employer violation (Ohio) · Go Syfert
← Ohio issues

employer violation in Ohio

46 Ohio opinions name it 4 courts 1969–2025 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
Blankenship v. Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, Inc.green
ohio · 1982 · cited in 9 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1999–2015
2 sentences

2015We reasoned that extending the immunity afforded to employers by the workers’ compensation system to intentional torts would not further the legislative goals underlying the Workers’ Compensation Act: “Affording an employer immunity for his intentional behavior certainly would not promote [a safe and injury-free work environment], for an employer could commit intentional acts with impunity with the knowledge that, at the very most, his workers’ compensation premiums may rise slightly.” Id. at 615 . {¶ 8} An intentional tort involves an act committed with the specific intent to injure or with t

2006Bunger v. Lawson Co., 82 Ohio St.3d at 466 , 696 N.E.2d 1029 ; Blankenship, supra, 69 Ohio St.2d 608 , 23 O.O.3d 504 , 433 N.E .2d 572 (because intentional torts of an employer do not arise from employment, the employer has no immunity for them under R.C. 4123.74).

29
Wilson v. Riverside Hospitalgreen
ohio · 1985 · cited in 4 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2000–2024
2 sentences

2024On the basis of this claim, we cannot conclude that there is no set of facts which would entitle the appellee to recover from the state.”); Wilson v. Riverside Hosp., 18 Ohio St.3d 8, 10 (1985) (“a complaint filed by an employee against an employer states a claim for relief for WASHINGTON, 23CA5 30 retaliatory discharge when it alleges that the employee was injured on the job, filed a claim for workers’ compensation and was discharged by that employer in contravention of R.C. 4123.90”); Border City Sav. & Loan, 15 Ohio St.3d at 66 (“It will be incumbent upon appellant to establish that these l

2016This court concluded that by referring to R.C. 4123.90 in the complaint, Wilson sufficiently complied with the notice-pleading requirements of Civ.R. 8(A). {¶ 33} Accordingly, this court held that “[a] complaint filed by an employee against an employer states a claim for relief for retaliatory discharge when it alleges that the employee was injured on the job, filed a claim for workers’ compensation, and was discharged by that employer in contravention of R.C. 4123.90.” 18 Ohio St.3d 8 , 479 N.E.2d 275 , syllabus.

24
Waddell v. Grant/Riverside Med. Care Found.green
ohioctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Care Found., 2017-Ohio-1349, ¶ 30 (10th Dist.).

11
Border City Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Moangreen
ohio · 1984 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024On the basis of this claim, we cannot conclude that there is no set of facts which would entitle the appellee to recover from the state.”); Wilson v. Riverside Hosp., 18 Ohio St.3d 8, 10 (1985) (“a complaint filed by an employee against an employer states a claim for relief for WASHINGTON, 23CA5 30 retaliatory discharge when it alleges that the employee was injured on the job, filed a claim for workers’ compensation and was discharged by that employer in contravention of R.C. 4123.90”); Border City Sav. & Loan, 15 Ohio St.3d at 66 (“It will be incumbent upon appellant to establish that these l

11
Kohmescher v. Kroger Co.green
ohio · 1991 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Kohmescher at ¶ 32 (summary judgment for the employer is error where the employee presents evidence that a supervisor recommended the employer eliminate the employee's position because he was "eligible for (the) retirement window").

11
Russell v. Interim Personnel, Inc.green
ohioctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See Russell v. Interim Personnel, Inc . (1999), 135 Ohio App.3d 301, 304 , 733 N.E.2d 1186 . {¶19} R.C. 4113.52 reads, in pertinent part, {¶20} "(A)(1)(a) If an employee becomes aware in the course of the employee's employment of a violation of any state or federal statute or any ordinance or regulation of a political subdivision that the employee's employer has authority to correct, and the employee reasonably believes that the violation is a criminal offense that is likely to cause an imminent risk of physical harm to persons or a hazard to public health or safety, a felony, or an improper s

