motor vehicle violation (Ohio) · Go Syfert
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motor vehicle violation in Ohio

72 Ohio opinions name it 5 courts 1965–2026 15 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Newkirkgreen
ohioctapp · 1968 · cited in 6 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1983–2012
2 sentences

2009We recognized in Gustafson that both administrative regulation and criminal prosecution play a part in ensuring safety. {¶ 26} Furthermore, we have held that “[i]n Ohio, a license to operate a motor vehicle is a privilege, and not an absolute property right.” Doyle v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 46 , 554 N.E.2d 97 , paragraph two of the syllabus. “ ‘The state has the right under its sovereign power to control automobile traffic by reasonable regulations of the circumstances under which its citizens may be licensed to operate a motor vehicle and to adopt appropriate provis

2009We recognized in Gustafson that both administrative regulation and criminal prosecution play a part in ensuring safety. {¶ 26} Furthermore, we have held that “[i]n Ohio, a license to operate a motor vehicle is a privilege, and not an absolute property right.” Doyle v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles (1990), 51 Ohio St.3d 46 , 554 N.E.2d 97 , paragraph two of the syllabus. “ ‘The state has the right under its sovereign power to control automobile traffic by reasonable regulations of the circumstances under which its citizens may be licensed to operate a motor vehicle and to adopt appropriate provis

36
Doyle v. Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehiclesgreen
ohio · 1990 · cited in 13 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1995–2020
2 sentences

2015Nonetheless, “[i]n Ohio, a license to operate a motor vehicle is a privilege, and not an absolute property right.” Doyle v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles, 51 Ohio St.3d 46 , 554 N.E.2d 97 (1990), paragraph two of the syllabus.

2015Nonetheless, “[i]n Ohio, a license to operate a motor vehicle is a privilege, and not an absolute property right.” Doyle v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles, 51 Ohio St.3d 46 , 554 N.E.2d 97 (1990), paragraph two of the syllabus.

213
Wilsch v. Bencargreen
ohioctapp · 1966 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1983–1990
2 sentences

1983ConnoRS, P.J., and Handwork, J., concur. 1 R.C. 4511.19 states in relevant part: “No person who is under the influence of alcohol * * * shall operate any vehicle, * * * within this state.” 2 It is clear that in Ohio, “a license to operate a motor vehicle is a privilege and not a property right.” State v. Newkirk (1968), 21 Ohio App. 2d 160, 165 [ 50 O.O.2d 253 ]; Wilsch v. Bencar (1966), 7 Ohio App. 2d 165, 167 [ 36 O.O.2d 305 ], 3 Appellant also contends that an Ohio court is without the power to suspend or revoke a nonresident’s foreign-issued driver’s license.

1983ConnoRS, P.J., and Handwork, J., concur. 1 R.C. 4511.19 states in relevant part: “No person who is under the influence of alcohol * * * shall operate any vehicle, * * * within this state.” 2 It is clear that in Ohio, “a license to operate a motor vehicle is a privilege and not a property right.” State v. Newkirk (1968), 21 Ohio App. 2d 160, 165 [ 50 O.O.2d 253 ]; Wilsch v. Bencar (1966), 7 Ohio App. 2d 165, 167 [ 36 O.O.2d 305 ], 3 Appellant also contends that an Ohio court is without the power to suspend or revoke a nonresident’s foreign-issued driver’s license.

12
State v. Brashergreen
ohio · 2022 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Tr. 18:13-16; see State v. Brasher, 2022-Ohio-4703, ¶ 15 , citing State v. Danison, 2005-Ohio-781 , syllabus (“‘An order of restitution imposed by the sentencing court on an offender for a felony is part of the sentence.’”).

11
State v. Powellgreen
ohioctapp · 2020 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025In contrast, when this court reviews a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence, it must “review the entire record, weigh the evidence, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Powell, 2020-Ohio-4283, ¶ 16 (1st Dist.), citing State v. Thompkins, 1997-Ohio-52, ¶ 25 . {¶20} D.L. was adjudicated delinquent for carrying a concealed weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2), which provides that “[n]o person shall knowingly carry or have, concealed on the person’s person or

11
State v. Barbergreen
ohioctapp · 2025 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025R.C. 2923.12(C)(2) and 2923.16(F)(5)(a); State v. Barber, 2025-Ohio-1193, ¶ 24 (1st Dist.).

