Harris motion (Alabama) · Go Syfert
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Harris motion in Alabama

11 Alabama opinions name it 2 courts 1999–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
Christianson v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See Christianson v. State, 601 So. 2d 512, 520 (Ala. Crim.

11
Bradley v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

11
State v. Hillgreen
ala · 1996 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

2007“However, ‘[t]he ore tenus presumption of correctness applies to findings of fact, not to conclusions of law.’ City of Russellville Zoning Bd. of Adjustment v. Vernon, 842 So.2d 627, 629 (Ala.2002). ‘[T]he ore tenus rule does not extend to cloak a trial judge’s conclusions of law, or incorrect application of law to the facts, with a presumption of correctness.’ Eubanks v. Hale, 752 So.2d 1113, 1144-45 (Ala.1999). ‘ “ ‘[W]hen the trial *893 court improperly applies the law to the facts, no presumption of correctness exists as to the court’s judgment.’ ” ’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d at 159 , qu

11
Ex Parte Ageegreen
ala · 1995 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

2007“However, ‘[t]he ore tenus presumption of correctness applies to findings of fact, not to conclusions of law.’ City of Russellville Zoning Bd. of Adjustment v. Vernon, 842 So.2d 627, 629 (Ala.2002). ‘[T]he ore tenus rule does not extend to cloak a trial judge’s conclusions of law, or incorrect application of law to the facts, with a presumption of correctness.’ Eubanks v. Hale, 752 So.2d 1113, 1144-45 (Ala.1999). ‘ “ ‘[W]hen the trial *893 court improperly applies the law to the facts, no presumption of correctness exists as to the court’s judgment.’ ” ’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d at 159 , qu

11
Ex Parte Perkinsgreen
ala · 1994 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

11
Kennedy v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

11
Ex Parte Jacksongreen
ala · 2004 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

11
CITY OF RUSSELLVILLE ZONING BD. v. Vernongreen
ala · 2002 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007“However, ‘[t]he ore tenus presumption of correctness applies to findings of fact, not to conclusions of law.’ City of Russellville Zoning Bd. of Adjustment v. Vernon, 842 So.2d 627, 629 (Ala.2002). ‘[T]he ore tenus rule does not extend to cloak a trial judge’s conclusions of law, or incorrect application of law to the facts, with a presumption of correctness.’ Eubanks v. Hale, 752 So.2d 1113, 1144-45 (Ala.1999). ‘ “ ‘[W]hen the trial *893 court improperly applies the law to the facts, no presumption of correctness exists as to the court’s judgment.’ ” ’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d at 159 , qu

11
Eubanks v. Halegreen
ala · 1999 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007“However, ‘[t]he ore tenus presumption of correctness applies to findings of fact, not to conclusions of law.’ City of Russellville Zoning Bd. of Adjustment v. Vernon, 842 So.2d 627, 629 (Ala.2002). ‘[T]he ore tenus rule does not extend to cloak a trial judge’s conclusions of law, or incorrect application of law to the facts, with a presumption of correctness.’ Eubanks v. Hale, 752 So.2d 1113, 1144-45 (Ala.1999). ‘ “ ‘[W]hen the trial *893 court improperly applies the law to the facts, no presumption of correctness exists as to the court’s judgment.’ ” ’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d at 159 , qu

11
Harris v. City of Montgomerygreen
ala · 1983 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006While in custody, "'[s]he was accused time and time again of child abuse and finally after a direct threat to the well-being of her child, she made a statement which included inculpatory matters.'" 435 So.2d at 1215 (Maddox, J., dissenting, and quoting Harris's brief).

2006The police officers promised Harris that "`the incident would be listed as an accident, so it would not be reported to the Department of Pensions and Security.'" Id. "`Upon leaving the interrogation room[, Harris] . . . recanted'" her confession.