2013See Russell v. Interim Personnel, Inc . (1999), 135 Ohio App.3d 301, 304 , 733 N.E.2d 1186 . {¶19} R.C. 4113.52 reads, in pertinent part, {¶20} "(A)(1)(a) If an employee becomes aware in the course of the employee's employment of a violation of any state or federal statute or any ordinance or regulation of a political subdivision that the employee's employer has authority to correct, and the employee reasonably believes that the violation is a criminal offense that is likely to cause an imminent risk of physical harm to persons or a hazard to public health or safety, a felony, or an improper s

11
Lesko v. Riverside Methodist Hosp., Unpublished Decision (6-23-2005)green
ohioctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009See Lesko v. Riverside Methodist Hosp., Franklin App. No. 04AP-1130, 2005-Ohio-3142 , 2005 WL 1482549 , ¶ 34.

11
Dresher v. Burtgreen
ohio · 1996 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (34)

CaseCitedYears
Contreras v. Ferro Corp. green
ohio · 1995
2 sentences

2017"Under such circumstances, [the statute] requires that the employee orally notify his or her supervisor or other responsible officer of the employer of the violation and subsequently file with that person a written report that provides sufficient detail to identify and describe the violation." (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 247 , 652 N.E.2d 940 ; R.C. 4113.52(A).

2017"Under such circumstances, [the statute] requires that the employee orally notify his or her supervisor or other responsible officer of the employer of the violation and subsequently file with that person a written report that provides sufficient detail to identify and describe the violation." (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 247 , 652 N.E.2d 940 ; R.C. 4113.52(A).

52005–2017
Clawson v. Hts. Chiropractic Physicians, L.L.C. green
ohio · 2022
2 sentences

2025In Clawson, 2022-Ohio-4154 , the Ohio Supreme Court considered “whether a plaintiff may prevail on a claim of chiropractic malpractice against a chiropractor’s employer under the doctrine of respondeat superior when the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations has extinguished the chiropractor’s direct liability for the alleged malpractice.” Id. at ¶ 1.

2023Chiropractic Physicians, L.L.C., 170 Ohio St.3d 451 , 2022- Ohio-4154, 214 N.E.3d 540 (holding a plaintiff could not prevail on a claim of chiropractic malpractice against a chiropractor’s employer under the doctrine of respondeat superior when the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations extinguished the chiropractor’s direct liability for the alleged malpractice); Krause v. Case W.

22023–2025
Bunger v. Lawson Co. green
ohio · 1998
2 sentences

2006Bunger v. Lawson Co., 82 Ohio St.3d at 466 , 696 N.E.2d 1029 ; Blankenship, supra, 69 Ohio St.2d 608 , 23 O.O.3d 504 , 433 N.E .2d 572 (because intentional torts of an employer do not arise from employment, the employer has no immunity for them under R.C. 4123.74).

2006Bunger v. Lawson Co., 82 Ohio St.3d at 466 , 696 N.E.2d 1029 ; Blankenship, supra, 69 Ohio St.2d 608 , 23 O.O.3d 504 , 433 N.E .2d 572 (because intentional torts of an employer do not arise from employment, the employer has no immunity for them under R.C. 4123.74).

22005–2006
Perry v. S.S. Steel Processing Corp. green
ohioctapp · 1987
2 sentences

2006The Ohio Supreme Court reaffirmed that “standing alone, the failure of an employer who has otherwise complied to include one or more employees on a payroll report ‘is not an omission which will deprive an employer of immunity.’ ” Bridges, 49 Ohio St.3d at 116 , 551 N.E.2d 163 , quoting Perry v. S. S. Steel Processing Corp. (1987), 40 Ohio App.3d 198, 200 , 532 N.E.2d 783, 785 .

2006The Ohio Supreme Court reaffirmed that “standing alone, the failure of an employer who has otherwise complied to include one or more employees on a payroll report ‘is not an omission which will deprive an employer of immunity.’ ” Bridges, 49 Ohio St.3d at 116 , 551 N.E.2d 163 , quoting Perry v. S. S. Steel Processing Corp. (1987), 40 Ohio App.3d 198, 200 , 532 N.E.2d 783, 785 .

