pleading standard (North Carolina) · Go Syfert
← North Carolina issues

pleading standard in North Carolina

38 North Carolina opinions name it 3 courts 1928–2026 8 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by North Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (19)

CaseFollowedCited
Terry v. Terrygreen
nc · 1981 · cited in 3 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2012–2026
2 sentences

2026Ct. Oct. 18, 2021) (“With respect to the Rule 9(b) standard, because the Chapter 75 claim is premised on deceptive conduct, the heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b) applies.”); cf. Value Health Sols., Inc., 2019 NCBC LEXIS 70 , at *27 (“In pleading actual fraud, the particularity requirement is met by alleging time, place, and content of the fraudulent representation, identity of the person making the representation and what was obtained as a result of the fraudulent acts or representations.” (quoting Terry v. Terry, 302 N.C. 77, 85 (1981) (emphasis added))); Hale v. MacLeod, 294 N.C.

2022Malice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 9(b); see Terry v. Terry, 302 N.C. 77, 84 (1981) (“[A]llegations of fraud must be pleaded with greater particularity[.]”).

33
Ragsdale v. Kennedygreen
· 1974 · cited in 2 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012App. 777, 782 , 561 S.E.2d 914, 918 (2002) (citing Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 138 , 209 S.E.2d 494, 500 (1974)). {31} Claims of fraud are held to a heightened pleading standard pursuant to Rule 9(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure.

2012App. 777, 782 , 561 S.E.2d 914, 918 (2002) (citing Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 138 , 209 S.E.2d 494, 500 (1974)). {31} Claims of fraud are held to a heightened pleading standard pursuant to Rule 9(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure.

22
Harrold v. Dowdgreen
ncctapp · 2002 · cited in 2 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012App. 777, 782 , 561 S.E.2d 914, 918 (2002) (citing Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 138 , 209 S.E.2d 494, 500 (1974)). {31} Claims of fraud are held to a heightened pleading standard pursuant to Rule 9(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure.

2012App. 777, 782 , 561 S.E.2d 914, 918 (2002) (citing Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 138 , 209 S.E.2d 494, 500 (1974)). {25} Claims of fraud are held to a heightened pleading standard pursuant to Rule 9(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure.

22
Kentallen, Inc. v. Town of Hillsboroughgreen
ncctapp · 1993 · cited in 2 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007App. at 770 , 431 S.E.2d at 233 (holding that “[the petitioner’s] allegation that it is the ‘owner of adjoining property’ does not satisfy the pleading requirement^]”).

2007App. at 770, 431 S.E.2d at 233 (holding that petitioner’s allegation that it is the “owner of adjoining property” does not satisfy the pleading requirement).

22
Topshelf Management, Inc. v. Campbell-Ewald Co.green
ncmd · 2015 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Ct. Oct. 18, 2021) (“With respect to the Rule 9(b) standard, because the Chapter 75 claim is premised on deceptive conduct, the heightened pleading standard of Rule 9(b) applies.”); see also Topshelf Mgmt., Inc. v. Campbell-Ewald Co., 117 F. Supp. 3d 722, 731 (M.D.N.C. 2015) (“Rule 9(b) applies to [UDTPA] claims alleging detrimental reliance on false or deceptive representations.”).

11
Dealers Supply Co., Inc. v. Cheil Industries, Inc.green
ncmd · 2004 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023A claim of negligent misrepresentation is “closely akin to fraud, differing primarily in the requisite state of mind of the purported actor.” Dealers Supply Co., Inc. v. Cheil Indus., Inc., 348 F. Supp. 2d 579, 590 (2004) (citing Breeden v. Richmond Cmty. Coll., 171 F.R.D. 189 , 202 n.14 (M.D.N.C. 1997)).

11
Estate of Loftin v. Loftingreen
ncctapp · 1974 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See Rule 9(b) (establishing the pleading standard rather than evidentiary standard for fraud claims); In re Estate of Loftin, 21 N.C.

11
Plasman v. Decca Furniture (Usa), Inc.green
ncctapp · 2018 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020App. 684, 689 , 811 S.E.2d 616, 621 (2018) (noting that North Carolina is a “notice pleading” state), a lower pleading standard than the plausibility standard used by the federal courts, see Fox v. Johnson, 243 N.C.