11
State v. Logangreen
· 2023 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025The trial court imposed a one-year sentence for the firearm specification and two years’ community control for the attempt to have weapons while under a disability. {¶ 6} The State appealed the trial court’s decision to the Eighth District, arguing that R.C. 2929.13(F)(8) required the trial court to impose a prison term for the attempt offense. 2023-Ohio-1135, ¶ 1 (8th Dist.).

11
Wingate v. Hordgegreen
ohio · 1979 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Wingate v. Hordge, 60 Ohio St.2d 55, 58 (1979). {¶12} R.C. 4506.15 states, in pertinent part: (A) No person who holds a commercial driver’s license or commercial driver’s license temporary instruction permit or who operates a motor vehicle for which a commercial driver’s license or permit is required shall do any of the following: *** (6) Drive a motor vehicle in violation of section 4511.19 of the Revised Code or a municipal OVI ordinance as defined in section 4511.181 of the Revised Code; (7) Use a motor vehicle in the commission of a felony[.] {¶13} R.C. 4506.16 states, in pertinent part: (

11
People v. Kazmierczakgreen
mich · 2000 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Id. at ¶ 28. {¶52} As the Supreme Court of Ohio has not yet spoken on this issue, it is helpful to examine whether other states that have either legalized or decriminalized the use of marijuana have found probable cause to search an automobile exists based on the smell of marijuana alone. {¶53} In People v. Armstrong, the Michigan Supreme Court considered whether the “enactment of the Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act (MRTMA)” superseded the longstanding law of Michigan, issued by the Court in People v. Kazmierczak, 461 Mich. 411, 413 (2000), that “‘the smell of marijuana alone

11
State v. Dunngreen
ohioctapp · 2022 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Appellant maintains that this exception to the warrant requirement was inapplicable as, at the time of Corporal Kidder's protective search of appellant's vehicle, there was no threat to officer safety as appellant was secured in Deputy Daniels' cruiser, appellant did not have access to his vehicle or any firearm located therein, and the deputies had not decided whether he would be permitted to return to his vehicle or whether he would be arrested. {¶ 19} "Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution protect individuals from unre

11
City of Cleveland v. Martingreen
ohioctapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Artagos was convicted of improper handling of firearm in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(D)(1), which states that “[n]o person shall knowingly transport or have a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle if, at the time of that transportation or possession, * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them.” The term “under the influence” has been defined as “‘the condition in which a person finds himself after having consumed some intoxicating beverage in such quantity that its effect on him adversely affects his actions, reactions, conduct,

2024Artagos was convicted of improper handling of firearm in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(D)(1), which states that “[n]o person shall knowingly transport or have a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle if, at the time of that transportation or possession, * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them.” The term “under the influence” has been defined as “‘the condition in which a person finds himself after having consumed some intoxicating beverage in such quantity that its effect on him adversely affects his actions, reactions, conduct,

11
State v. Vundagreen
ohioctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024"However, an appellate court 'independently reviews the trial court's legal conclusions based on those facts and determines, without deference to the trial court's decision, whether as a matter of law, the facts satisfy the appropriate legal standard.'" State v. Vunda, 2014-Ohio-3449, ¶ 14 (12th Dist.), quoting Cochran at ¶ 12 . {¶ 18} Appellant argues the trial court erred in relying on the "limited protective search of a motor vehicle exception" recognized in Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 , to -7- Clermont CA2024-03-022 deny his motion to suppress.