21990–2006
Brady v. Safety-Kleen Corp. green
ohio · 1991
2 sentences

1999Furthermore, because R.C. 2745.01 is an attempt by the General Assembly to govern intentional torts that occur within the employment relationship, R.C. 2745.01 “cannot logically withstand constitutional scrutiny, inasmuch as it attempts to regulate an area that is beyond the reach of constitutional empowerment.” Brady, 61 Ohio St.3d at 634 , 576 N.E.2d at 729 . 14 After determining the constitutionality of R.C. 2745.01, and after reviewing the complaint, the court of appeals concluded that Johnson properly set forth a claim for common-law intentional tort against BP.

1999Furthermore, because R.C. 2745.01 is an attempt by the General Assembly to govern intentional torts that occur within the employment relationship, R.C. 2745.01 “cannot logically withstand constitutional scrutiny, inasmuch as it attempts to regulate an area that is beyond the reach of constitutional empowerment.” Brady, 61 Ohio St.3d at 634 , 576 N.E.2d at 729 . 14 After determining the constitutionality of R.C. 2745.01, and after reviewing the complaint, the court of appeals concluded that Johnson properly set forth a claim for common-law intentional tort against BP.

21999–1999
James P. Smith v. Chrysler Corporation green
ca6 · 1998
1 sentence

2023Smith at id.

12023–2023
Osborne v. Lyles green
ohio · 1992
2 sentences

2022Osborne v. Lyles, 63 Ohio St.3d 326, 329 , 587 N.E.2d 825 (1992); Schisler v. Columbus Med.

2022Osborne v. Lyles, 63 Ohio St.3d 326, 329 , 587 N.E.2d 825 (1992); Schisler v. Columbus Med.

12022–2022
City of Cleveland v. Ohio Bureau of Workers' Comp. green
· 2018
1 sentence

2020(No. 2018-0572—Submitted September 10, 2019—Decided February 5, 2020.) APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County, No. 105604, 2018-Ohio-846 . __________________ O’CONNOR, C.J. {¶ 1} In this appeal, we consider which court has jurisdiction over an employer’s claim against the Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation (“BWC”) for the reimbursement of alleged excessive premiums paid by the employer.

12020–2020
Cleveland v. Ohio Bur. of Workers' Comp. (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2020
2 sentences

2020SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-337 THE CITY OF CLEVELAND, APPELLEE v. OHIO BUREAU OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION, APPELLANT. [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as Cleveland v. Ohio Bur. of Workers’ Comp., Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-337 .] R.C. 2743.03(A)—Employer’s claim against Bureau of Workers’ Compensation is a legal claim, not an equitable claim, and thus, it should have been filed in the Court of Claims.

2020SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-337 THE CITY OF CLEVELAND, APPELLEE v. OHIO BUREAU OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION, APPELLANT. [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as Cleveland v. Ohio Bur. of Workers’ Comp., Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-337 .] R.C. 2743.03(A)—Employer’s claim against Bureau of Workers’ Compensation is a legal claim, not an equitable claim, and thus, it should have been filed in the Court of Claims.

12020–2020
Fox v. City of Bowling Green green
ohio · 1996
2 sentences

2016Again, that provision states: If an employee becomes aware in the course of the employee’s employment of a violation by a fellow employee of any state or federal statute, any ordinance or regulation of a political subdivision, or any work rule or company policy of the employee’s employer and the employee reasonably believes that the violation is a criminal offense that is likely to cause an imminent risk of physical harm to persons or a hazard to public health or safety, a felony, or an improper solicitation for a contribution, the employee orally shall notify the employee’s supervisor or othe

2016Again, that provision states: If an employee becomes aware in the course of the employee’s employment of a violation by a fellow employee of any state or federal statute, any ordinance or regulation of a political subdivision, or any work rule or company policy of the employee’s employer and the employee reasonably believes that the violation is a criminal offense that is likely to cause an imminent risk of physical harm to persons or a hazard to public health or safety, a felony, or an improper solicitation for a contribution, the employee orally shall notify the employee’s supervisor or othe

12016–2016
State ex rel. Chappell v. Morgan green
ohio · 2015
2 sentences

2016Id. {¶ 22} The Kilbarger case involved an injured worker’s appeal from a bench trial that resulted in a finding in favor of the employer on a claim for retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90.

