, Ex Parte John Christopher green
texcrimapp · 2013
22015–2015
Jesse Beam v. State green
texapp · 2014
22015–2015
Smith v. State green
texapp · 2011
22013–2013
Charles Edward Hareter v. State green
texapp · 2014
12026–2026
Cesar Gomez v. State green
texapp · 2015
12026–2026
Elizondo, Jose Guadalupe Rodriguez green
texcrimapp · 2016
12024–2024
Estes v. State green
texcrimapp · 2018
12024–2024
Medina v. State green
texcrimapp · 1999
12020–2020
Franklin YEAGER, Walter Brandt, Don C. Yeager and Mark Yeager, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. CITY of McGREGOR, Et Al., Defendants-Appellees green
ca5 · 1993
12018–2018
Smith, Al Letroy green
texcrimapp · 2015
12016–2016
Walker v. Gutierrez green
tex · 2003
12016–2016
Texas Department of Public Safety v. Jauregui green
texapp · 2005
12015–2015
Martinez v. State green
texapp · 2010
12015–2015
LeCroy v. Hanlon green
tex · 1986
12015–2015
Gillenwaters v. State green
texcrimapp · 2006
12013–2013
Cook v. State green
texcrimapp · 1994
12012–2012

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (57) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 6.03 (50) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (46) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.01 (42) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.021 (28) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.11 (26) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 12.42 (25) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.02 (22) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.02 (21) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.02 (20) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.011 (18) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 12.32 (17)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 525 (1990–2026) IL 151 (1994–2026) CA 87 (1975–2026) OH 50 (1990–2023) NC 45 (1982–2026) WY 29 (2003–2026) KY 27 (2006–2025) PA 25 (1944–2026) GA 24 (2017–2026) FL 19 (1971–2025) IN 19 (1994–2023) MI 16 (1905–2026) NJ 15 (1973–2020) IA 15 (1985–2025) TN 14 (1993–2026) LA 13 (1984–2023) WA 13 (1976–2025) OR 13 (1975–2025) NY 12 (1989–2026) MO 11 (1948–2025) MA 11 (1980–2025) DE 10 (1985–2026) MN 9 (1971–2025) WV 9 (1992–2025) ID 9 (1986–2024) WI 8 (1993–2023) MD 8 (1935–2020) DC 7 (1989–2026) UT 7 (1997–2025) HI 7 (1973–2025) CO 6 (1977–2018) AZ 6 (1989–2018) AL 6 (2007–2018) SC 5 (2012–2024) CT 5 (1983–2000) KS 5 (2014–2025) MT 4 (1994–2020) ME 4 (2000–2016) NH 3 (2009–2011) NE 3 (2006–2025) OK 3 (1996–2001) RI 2 (2005–2008) NM 2 (1997–2024) VI 2 (2009–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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