11
Terry v. Ohiogreen
scotus · 1968 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., Ex parte Price , 725 So.2d 1063 (Ala. 1998). 2 Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). 3 In his brief, Harris makes the following statement: "When Harris returned to his home [after the traffic stop of the Hyundai Sonata], the officers intruded without probable cause upon Harris's premises. [The] officers intruded not with knowledge of a crime in progress, but upon a suspicion, to simply determine if a resident engaged in a crime." (Harris's brief at p. 15.) To the extent that Harris intended this single sentence to be a challenge to the officers' entry o

2006See, e.g., Ex parte Price , 725 So.2d 1063 (Ala. 1998). 2 Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). 3 In his brief, Harris makes the following statement: "When Harris returned to his home [after the traffic stop of the Hyundai Sonata], the officers intruded without probable cause upon Harris's premises. [The] officers intruded not with knowledge of a crime in progress, but upon a suspicion, to simply determine if a resident engaged in a crime." (Harris's brief at p. 15.) To the extent that Harris intended this single sentence to be a challenge to the officers' entry o

11
Price v. State.green
ala · 1998 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006See, e.g., Ex parte Price , 725 So.2d 1063 (Ala. 1998). 2 Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). 3 In his brief, Harris makes the following statement: "When Harris returned to his home [after the traffic stop of the Hyundai Sonata], the officers intruded without probable cause upon Harris's premises. [The] officers intruded not with knowledge of a crime in progress, but upon a suspicion, to simply determine if a resident engaged in a crime." (Harris's brief at p. 15.) To the extent that Harris intended this single sentence to be a challenge to the officers' entry o

11
Whitehead v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Whitehead v. State, 593 So.2d 126 (Ala.Crim.App.1991).

2005Harris contends that in Parts IV and V of the opinion on original submission we "erroneously invoke[d] the case of Whitehead v. State, 593 So.2d 126 (Ala. Crim.App.1991), to hold that Mrs. Harris has `waived' two claims from appellate review—the circuit court's refusal to consider the testimony of expert witness Stephen Glassroth and the evidence presented in her Motion to Supplement the Record— because the claims were not raised before the circuit court after that court made its ruling." (Harris's brief on application for rehearing at p. 23.) Assuming without determining that our reliance on

11
Ex Parte Frazier v. Stategreen
ala · 1999 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005Ex parte Frazier, 758 So.2d 611, 616 (Ala.1999).

11
Trawick v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002The ruling was based on caselaw stating that “[t]he grounds urged on a motion for a new trial must ordinarily be preserved at trial by timely and specific objections.” Trawick v. State, 431 So.2d 574, 578-79 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), citing Smith v. State, 393 So.2d 529 (Ala.Crim.App.1981).

11
Baker v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

CaseCitedYears
Harris v. State green
alacrimapp · 2016
1 sentence

2016Over Harris’s objection, the trial court allowed the jury to return to the courtroom and instructed Harris to stand in front of them for ‘a number of seconds.’ ...” Harris, 235 So.3d at 255-56 .

12016–2016
Ex Parte Bradley green
ala · 1986
1 sentence

2007Upon Harris’s motion to suppress his statement’s to law-enforcement officials, the trial court held a suppression hearing to determine whether law-enforcement officials advised Harris of his Miranda rights and to determine whether Harris’s statements had been made knowingly and voluntarily. “ ‘The trial court held the suppression hearing outside the hearing of the jury; therefore, we review the evidentiary findings of the trial court at that hearing under the ore tenus standard.’ Ex parte Jackson, 886 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2004). ‘When evidence is presented ore tenus to the trial court, the cour

12007–2007
Illinois v. Gates green
scotus · 1983
2 sentences

2006Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] . . . (1983)."' Day v. State , 539 So.2d 410 , 413-14 (Ala.Cr.App. 1988). `"The test for probable cause is `whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or search, would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the action taken was appropriate.'"' Ivey v. State , 698 So.2d 179 , 185-86 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), aff'd, 698 So.2d 187 (Ala. 1997) (quoting Riley v. State , 583 So.2d 1353 , 1355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991))." Johnson v. State , 719 So.2d 272 , 273 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998).

2006Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] . . . (1983)."' Day v. State , 539 So.2d 410 , 413-14 (Ala.Cr.App. 1988). `"The test for probable cause is `whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or search, would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the action taken was appropriate.'"' Ivey v. State , 698 So.2d 179 , 185-86 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), aff'd, 698 So.2d 187 (Ala. 1997) (quoting Riley v. State , 583 So.2d 1353 , 1355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991))." Johnson v. State , 719 So.2d 272 , 273 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998).

