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11 Colorado opinions name it 2 courts 1971–2010 0 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Colorado courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Donahue v. PIKES PEAK AUTOMOBILE COMPANYgreen2 sentences2004Co., 150 Colo. 281, 287 , 372 P.2d 443, 446 (1962)(quoting Rule v. McGregor, 117 Iowa 419 , 90 N.W. 811 (1902)). 2004Co., 150 Colo. 281, 287 , 372 P.2d 443, 446 (1962)(quoting Rule v. McGregor, 117 Iowa 419 , 90 N.W. 811 (1902)). | 1 | 1 |
People v. Kinggreen1 sentence1992See People v. King, 648 P.2d 173 (Colo.1982). | 1 | 1 |
Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Mooregreen2 sentences1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). 1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). | 1 | 1 |
Mountain Mobile Mix, Inc. v. Giffordgreen1 sentence1985See Frackelton, 662 P.2d at 1063 ("It is only necessary that `two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property.'") (emphasis added); Mountain Mobile Mix, 660 P.2d at 889 ("Historically, the doctrine of joint and several liability places the full obligation to pay damages on each and every defendant .... [The Act] opted to retain this rule.") (emphasis added); Miller v. Singer, 131 Colo. 112, 116 , 279 P.2d 846, 848 (1955) ("[A]ll those who actively participate in any manner in the commission of a tort are jointly and severally liable ther | 1 | 1 |
Miller v. Singergreen2 sentences1985See Frackelton, 662 P.2d at 1063 ("It is only necessary that `two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property.'") (emphasis added); Mountain Mobile Mix, 660 P.2d at 889 ("Historically, the doctrine of joint and several liability places the full obligation to pay damages on each and every defendant .... [The Act] opted to retain this rule.") (emphasis added); Miller v. Singer, 131 Colo. 112, 116 , 279 P.2d 846, 848 (1955) ("[A]ll those who actively participate in any manner in the commission of a tort are jointly and severally liable ther 1985See Frackelton, 662 P.2d at 1063 ("It is only necessary that `two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property.'") (emphasis added); Mountain Mobile Mix, 660 P.2d at 889 ("Historically, the doctrine of joint and several liability places the full obligation to pay damages on each and every defendant .... [The Act] opted to retain this rule.") (emphasis added); Miller v. Singer, 131 Colo. 112, 116 , 279 P.2d 846, 848 (1955) ("[A]ll those who actively participate in any manner in the commission of a tort are jointly and severally liable ther | 1 | 1 |
National Farmers Union Property & Casualty Co. v. Frackeltongreen2 sentences1985See Frackelton, 662 P.2d at 1063 ("It is only necessary that `two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property.'") (emphasis added); Mountain Mobile Mix, 660 P.2d at 889 ("Historically, the doctrine of joint and several liability places the full obligation to pay damages on each and every defendant .... [The Act] opted to retain this rule.") (emphasis added); Miller v. Singer, 131 Colo. 112, 116 , 279 P.2d 846, 848 (1955) ("[A]ll those who actively participate in any manner in the commission of a tort are jointly and severally liable ther 1985See Frackelton, 662 P.2d at 1063 (“It is only necessary that ‘two or more persons become jointly or severally liable in tort for the same injury to person or property.’ ”) (emphasis added); Mountain Mobile Mix, 660 P.2d at 889 (“Historically, the doctrine of joint and several liability places the full obligation to pay damages on each and every defendant.... [The Act] opted to retain this rule.”) (emphasis added); Miller v. Singer, 131 Colo. 112, 116 , 279 P.2d 846, 848 (1955) (“[A]ll those who actively participate in any manner in the commission of a tort are jointly and severally liable ther | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Animas Valley Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. Board of County Commissionersgreen1 sentence2010But see Animas Valley, 38 P.3d at 63 (limiting the damage clause in a regulatory taking case to situations in which the damage "is caused by government activity in areas adjacent to the landowner's land"). | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Rule v. McGregor
neutral
2 sentences2004Co., 150 Colo. 281, 287 , 372 P.2d 443, 446 (1962)(quoting Rule v. McGregor, 117 Iowa 419 , 90 N.W. 811 (1902)). 2004Co., 150 Colo. 281, 287 , 372 P.2d 443, 446 (1962)(quoting Rule v. McGregor, 117 Iowa 419 , 90 N.W. 811 (1902)). | 1 | 2004–2004 |
Horton v. Reaves
green
2 sentences1992Horton v. Reaves, 186 Colo. 149 , 526 P.2d 304 (1974). 1992Horton v. Reaves, 186 Colo. 149 , 526 P.2d 304 (1974). | 1 | 1992–1992 |
Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, Roann
green
2 sentences1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App.1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. 1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App.1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Jernigan v. Georgia Railway & Power Co.