2016Id. {¶ 22} The Kilbarger case involved an injured worker’s appeal from a bench trial that resulted in a finding in favor of the employer on a claim for retaliatory discharge under R.C. 4123.90.

12016–2016
Kilbarger v. Anchor Hocking Glass Co. green
ohioctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2014Rather, the focus of the holding was that a reference to R.C. 4123.90 in a complaint for retaliatory discharge was sufficient to satisfy the notice pleading requirements, and that the plaintiff was not required to specifically allege that the discharge was in retaliation for her filing of a workers’ compensation claim. {¶ 23} The Tenth District in Sidenstricker further noted that, although Ohio courts frequently cite Wilson for the elements of a retaliatory discharge claim under R.C. 4123.90, only one has directly addressed the element of “injury on the job.” In that single case, Kilbarger v.

2014Rather, the focus of the holding was that a reference to R.C. 4123.90 in a complaint for retaliatory discharge was sufficient to satisfy the notice pleading requirements, and that the plaintiff was not required to specifically allege that the discharge was in retaliation for her filing of a workers’ compensation claim. {¶ 23} The Tenth District in Sidenstricker further noted that, although Ohio courts frequently cite Wilson for the elements of a retaliatory discharge claim under R.C. 4123.90, only one has directly addressed the element of “injury on the job.” In that single case, Kilbarger v.

12014–2014
Mauzy v. Kelly Services, Inc. green
ohio · 1996
2 sentences

2014Franklin No. 12AP-998, 2013-Ohio-4930, ¶ 21 , citing Mauzy v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 582 , 664 N.E.2d 1272 (1996). {¶39} “A plaintiff in a discrimination lawsuit may pursue ‘essentially, two theories of employment discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact.’” Hall v. Ohio State Univ.

2014Franklin No. 12AP-998, 2013-Ohio-4930, ¶ 21 , citing Mauzy v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 582 , 664 N.E.2d 1272 (1996). {¶39} “A plaintiff in a discrimination lawsuit may pursue ‘essentially, two theories of employment discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact.’” Hall v. Ohio State Univ.

12014–2014
Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc. green
ohio · 2009
2 sentences

2014Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 104 , 2009-Ohio-2463 , 909 N.E.2d 106 , paragraph one of the syllabus (“An age discrimination claim brought pursuant to R.C. 4112.99 is subject to the substantive provisions of R.C. 4112.02 and 4112.14.”). {¶36} R.C. 4112.14(A) provides: No employer shall discriminate in any job opening against any applicant or discharge without just cause any employee aged forty or older who is physically able to perform the duties and otherwise meets the established requirements of the job and laws pertaining to the relationship between employer and employ

2014Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc., 122 Ohio St.3d 104 , 2009-Ohio-2463 , 909 N.E.2d 106 , paragraph one of the syllabus (“An age discrimination claim brought pursuant to R.C. 4112.99 is subject to the substantive provisions of R.C. 4112.02 and 4112.14.”). {¶36} R.C. 4112.14(A) provides: No employer shall discriminate in any job opening against any applicant or discharge without just cause any employee aged forty or older who is physically able to perform the duties and otherwise meets the established requirements of the job and laws pertaining to the relationship between employer and employ

12014–2014
Tilly v. Dublin green
ohioctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2014Franklin No. 12AP-998, 2013-Ohio-4930, ¶ 21 , citing Mauzy v. Kelly Servs., Inc., 75 Ohio St.3d 578, 582 , 664 N.E.2d 1272 (1996). {¶39} “A plaintiff in a discrimination lawsuit may pursue ‘essentially, two theories of employment discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact.’” Hall v. Ohio State Univ.