11
State v. Davis, Unpublished Decision (9-8-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Madison No. CA2016-01-005, 2017-Ohio-633, ¶ 29 (“Ohio appellate courts have routinely ordered entry of a conviction for a lesser included offense in [such] circumstances”); Davis, 2006-Ohio-4599, at ¶ 13 (“[w]hen the evidence shows 8 Case No. 2021-P-0051 that a defendant is not guilty of the crime for which he was convicted, but is guilty of a lesser-included offense, this court may modify the conviction”). {¶29} For the foregoing reasons, Piskac’s conviction for Grand Theft is reversed and this case is remanded with instructions for the trial court to vacate the Grand Theft conviction in viol

11
State v. Petitgreen
ohioctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Madison No. CA2016-01-005, 2017-Ohio-633, ¶ 29 (“Ohio appellate courts have routinely ordered entry of a conviction for a lesser included offense in [such] circumstances”); Davis, 2006-Ohio-4599, at ¶ 13 (“[w]hen the evidence shows 8 Case No. 2021-P-0051 that a defendant is not guilty of the crime for which he was convicted, but is guilty of a lesser-included offense, this court may modify the conviction”). {¶29} For the foregoing reasons, Piskac’s conviction for Grand Theft is reversed and this case is remanded with instructions for the trial court to vacate the Grand Theft conviction in viol

11
Roberts v. Treasurergreen
ohioctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
In Re Emerygreen
ohioctapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
State v. Steinkegreen
ohioctapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Cobb v. Foxgreen
michctapp · 1982 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
State v. Williamsgreen
ohio · 1996 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
State v. Parkergreen
ohioctapp · 1973 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
Burt Realty Corp. v. City of Columbusgreen
ohio · 1970 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (59)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Hartman green
ohioctapp · 1987
2 sentences

2004State v. Hartman (1987), 41 Ohio App.3d 142 , fn. 3, citing State v. Kirkpatrick (June 22, 1987), Preble App. No. CA 87-02-003; State v. Tamburin (2001), 145 Ohio App.3d 774 , 780 . {¶ 8} We conclude that the trial court could properly take into consideration the "citation record" signed by the police officer who cited Short, Champaign County Sheriff Deputy Shane Oelker, in making that determination.

2003State v. Tamburin (2001), 145 Ohio App.3d 774 , 780 , appeal not allowed (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 1430 . "`[A]buse of discretion' connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable." State v. Lowe (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 527 , 532 , quoting State v. Adams (1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 151 , 157 . {¶ 31} "[A] court of record, in deciding whether to suspend a driver's license pursuant to R.C. 4507.34 , is entitled to consider all the evidence the record reveals which is probative of whether a defendant's operation of a motor vehic

41997–2004
State v. Jenks red
ohio · 1991
2 sentences

2018When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. {¶15} Simmons was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2), which provides in relevant part that “[n]o person shall knowingly carry or have, concealed on the person’s person or concealed ready at hand *

2018When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. {¶15} Simmons was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2), which provides in relevant part that “[n]o person shall knowingly carry or have, concealed on the person’s person or concealed ready at hand *

32014–2018
Nolan v. Bronson green
michctapp · 1990
2 sentences

2025Id.

1999Id.

21999–2025
City of Toledo v. Starks green
ohioctapp · 1971
2 sentences

2024Artagos was convicted of improper handling of firearm in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(D)(1), which states that “[n]o person shall knowingly transport or have a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle if, at the time of that transportation or possession, * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them.” The term “under the influence” has been defined as “‘the condition in which a person finds himself after having consumed some intoxicating beverage in such quantity that its effect on him adversely affects his actions, reactions, conduct,

2024Artagos was convicted of improper handling of firearm in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(D)(1), which states that “[n]o person shall knowingly transport or have a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle if, at the time of that transportation or possession, * * * [t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them.” The term “under the influence” has been defined as “‘the condition in which a person finds himself after having consumed some intoxicating beverage in such quantity that its effect on him adversely affects his actions, reactions, conduct,

22019–2024
Delaware v. Prouse green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

2006Delaware v. Prouse (1979), 440 U.S. 648 .

2005Delaware v. Prouse (1979), 440 U.S. 648 , 668 . {¶ 34} The lawfulness of an initial stop will not support a "fishing expedition" for evidence of crime.

22005–2006
State v. Tamburin green
ohioctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2004State v. Hartman (1987), 41 Ohio App.3d 142 , fn. 3, citing State v. Kirkpatrick (June 22, 1987), Preble App. No. CA 87-02-003; State v. Tamburin (2001), 145 Ohio App.3d 774 , 780 . {¶ 8} We conclude that the trial court could properly take into consideration the "citation record" signed by the police officer who cited Short, Champaign County Sheriff Deputy Shane Oelker, in making that determination.