12006–2006
Day v. State green
alacrimapp · 1988
1 sentence

2006Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] . . . (1983)."' Day v. State , 539 So.2d 410 , 413-14 (Ala.Cr.App. 1988). `"The test for probable cause is `whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or search, would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the action taken was appropriate.'"' Ivey v. State , 698 So.2d 179 , 185-86 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), aff'd, 698 So.2d 187 (Ala. 1997) (quoting Riley v. State , 583 So.2d 1353 , 1355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991))." Johnson v. State , 719 So.2d 272 , 273 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998).

12006–2006
Ivey v. State green
alacrimapp · 1995
1 sentence

2006Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] . . . (1983)."' Day v. State , 539 So.2d 410 , 413-14 (Ala.Cr.App. 1988). `"The test for probable cause is `whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or search, would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the action taken was appropriate.'"' Ivey v. State , 698 So.2d 179 , 185-86 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), aff'd, 698 So.2d 187 (Ala. 1997) (quoting Riley v. State , 583 So.2d 1353 , 1355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991))." Johnson v. State , 719 So.2d 272 , 273 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998).

12006–2006
Ex Parte Ivey green
ala · 1997
1 sentence

2006Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] . . . (1983)."' Day v. State , 539 So.2d 410 , 413-14 (Ala.Cr.App. 1988). `"The test for probable cause is `whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or search, would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the action taken was appropriate.'"' Ivey v. State , 698 So.2d 179 , 185-86 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), aff'd, 698 So.2d 187 (Ala. 1997) (quoting Riley v. State , 583 So.2d 1353 , 1355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991))." Johnson v. State , 719 So.2d 272 , 273 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998).

12006–2006
Batson v. Kentucky green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2006Turning to the merits of Harris's petition for the writ of certiorari, we have examined the grounds raised by Harris, and we grant the petition as to Harris's claim regarding a violation of Batson v. Kentucky , 476 U.S. 79 , 106 S.Ct. 1712 , 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986); her claim that her trial counsel failed to maintain continuity in representation; and her claim that several of her ineffective-assistance-of-counsel arguments were not precluded by findings of no plain error on direct appeal.

2006Turning to the merits of Harris's petition for the writ of certiorari, we have examined the grounds raised by Harris, and we grant the petition as to Harris's claim regarding a violation of Batson v. Kentucky , 476 U.S. 79 , 106 S.Ct. 1712 , 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986); her claim that her trial counsel failed to maintain continuity in representation; and her claim that several of her ineffective-assistance-of-counsel arguments were not precluded by findings of no plain error on direct appeal.

12006–2006
Sheridan v. State green
alacrimapp · 1991
1 sentence

2006Therefore, we review de novo the trial court's denial of Harris's motion to suppress. *Page 587 Probable Cause "A warrantless search of a vehicle is justified where there is probable cause to believe the vehicle contains contraband." Lykes v. State , 709 So.2d 1335 , 1337 (Ala.Crim.App. 1997). "`Probable cause exists where all the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to conclude that an offense has been or is being committed and that contraband would be found in the place to be searched.' Sheridan v. State , 591 So.2d 1

12006–2006
Johnson v. State green
alacrimapp · 1998
1 sentence

2006Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] . . . (1983)."' Day v. State , 539 So.2d 410 , 413-14 (Ala.Cr.App. 1988). `"The test for probable cause is `whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or search, would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the action taken was appropriate.'"' Ivey v. State , 698 So.2d 179 , 185-86 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), aff'd, 698 So.2d 187 (Ala. 1997) (quoting Riley v. State , 583 So.2d 1353 , 1355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991))." Johnson v. State , 719 So.2d 272 , 273 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998).

12006–2006
Coolidge v. New Hampshire green
scotus · 1971
2 sentences

2006See, e.g., Ex parte Price , 725 So.2d 1063 (Ala. 1998). 2 Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). 3 In his brief, Harris makes the following statement: "When Harris returned to his home [after the traffic stop of the Hyundai Sonata], the officers intruded without probable cause upon Harris's premises. [The] officers intruded not with knowledge of a crime in progress, but upon a suspicion, to simply determine if a resident engaged in a crime." (Harris's brief at p. 15.) To the extent that Harris intended this single sentence to be a challenge to the officers' entry o