11
Fox v. Johnsongreen
ncctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020App. 274 , 286, 777 S.E.2d 314, 323 (2015) (“[T]he higher federal plausibility pleading standard differs from [North Carolina’s] notice pleading standard[.]”).

11
Daphne Craddock v. Lincoln National Life Insurancgreen
ca4 · 2013 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Craddock, 533 F. App’x at 335–36 (reversing district court, which dismissed ADEA claim because the allegations affirmatively showed that the plaintiff was not meeting her employer’s expectations, because the prima facie elements of an ADEA claim are “not a pleading requirement”); Blakney v. N.C.

11
Watts v. Cumberland County Hospital System, Inc.green
nc · 1986 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See Watts , 317 N.C. at 115-16 , 343 S.E.2d at 884 (citations omitted).

2018See Watts , 317 N.C. at 115-16 , 343 S.E.2d at 884 (citations omitted).

11
Fabrikant v. Currituck Countygreen
ncctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Carrington v. Browngreen
ncctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017See, e.g., Carrington v. Brown, 136 N.C.

11
Can Am South, LLC v. State, North Carolina Department of Health & Human Servicesgreen
ncctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017However, we need not resolve this issue because even assuming-without deciding-that such a pleading requirement existed, Plaintiffs met that burden in paragraph 89 of their amended complaint by alleging that "Defendants are not entitled to sovereign immunity...." While Defendants argue that the waiver language contained in this paragraph was legally insufficient because it failed to plead with specificity a recognized exception to sovereign immunity, we have previously held that "precise language alleging that the State has waived the defense of sovereign immunity is not necessary, but, rather

2017However, we need not resolve this issue because even assuming-without deciding-that such a pleading requirement existed, Plaintiffs met that burden in paragraph 89 of their amended complaint by alleging that "Defendants are not entitled to sovereign immunity...." While Defendants argue that the waiver language contained in this paragraph was legally insufficient because it failed to plead with specificity a recognized exception to sovereign immunity, we have previously held that "precise language alleging that the State has waived the defense of sovereign immunity is not necessary, but, rather

11
Ashcroft v. Iqbalgreen
scotus · 2009 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Norman v. Nash Johnson & Sons' Farms, Inc.green
ncctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Ivanhoe Partners v. Newmont Mining Corp.green
del · 1987 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Helms v. Hollandgreen
ncctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Peterkin v. Columbus County Board of Educationgreen
ncctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in North Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (40)

CaseCitedYears
CommScope Credit Union v. Butler & Burke, LLP green
nc · 2016
2 sentences

2022CommScope, 369 N.C. at 51 ; Burton, 259 N.C. at 476–77.

2022CommScope, 369 N.C. at 51 ; Burton, 259 N.C. at 476–77.

22022–2022
Burton v. Dixon green
nc · 1963
2 sentences

2022CommScope, 369 N.C. at 51 ; Burton, 259 N.C. at 476–77.

2022CommScope, 369 N.C. at 51 ; Burton, 259 N.C. at 476–77.

22022–2022
Moore v. Proper green
nc · 2012
2 sentences

2020Moore, 366 N.C. at 32 , 726 S.E.2d at 817 .

2020Moore, 366 N.C. at 32 , 726 S.E.2d at 817 .

22020–2020
Washburn v. Yadkin Valley Bank & Trust Co. green
ncctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2018In Washburn v. Yadkin Valley Bank & Trust , our Court of Appeals quoted language from VisionAIR, Inc. v. James to establish a pleading standard now propounded by the majority of this Court: " 'a plaintiff must identify a trade secret with sufficient particularity so as to enable a defendant to delineate that which he is accused of misappropriating,' " *554 Washburn , 190 N.C.

2015Ct. Dec. 9, 2014), www.ncbusinesscourt.net/opinions/2014_NCBC_65.pdf (holding plaintiff’s trade secret identification sufficient under Rule 12(b)(6) but not for discovery of defendant’s trade secrets). {19} The allegations in DSM’s Amended Complaint, while not sufficiently particular to permit reciprocal discovery, are nonetheless more detailed and specific, and less sweeping and conclusory, than those allegations our courts have found to fail the pleading standard of Rule 12, see, e.g., Washburn, 190 N.C.