2003State v. Tamburin (2001), 145 Ohio App.3d 774 , 780 , appeal not allowed (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 1430 . "`[A]buse of discretion' connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable." State v. Lowe (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 527 , 532 , quoting State v. Adams (1980), 62 Ohio St.2d 151 , 157 . {¶ 31} "[A] court of record, in deciding whether to suspend a driver's license pursuant to R.C. 4507.34 , is entitled to consider all the evidence the record reveals which is probative of whether a defendant's operation of a motor vehic

22003–2004
Pons v. Ohio State Medical Board green
ohio · 1993
2 sentences

2004Id. {¶ 7} R.C. 4507.34 permits a court to suspend or revoke an individual's driver's license for up to one year when that person is found guilty of "operating a motor vehicle in violation of [Ohio's] laws or ordinances, relating to reckless operation." The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that under certain circumstances Ohio's speeding laws may relate to reckless operation under this statute.

2004Id. {¶ 16} R.C. 4507.34 permits a court to suspend or revoke an individual's driver's license for up to one year when that person is found guilty of "operating a motor vehicle in violation of [Ohio's] laws or ordinances, relating to reckless operation[.]" The Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized that Ohio's speeding laws, depending upon the circumstances, may be laws that relate to reckless operation under the statute.

22004–2004
Muenchenbach v. Preble County green
ohio · 2001
2 sentences

2001But because the tractor “had just completed packing gravel berm on the east side of the highway, and was preparing to turn left into a private drive so that he could turn around and head south in order to pack down freshly dumped gravel,” 91 Ohio St.3d at 145 , 742 N.E.2d at 1131 , the tractor, for a brief moment in time, is deemed to be a vehicle designed for or generally used in highway transportation.

2001But because the tractor “had just completed packing gravel berm on the east side of the highway, and was preparing to turn left into a private drive so that he could turn around and head south in order to pack down freshly dumped gravel,” 91 Ohio St.3d at 145 , 742 N.E.2d at 1131 , the tractor, for a brief moment in time, is deemed to be a vehicle designed for or generally used in highway transportation.

22001–2001
State v. Matosky green
ohioctapp · 2025
1 sentence

2026Based on our review of the record and the applicable law, we agree with Reid-Payne that our recent decision in Matosky requires us to affirm the trial court’s judgment. {¶ 10} In Matosky, 2025-Ohio-5658 (2d Dist.), the defendant was indicted on one 4 count of carrying concealed weapons in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2) and one count of improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(B).

12026–2026
State v. Thompkins green
ohio · 1997
1 sentence

2025In contrast, when this court reviews a challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence, it must “review the entire record, weigh the evidence, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Powell, 2020-Ohio-4283, ¶ 16 (1st Dist.), citing State v. Thompkins, 1997-Ohio-52, ¶ 25 . {¶20} D.L. was adjudicated delinquent for carrying a concealed weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2), which provides that “[n]o person shall knowingly carry or have, concealed on the person’s person or

12025–2025
New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen green
scotus · 2022
1 sentence

2024The motion is based on a recent case arising out of the United State Supreme Court, New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022).

12024–2024
Michigan v. Long green
scotus · 1983
1 sentence

2024"However, an appellate court 'independently reviews the trial court's legal conclusions based on those facts and determines, without deference to the trial court's decision, whether as a matter of law, the facts satisfy the appropriate legal standard.'" State v. Vunda, 2014-Ohio-3449, ¶ 14 (12th Dist.), quoting Cochran at ¶ 12 . {¶ 18} Appellant argues the trial court erred in relying on the "limited protective search of a motor vehicle exception" recognized in Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032 , to -7- Clermont CA2024-03-022 deny his motion to suppress.

12024–2024
State v. Wilks (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2018
1 sentence

2023State v. Wilks, 154 Ohio St.3d 359 , 2018-Ohio- 1 During the time he committed the sexual assault against the victim in the underlying action, Munoz was serving a term of community-control sanctions based on a guilty plea to one count of improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(B), a felony of the fourth degree.