2006See, e.g., Ex parte Price , 725 So.2d 1063 (Ala. 1998). 2 Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S.Ct. 1868 , 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). 3 In his brief, Harris makes the following statement: "When Harris returned to his home [after the traffic stop of the Hyundai Sonata], the officers intruded without probable cause upon Harris's premises. [The] officers intruded not with knowledge of a crime in progress, but upon a suspicion, to simply determine if a resident engaged in a crime." (Harris's brief at p. 15.) To the extent that Harris intended this single sentence to be a challenge to the officers' entry o

12006–2006
Lykes v. State green
alacrimapp · 1997
1 sentence

2006Therefore, we review de novo the trial court's denial of Harris's motion to suppress. *Page 587 Probable Cause "A warrantless search of a vehicle is justified where there is probable cause to believe the vehicle contains contraband." Lykes v. State , 709 So.2d 1335 , 1337 (Ala.Crim.App. 1997). "`Probable cause exists where all the facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to conclude that an offense has been or is being committed and that contraband would be found in the place to be searched.' Sheridan v. State , 591 So.2d 1

12006–2006
Riley v. State green
alacrimapp · 1991
1 sentence

2006Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 [ 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 ] . . . (1983)."' Day v. State , 539 So.2d 410 , 413-14 (Ala.Cr.App. 1988). `"The test for probable cause is `whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or search, would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that the action taken was appropriate.'"' Ivey v. State , 698 So.2d 179 , 185-86 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), aff'd, 698 So.2d 187 (Ala. 1997) (quoting Riley v. State , 583 So.2d 1353 , 1355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991))." Johnson v. State , 719 So.2d 272 , 273 (Ala.Crim.App. 1998).

12006–2006
Waddle v. State green
alacrimapp · 2000
2 sentences

2005With respect to the voluntariness of Harris's plea, it is well settled that "a signed Ireland form is, alone, insufficient to establish the voluntariness of a plea." Waddle v. State , 784 So.2d 367 , 370 (Ala.Crim.App. 2000).

2005"Rule 14.4(d), Ala.R.Crim.P., specifically allows an Ireland form to be used to supplement the guilty-plea colloquy under Rule 14.4(a), Ala.R.Crim.P., [but only] if the trial court determines `from a personal colloquy with the defendant that the defendant has read, or has had read to [him], and understands each item' in the Ireland form." Id.

12005–2005
Smith v. State green
alacrimapp · 1981
1 sentence

2002The ruling was based on caselaw stating that “[t]he grounds urged on a motion for a new trial must ordinarily be preserved at trial by timely and specific objections.” Trawick v. State, 431 So.2d 574, 578-79 (Ala.Crim.App.1983), citing Smith v. State, 393 So.2d 529 (Ala.Crim.App.1981).

12002–2002
Ex Parte Ingram green
ala · 1996
1 sentence

2001Thus, it is necessary to remand this case for further findings as to the merits of Harris's claim. *Page 1006 The record further reflects that Harris was convicted after the Alabama Supreme Court decided Ex parte Ingram , 675 So.2d 863 (Ala. 1996).

12001–2001
Gayle v. State green
alacrimapp · 1993
11999–1999

Where else courts name it

TX 73 (1961–2024) GA 60 (1976–2026) CA 58 (1973–2026) OH 35 (2003–2026) IL 33 (1975–2026) WI 23 (1971–2026) IN 19 (1996–2020) MS 19 (1994–2025) FL 19 (1985–2025) WA 17 (1977–2018) PA 14 (1968–2024) MD 13 (1970–2019) AR 13 (1977–2026) AL 11 (1999–2024) KS 10 (1978–2026) KY 9 (1947–2023) NE 8 (1983–2024) DC 8 (1990–2003) NC 8 (1983–2024) ID 8 (2000–2024) VA 8 (1999–2026) MI 8 (1982–2024) TN 7 (1997–2022) NJ 7 (1975–2019) IA 7 (2014–2023) DE 6 (1980–2022) MO 6 (1964–2023) UT 5 (2004–2025) NV 5 (1970–2017) NY 4 (1982–2005) LA 3 (1995–2016) CO 3 (2016–2025) MA 3 (1976–2012) ND 3 (2011–2025) MT 3 (1999–2021) SC 3 (2012–2022) WY 2 (2006–2015) OR 2 (1962–1985) MN 2 (1968–1977)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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