22015–2018
Fisher v. . Trust Co. neutral
nc · 1905
2 sentences

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

21928–1932
Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co. v. Floyd green
nc · 1912
2 sentences

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

21928–1932
Bedsole v. . Monroe green
· 1848
2 sentences

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

1928Cotton Mills v. Maslin, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C. 455 , 74 S. E. 465 . *719 In Young v. Young, 81 N. C., 92 , it was held (as stated in the first headnote) : “Where a general right is claimed arising out of a series of transactions tending to one end, the plaintiff may join several causes of action against defendants who have distinct and separate interests, in order to a conclusion o

21928–1932
Oyster v. Mining Co. neutral
nc · 1905
2 sentences

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

21928–1932
Hawk v. . Lumber Co. neutral
nc · 1907
2 sentences

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

1932Cotton Mills v. Masline, ante, 12; Bedsole v. Monroe, 40 N. C., 313 ; Fisher v. Trust Co., 138 N. C., 224 , 50 S. E., 659 ; Oyster v. Mining Co., 140 N. C., 135 , 52 S. E., 198 ; Hawk v. Lumber Co., 145 N. C., 47 , 58 S. E., 603 ; Chemical Co. v. Floyd, 158 N. C., 455 , 74 S. E., 465 .” Chapter 344, Public Laws 1931, “An act to amend the Code of Civil Procedure as to joinder of parties.” It amends C.

21928–1932
Weaver v. Saint Joseph of the Pines, Inc. green
ncctapp · 2007
1 sentence

2024Weaver v. Saint Joseph of the Pines, Inc., 187 N.C.

12024–2024
Breeden v. Richmond Community College green
ncmd · 1997
1 sentence

2023A claim of negligent misrepresentation is “closely akin to fraud, differing primarily in the requisite state of mind of the purported actor.” Dealers Supply Co., Inc. v. Cheil Indus., Inc., 348 F. Supp. 2d 579, 590 (2004) (citing Breeden v. Richmond Cmty. Coll., 171 F.R.D. 189 , 202 n.14 (M.D.N.C. 1997)).

12023–2023
State v. Greer green
nc · 1953
2 sentences

2018The official commentary accompanying N.C.G.S. § 15A-924 states in part: "The pleading rule, requiring factual (but not evidentiary) allegations to support each element, is in accord with our traditional ideas and provides a concise statutory statement." N.C.G.S. § 15A-924 official cmt. (citing Greer , 238 N.C. 325 , 77 S.E.2d 917 ).

2018The official commentary accompanying N.C.G.S. § 15A-924 states in part: "The pleading rule, requiring factual (but not evidentiary) allegations to support each element, is in accord with our traditional ideas and provides a concise statutory statement." N.C.G.S. § 15A-924 official cmt. (citing Greer , 238 N.C. 325 , 77 S.E.2d 917 ).

12018–2018
Visionair, Inc. v. James & Colossus Inc. green
ncctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2018App. at 511 , 606 S.E.2d at 364 ). **619 There are two problems with relying on this language from Washburn to establish a pleading standard: (1) this language from VisionAIR is dicta because VisionAIR evaluated the merits of the misappropriation of trade secrets claim for the purposes of issuing a preliminary injunction, see VisionAIR , 167 N.C.

2018App. at 511 , 606 S.E.2d at 364 ). **619 There are two problems with relying on this language from Washburn to establish a pleading standard: (1) this language from VisionAIR is dicta because VisionAIR evaluated the merits of the misappropriation of trade secrets claim for the purposes of issuing a preliminary injunction, see VisionAIR , 167 N.C.

12018–2018
Simon v. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. green
nysd · 1994
1 sentence

2018Co. , 849 F.Supp. 880 , 882 (S.D.N.Y. 1994).

12018–2018
Analog Devices, Inc. v. Michalski green
ncctapp · 2003
2 sentences

2018App. at 510-11 , 606 S.E.2d at 364 , and (2) this language from VisionAIR quotes another preliminary injunction case for this proposition, see id. at 511 , 606 S.E.2d at 364 (citing Analog Devices, Inc. v. Michalksi, 157 N.C.

2018App. at 510 -11 , 606 S.E.2d at 364 , and (2) this language from VisionAIR quotes another preliminary injunction case for this proposition, see id. at 511 , 606 S.E.2d at 364 (citing Analog Devices, Inc. v. Michalski , 157 N.C.