12023–2023
State v. Thompkins red
ohio · 1997
1 sentence

2022Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence and ordering a new trial should be reserved for only the “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id. {¶30} Appellant, in the case sub judice, was convicted of operating a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A).

12022–2022
State v. Stewart neutral
ohioctapp · 2021
1 sentence

2022Cuyahoga Nos. 109867 and 109868, 2021-Ohio-2928 , released on August 26, 2021, is hereby vacated.

12022–2022
State v. Brown green
ohioctapp · 2018
12020–2020
Roe v. Hamilton County Department of Human Services green
ohioctapp · 1988
12020–2020
State v. Neuvirth neutral
ohioctapp · 1988
12020–2020
State v. Plott green
ohioctapp · 2017
12020–2020
R.K. v. Little Miami Golf Ctr. green
ohioctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2020Physical-Defect Exception to Immunity {¶13} The physical-defect exception to immunity abrogates the general grant of immunity afforded political subdivisions engaged in a governmental activity only if an injury, death, or loss “(1) resulted from employee negligence, (2) occurred within or on the grounds of buildings used in connection with a governmental function, and (3) resulted from a physical defect within or on the grounds of buildings used in connection with a governmental function.” R.K., 2013-Ohio-4939 , 1 N.E.3d 833 , at ¶ 15.

12020–2020
State v. Golden neutral
ohioctapp · 2018
12018–2018
State v. Jenkins green
· 2018
12018–2018
State v. Martin green
ohioctapp · 1983
12018–2018
State v. Willis, 89044 (2-7-2008) green
ohioctapp · 2008
12018–2018
State v. Walker green
ohio · 1978
12016–2016
Blakemore v. Blakemore green
ohio · 1983
12016–2016
State v. Kirkland (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2014
12016–2016
State v. Hankerson green
ohio · 1982
12014–2014
Colbert v. City of Cleveland green
ohio · 2003
12013–2013
Baughman v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance green
ohio · 2000
12011–2011
State v. Cochran, 22240 (7-18-2008) neutral
ohioctapp · 2008
12011–2011
State v. Dehass green
ohio · 1967
12009–2009
State v. Bridgeman green
ohio · 1978
12007–2007
Mapp v. Ohio green
scotus · 1961
12006–2006
C. E. Morris Co. v. Foley Construction Co. green
ohio · 1978
12006–2006
State v. Hill green
ohioctapp · 2000
12006–2006
State v. Anderson green
ohio · 1991
12004–2004
Horton v. Harwick Chemical Corp. green
ohio · 1995
12004–2004
State v. Adams green
ohio · 1980
12003–2003
Fell v. Bureau of Motor Vehicles green
ohioctapp · 1972
12003–2003

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4511.19 (16) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2923.16 (15) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2901.22 (9) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4511.191 (9) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2923.12 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4507.16 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2913.03 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2913.02 (5) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2923.13 (5) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2941.141 (5) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4511.01 (5) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.12 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

MI 216 (1947–2026) NJ 165 (1950–2026) PA 107 (1938–2025) CT 91 (1964–2026) OH 72 (1965–2026) MN 44 (1975–2025) MA 35 (1977–2026) CA 33 (1935–2026) VT 27 (1987–2020) NY 25 (1945–2026) IA 24 (1974–2022) NC 21 (1956–2026) NE 14 (1950–2022) TX 13 (1939–2025) CO 12 (1986–2022) MO 11 (1971–2017) VA 10 (1983–2021) ID 9 (1978–2021) FL 8 (1978–2013) GA 8 (1990–2014) WI 8 (1953–2018) IL 7 (1970–2013) ME 6 (1975–2022) OR 5 (1974–2015) SD 5 (1990–2005) RI 5 (1979–2013) WA 5 (1981–2014) DE 5 (1983–2025) MD 4 (1980–2018) AK 4 (1981–1997) NH 4 (1981–2015) KS 4 (2012–2024) AZ 3 (1977–2007) MS 3 (1958–1993) LA 3 (2003–2013) KY 3 (1951–2022) WV 2 (1979–2007) WY 2 (1977–1982) IN 2 (1999–2000) UT 2 (2009–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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