12014–2014
Levine v. Beckman green
ohioctapp · 1988
2 sentences

2008What is disputed by the parties, however, is whether the trial court properly could enjoin Orendorff from employment with Sunlight Supply and, assuming for the sake of argument that the trial court properly could enjoin Orendorff from working for Sunlight Supply, the duration of such an injunction. {¶ 15} Specifically, Orendorff s assignments of error resolve to the following: (1) whether, absent a noncompetition agreement by the parties, a trial court, as a matter of law, may enjoin a worker from working for a direct competitor of a former employer under the doctrine of inevitable disclosure,

2008What is disputed by the parties, however, is whether the trial court properly could enjoin Orendorff from employment with Sunlight Supply and, assuming for the sake of argument that the trial court properly could enjoin Orendorff from working for Sunlight Supply, the duration of such an injunction. {¶ 15} Specifically, Orendorff s assignments of error resolve to the following: (1) whether, absent a noncompetition agreement by the parties, a trial court, as a matter of law, may enjoin a worker from working for a direct competitor of a former employer under the doctrine of inevitable disclosure,

12008–2008
Berardi's Fresh Roast, Inc. v. Pmd Ents., Inc., 90822 (10-23-2008) neutral
ohioctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2008For its part, Hydrofarm asserts that the trial court properly granted injunctive relief under Ohio’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act, R.C. 1333.61 et seq., but the trial court erred when it arbitrarily limited the duration of the preliminary injunction to six months. {¶ 16} The rule against inevitable disclosure “holds that a threat of harm warranting injunctive relief exists when an employee with specialized knowledge commences employment with a competitor.” Berardi’s Fresh Roast, Inc. v. PMD Ents., Inc., Cuyahoga App. No. 90822, 2008-Ohio-5470 , 2008 WL 4681825 , at ¶ 27. “[T]his doctrine is appli

12008–2008
Keefe v. Youngstown Diocese of Catholic Church green
ohioctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2008Keefe v. Youngstown Diocese of the Catholic Church (1997), 121 Ohio App.3d 1 , 5 , 698 N.E.2d 1009 .

2008Keefe v. Youngstown Diocese of the Catholic Church (1997), 121 Ohio App.3d 1 , 5 , 698 N.E.2d 1009 .

12008–2008
State ex rel. Flagg v. City of Bedford green
ohio · 1966
1 sentence

2007For example, in Lusito v. Kruse (1940), 136 Ohio St. 183 , 186-87 , the Ohio Supreme Court stated: {¶ 9} "The liability of one tort-feasor for wrongs committed solely by another arises in the following situations: * * * {¶ 10} "Where one as principal or master delegates a course of action to his agent or servant, who, while acting within the scope of his authority or employment as to such course of action, commits a tortious act resulting in injury to a third person. * * * {¶ 11} "Between them * * * there exists a primary and secondary liability [to] the injured party." {¶ 12} "For the wrong o

12007–2007
GTE Automatic Electric, Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc. green
ohio · 1976
2 sentences

2007GTE Automatic Elec, Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc. (1976), 47 Ohio St.2d 146 , 351 N.E.2d 113 , paragraph two of the syllabus.

2007GTE Automatic Elec, Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc. (1976), 47 Ohio St.2d 146 , 351 N.E.2d 113 , paragraph two of the syllabus.

12007–2007
Losito v. Kruse, Jr. green
· 1940
1 sentence

2007For example, in Lusito v. Kruse (1940), 136 Ohio St. 183 , 186-87 , the Ohio Supreme Court stated: {¶ 9} "The liability of one tort-feasor for wrongs committed solely by another arises in the following situations: * * * {¶ 10} "Where one as principal or master delegates a course of action to his agent or servant, who, while acting within the scope of his authority or employment as to such course of action, commits a tortious act resulting in injury to a third person. * * * {¶ 11} "Between them * * * there exists a primary and secondary liability [to] the injured party." {¶ 12} "For the wrong o

12007–2007
Provens v. Stark County Board of Mental Retardation & Developmental Disabilities green
ohio · 1992
2 sentences