green
2 sentences1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App. 1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. 1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App.1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Gilmore v. Chevrolet Motor Co.
neutral
2 sentences1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App. 1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. 1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App.1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Fox v. Tabel
green
2 sentences1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). 1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Schoen v. Lange
green
2 sentences1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App. 1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. 1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App.1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Petty v. Pacific Mutual Life Insurance
neutral
2 sentences1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App.1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. 1990Many that have recognized the distinction have nullified the damage requirement of the defense by holding that damage is inherent in particular instances of fraud, see Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind.App. 181 , 334 N.E.2d 724 (1975); Schoen v. Lange, 256 S.W.2d 277 (Mo.App.1953); Petty v. Pacific, 210 N.C. 500 , 187 S.E. 816 (1936); Nipper v. Griffin Mercantile Co., 37 Ga.App. 211 , 120 S.E. 439 (1923), or by implying injury whenever the misrepresentation is material. | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Parker v. Naylor
green
2 sentences1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Tabel, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). 1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Stuart v. Lester
neutral
2 sentences1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Tabel, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). 1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. James
neutral
2 sentences1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). 1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). | 1 | 1990–1990 |
California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin
green
2 sentences1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). 1990See Franklin Enterprises Corp. v. Moore, 34 Misc.2d 594 , 226 N.Y.S.2d 527 (1962); Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. James, 231 Ala. 295 , 164 So. 377 (1935); California Credit & Collection Corp. v. Goodin, 76 Cal.App. 785 , 246 P. 121 (1926); Parker v. Naylor, 151 S.W. 1096 (Tex.Civ.App.1912); Fox v. Label, 66 Conn. 397 , 34 A. 101 (1895); Stuart v. Lester, 49 Hun. 58 , 1 N.Y.S. 699 (1888). | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Berryman v. Berryman
green
2 sentences1984Furthermore, Silvercool’s claim that it was inadequately notified of the amounts that would be sought, see Berryman v. Berryman, 115 Colo. 281 , 172 P.2d 446 (1946), is belied by the fact that even in its original complaint plaintiffs made clear that they would seek whatever damages *468 were appropriate based on the evidence at trial. 1984Furthermore, Silvercool’s claim that it was inadequately notified of the amounts that would be sought, see Berryman v. Berryman, 115 Colo. 281 , 172 P.2d 446 (1946), is belied by the fact that even in its original complaint plaintiffs made clear that they would seek whatever damages *468 were appropriate based on the evidence at trial. | 1 | 1984–1984 |
Hoehne Ditch Co. v. John Flood Ditch Co.
green
2 sentences1981Kg., Hoehne Ditch Co. v. John Flood Ditch Co., 76 Colo. 500 , 233 P. 167 (1925); Comfort Homes, Inc. v. Peterson, supra. Although the amount of damages sustained by the city is an issue not before us at this time, we point out that the city’s damage claim involves matters to be resolved at trial on the basis of a fully developed evidentiary record. 1981Kg., Hoehne Ditch Co. v. John Flood Ditch Co., 76 Colo. 500 , 233 P. 167 (1925); Comfort Homes, Inc. v. Peterson, supra. Although the amount of damages sustained by the city is an issue not before us at this time, we point out that the city’s damage claim involves matters to be resolved at trial on the basis of a fully developed evidentiary record. | 1 | 1981–1981 |
Farrell v. State
green
1 sentence1976Trimble v. State, supra ; Farrell v. State, 317 So.2d 142 (Fla.App.1975). | 1 | 1976–1976 |
Maloney v. Jussel
green
2 sentences1973Citing Maloney v. Jussel, 125 Colo. 125 , 241 P.2d 862 , Fulton contends that we must, therefore, affirm the judgment. 1973Citing Maloney v. Jussel, 125 Colo. 125 , 241 P.2d 862 , Fulton contends that we must, therefore, affirm the judgment. | 1 | 1973–1973 |
Lehrer v. Lorenzen
green
2 sentences1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . 1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . | 1 | 1971–1971 |
Harman v. Chase
neutral
2 sentences1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . 1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . | 1 | 1971–1971 |
Herbertson v. Russell
green
2 sentences1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . 1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . | 1 | 1971–1971 |
Pierce v. Conners
green
1 sentence1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . | 1 | 1971–1971 |
Kogul v. Sonheim
green
2 sentences1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . 1971Harman v. Chase, 160 Colo. 449 , 417 P.2d 784 ; Kogul v. Sonheim, 150 Colo. 316 , 372 P.2d 731 ; Herbertson v. Russell, 150 Colo. 110 , 371 P.2d 422 ; Lehrer v. Lorenzen, 124 Colo. 17 , 233 P.2d 382 ; Pierce v. Conners, 20 Colo. 178 , 37 P. 721 . | 1 | 1971–1971 |
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.