12018–2018
State v. Sullivan green
ncctapp · 1993
1 sentence

2017App. 441 , 442, 432 S.E.2d 376 , 377 (1993), in which the defendant successfully filed a "motion to strike the surplus language" from an indictment that violated the separate pleading requirement set out in N.C.G.S. § 15A-928, and Stephens , 188 N.C.

12017–2017
State v. Stephens green
ncctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2017App. 441 , 442, 432 S.E.2d 376 , 377 (1993), in which the defendant successfully filed a "motion to strike the surplus language" from an indictment that violated the separate pleading requirement set out in N.C.G.S. § 15A-928, and Stephens , 188 N.C.

2017App. at 288 , 293 , 655 S.E.2d at 437 , 440 , in which the Court of Appeals upheld the trial court's decision to allow the State to amend an indictment in order to ensure compliance with N.C.G.S. § 15A-928 by separating the substantive allegations from the allegations concerning the defendant's prior convictions.

12017–2017
Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly green
scotus · 2007
12016–2016
West v. J.O. Stevenson, Inc. green
nced · 2016
12016–2016
Hunter v. Spaulding green
ncctapp · 1990
12016–2016
Hoots v. Pryor green
ncctapp · 1992
12016–2016
Burgess v. Busby neutral
nc · 2001
12016–2016
Burgess v. Busby green
ncctapp · 2001
12016–2016
State v. Grover green
nc · 2001
12016–2016
Songwooyarn Trading Co. v. Sox Eleven, Inc. green
ncctapp · 2011
12016–2016
REDEVELOPMENT COM'N OF CITY OF WASHINGTON v. Grimes green
nc · 1971
12016–2016
Stanback v. Stanback green
nc · 1979
12016–2016
Fox v. City of Greensboro green
ncmd · 2011
12015–2015
Kahn v. Lynch Communication Systems, Inc. green
del · 1994
12015–2015
Trapp v. Maccioli neutral
nc · 1998
12012–2012
Regan v. AMERIMARK BUILDING PRODUCTS, INC. neutral
nc · 1998
12012–2012
Thigpen v. Ngo green
nc · 2002
12012–2012
Trapp v. MacCioli green
ncctapp · 1998
12012–2012
Sheldon P. KOTTLE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORTHWEST KIDNEY CENTERS, Defendant-Appellee green
ca9 · 1998
12005–2005
State v. Allen green
nc · 1977
11999–1999
Florasynth Laboratories, Inc. v. Goldberg green
ca7 · 1951
11973–1973
Sample v. John L. Roper Lumber Co. green
nc · 1909
11953–1953
Blackmore v. . Winders neutral
nc · 1907
11953–1953
Scales v. Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. neutral
nc · 1928
11929–1929
Young v. . Young neutral
nc · 1879
11928–1928

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1 (15) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 75-1.1 (10) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-45.4 (4) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52 (3) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-924 (3) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27 (3) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-30 (3) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-21.12 (3) USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 293 (1916–2026) NY 219 (1927–2026) CA 200 (1899–2026) IL 144 (1878–2026) DE 97 (1982–2026) FL 69 (1963–2025) OH 61 (1989–2026) GA 61 (1972–2025) MI 51 (1974–2025) CT 42 (1921–2023) MO 39 (1911–2022) ID 39 (1924–2025) NC 38 (1928–2026) PA 36 (1930–2025) TN 33 (1995–2022) WV 33 (1963–2025) OR 33 (1922–2026) MA 32 (1952–2021) AL 32 (1909–2025) WI 31 (1979–2026) DC 29 (1946–2024) VA 28 (1987–2025) IN 27 (1891–2025) ME 26 (1977–2024) MD 25 (1988–2022) NJ 25 (1951–2026) KS 23 (1931–2026) OK 23 (1927–2019) IA 23 (1909–2026) UT 22 (1991–2025) CO 20 (1907–2026) AZ 19 (1951–2022) NM 19 (2002–2025) WA 18 (1927–2019) NV 18 (2011–2025) NE 17 (1884–2025) VT 16 (2008–2026) MN 16 (1982–2025) RI 12 (1996–2011) HI 12 (1978–2023) VI 11 (2008–2025) LA 11 (1933–2022) AK 11 (1962–2018) KY 10 (1920–2026) WY 10 (1956–2016) MS 9 (1984–2017) MT 7 (1944–2010) AR 7 (1985–2023) SC 7 (2009–2025) ND 3 (1966–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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