2007Disabilities (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 252 , 594 N.E.2d 959 (public employees do not have a private cause of action against employer for policies embodied in the Ohio Constitution when there are other satisfactory statutory and administrative remedies). . {¶ a} Former R.C. 4101.17 provided: {¶ b} “(A) No employer shall discriminate in any job opening against any applicant or discharge without just cause any employee aged forty or older who is physically able to perform the duties and otherwise meets the established requirements of the job and laws pertaining to the relationship between employer an

2007Disabilities (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 252 , 594 N.E.2d 959 (public employees do not have a private cause of action against employer for policies embodied in the Ohio Constitution when there are other satisfactory statutory and administrative remedies). . {¶ a} Former R.C. 4101.17 provided: {¶ b} “(A) No employer shall discriminate in any job opening against any applicant or discharge without just cause any employee aged forty or older who is physically able to perform the duties and otherwise meets the established requirements of the job and laws pertaining to the relationship between employer an

12007–2007
Bridges v. National Engineering & Contracting Co. green
ohio · 1990
12006–2006
Bear v. Geetronics, Inc. green
ohioctapp · 1992
1 sentence

2006Id., citing Contreras v. Ferro Corp. (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 244 , 652 N.E.2d 940 , syllabus. {¶ 17} R.C. 4113.52 (A)(1)(a) states in pertinent part: "If an employee becomes aware in the course of the employee's employment of a violation of any state or federal statute or any ordinance or regulation of a political subdivision that the employee's employer has authority to correct, and the employee reasonably believes that the violation is a criminal offense that is likely to cause an imminent risk of physical harm to persons or a hazard to public health or safety, a felony, or an improper solicit

12006–2006
Grove v. Fresh Mark, Inc. green
ohioctapp · 2004
12005–2005
State ex rel. Miesse v. Holophane Corp. neutral
ohio · 2004
12005–2005
Coventry Township v. Ecker green
ohioctapp · 1995
12005–2005
State ex rel. Toledo Edison Co. v. City of Clyde green
ohio · 1996
12003–2003
Brogan v. United States green
scotus · 1998
12000–2000
Barker v. Scovill, Inc. green
ohio · 1983
11991–1991
Vandemark v. Southland Corp. green
ohio · 1988
11989–1989
Finley v. Schuett green
ohioctapp · 1982
11986–1986
Guy v. Arthur H. Thomas Co. green
ohio · 1978
11984–1984
United States v. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp. green
pawd · 1967
11969–1969

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4113.52 (9) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4123.74 (6) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4123.01 (5) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4123.90 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2745.01 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4113.51 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 4123.35 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 134 (1937–2025) CA 108 (1915–2026) NY 58 (1907–2025) MO 57 (1947–2024) IL 56 (1908–2024) OH 46 (1969–2025) IN 42 (1970–2020) TN 41 (1928–2026) LA 39 (1931–2020) FL 38 (1943–2026) CT 38 (1946–2025) OK 27 (1937–2018) WA 25 (1957–2025) MD 22 (1963–2023) NJ 21 (1954–2026) NC 19 (1923–2019) MI 17 (1907–2025) TX 17 (1915–2023) GA 15 (1938–2017) CO 14 (1942–2026) KY 13 (1912–2023) AL 12 (1890–2026) OR 12 (1913–2007) VA 12 (1975–2026) AZ 12 (1934–2026) NM 12 (1976–2023) ME 10 (1947–2024) MN 10 (1956–2007) MT 9 (1985–2020) WI 9 (1948–2008) WV 9 (2004–2025) AR 9 (1969–2021) RI 9 (1926–2004) IA 8 (1940–2017) MA 8 (1988–2021) DE 6 (1925–2017) NE 6 (1916–2022) ID 5 (1966–2013) UT 5 (1992–2015) SC 5 (1943–2016) KS 5 (1926–2005) MS 4 (1962–2017) ND 4 (1978–2004) WY 3 (1977–1991) NH 3 (1986–2000) AK 3 (1972–2020) VI 2 (2007–2009) SD 2 (1999–2006) HI 2 (1995–2010) DC 2 (1985–1987) VT 2 (2004–2020) NV 2 (2019–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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