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7 Virginia opinions name it 3 courts 1993–2026 1 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Illinois v. Gatesgreen2 sentences2008See Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 233 (1983). 2002Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230, 233 (1983); Boyd v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 179, 186 , 402 S.E.2d 914, 918 (1991). | 2 | 2 |
State v. Ottogreen1 sentence2026See, e.g., People v. Johnston, 440 P.3d 1223, 1226 (Colo. App. 2018); State v. Otto, 566 N.W.2d 509, 511 (Iowa 1997) (per curiam); State v. Pratt, 932 A.2d 1039, 1041-42 (Vt. 2007); State v. Post, 733 N.W.2d 634, 641 (Wis. 2007). | 1 | 1 |
State v. Postgreen1 sentence2026See, e.g., People v. Johnston, 440 P.3d 1223, 1226 (Colo. App. 2018); State v. Otto, 566 N.W.2d 509, 511 (Iowa 1997) (per curiam); State v. Pratt, 932 A.2d 1039, 1041-42 (Vt. 2007); State v. Post, 733 N.W.2d 634, 641 (Wis. 2007). | 1 | 1 |
People v. Johnstongreen1 sentence2026See, e.g., People v. Johnston, 440 P.3d 1223, 1226 (Colo. App. 2018); State v. Otto, 566 N.W.2d 509, 511 (Iowa 1997) (per curiam); State v. Pratt, 932 A.2d 1039, 1041-42 (Vt. 2007); State v. Post, 733 N.W.2d 634, 641 (Wis. 2007). | 1 | 1 |
State v. Prattgreen1 sentence2026See, e.g., People v. Johnston, 440 P.3d 1223, 1226 (Colo. App. 2018); State v. Otto, 566 N.W.2d 509, 511 (Iowa 1997) (per curiam); State v. Pratt, 932 A.2d 1039, 1041-42 (Vt. 2007); State v. Post, 733 N.W.2d 634, 641 (Wis. 2007). | 1 | 1 |
Boyd v. Commonwealthgreen2 sentences2002Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230, 233 (1983); Boyd v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 179, 186 , 402 S.E.2d 914, 918 (1991). 2002Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230, 233 (1983); Boyd v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 179, 186 , 402 S.E.2d 914, 918 (1991). | 1 | 1 |
Lansdown v. Commonwealthgreen2 sentences1993The majority, applying the totality of circumstances test that we approved in Lansdown v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 204, 209 , 308 S.E.2d 106, 110 (1983), states: The totality of the circumstances we consider here ... included a traffic stop in a high-crime area; similar traffic stops two days earlier in the same neighborhood in which weapons were discovered in a car; Bethea's actions immediately prior to the stop; Warren's 22 years of experience and his statements that Bethea's actions "startled" and "scared" him; and Warren's concern that Bethea might have weapons in the car. 1993The majority, applying the totality of circumstances test that we approved in Lansdown v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 204, 209 , 308 S.E.2d 106, 110 (1983), states: The totality of the circumstances we consider here ... included a traffic stop in a high-crime area; similar traffic stops two days earlier in the same neighborhood in which weapons were discovered in a car; Bethea's actions immediately prior to the stop; Warren's 22 years of experience and his statements that Bethea's actions "startled" and "scared" him; and Warren's concern that Bethea might have weapons in the car. | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Freeman v. Commonwealth
green
2 sentences2026Those circumstances “includ[e] the officer’s knowledge, training, and experience.” Id. at 237 (quoting Freeman, 20 Va. App. at 661 ). -6- Our sister states have likewise rejected a bright-line rule as inconsistent with the totality- of-circumstances test. 2026Those circumstances “includ[e] the officer’s knowledge, training, and experience.” Id. at 237 (quoting Freeman, 20 Va. App. at 661 ). -6- Our sister states have likewise rejected a bright-line rule as inconsistent with the totality- of-circumstances test. | 1 | 2026–2026 |
Wass v. Commonwealth
green
1 sentence1998Wass v. Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 27 (1987). | 1 | 1998–1998 |
Murphy v. Commonwealth
green
1 sentence1998Therefore, in applying the totality of circumstances test, a court must “view those facts objectively through the eyes of a reasonable police officer with the knowledge, training, and experience of the investigating officer.” Id. | 1 | 1998–1998 |
United States v. Dennis L. Taxacher
green
2 sentences1996As the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated in Taxacher, the totality of circumstances standard for evaluating an officer's reasonableness in relying on a warrant "comports with the language used in Leon , ... and is also consistent with the purposes underlying the exclusionary rule and the good faith exception." 902 F.2d at 872 . 1996As the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated in Taxacher , the totality of circumstances standard for evaluating an officer’s reasonableness in relying on a warrant “comports with the language used in Leon , ... and is also consistent with the purposes underlying the exclusionary rule and the good faith exception.” 902 F.2d at 872 . | 1 | 1996–1996 |
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.