method hearing (Louisiana) · Go Syfert
← Louisiana issues

method hearing in Louisiana

28 Louisiana opinions name it 2 courts 1923–2024 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Louisiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Jacksongreen
lactapp · 1990 · cited in 4 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2000–2012
2 sentences

2012In State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ [ 17denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 , the case cited by the trial judge, this Court noted that “historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge’s discretion.” (quoting State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)).

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

44
State v. Varnadogreen
la · 1923 · cited in 5 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1981–2013
2 sentences

2002This opinion is intended to address only those assignments of error considered by the court of appeal and does not express any opinion regarding defendant's assignments of error not addressed by the court of appeal on original appeal. [2] Although there was no statutory authorization of defendant's right to request a new trial in State v. Varnado, 154 La. 575 , 97 So. 865 (1923), and all procedural "rules" regarding the motion were derived from case law, we believe this court's pronouncement that the method of hearing motions for new trial is left to the judge and if the motion itself gives hi

2002This opinion is intended to address only those assignments of error considered by the court of appeal and does not express any opinion regarding defendant's assignments of error not addressed by the court of appeal on original appeal. [2] Although there was no statutory authorization of defendant's right to request a new trial in State v. Varnado, 154 La. 575 , 97 So. 865 (1923), and all procedural "rules" regarding the motion were derived from case law, we believe this court's pronouncement that the method of hearing motions for new trial is left to the judge and if the motion itself gives hi

35
State v. Richardsongreen
lactapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

11
State v. Lobatogreen
la · 1992 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

11
State v. Munozgreen
lactapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

11
Shell Oil Co. v. Hollywood Marine, Inc.green
lactapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Fowler v. Robertsgreen
la · 1990 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Louisiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (43)

CaseCitedYears
Berry v. Holston Well Service, Inc. red
la · 1986
2 sentences

1994The court in Harris observed that in Berry v. Holston , supra the Louisiana Supreme Court attempted to succinctly set forth a method of analysis used to determine statutory employer status.

1990Whenever the statutory employment defense is raised, the method of analysis to be used in resolving the difficult question is the three-level analysis provided in Berry v. Holston Well Service, Inc., 488 So.2d 934 (La.1986).

31987–1994
Meaux v. Galtier green
la · 2008
2 sentences

2017Meaux v. Galtier, 2007-2474 (La. 1/25/08), 972 So.2d 1137, 1138 .

2017Meaux v. Galtier, 2007-2474 (La. 1/25/08), 972 So.2d 1137, 1138 .

22017–2017
State v. Davis green
lactapp · 2000
2 sentences

2012In State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ [ 17denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 , the case cited by the trial judge, this Court noted that “historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge’s discretion.” (quoting State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)).

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

22002–2012
State v. Davis neutral
la · 2001
2 sentences

2012In State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ [ 17denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 , the case cited by the trial judge, this Court noted that “historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge’s discretion.” (quoting State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)).

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

22002–2012
Ortego v. Jurgelsky green
lactapp · 1999
2 sentences

2007Ortego v. Jurgelsky, 98-1622, p. 11 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/31/99), 732 So.2d 683, 689 .

2003Ortego v. Jurgelsky, 98-1622 (La.App. 3rd Cir.3/31/99), 732 So.2d 683, 689 .

22003–2007
Christakis v. Clipper Construction, L.L.C. neutral
lactapp · 2013
1 sentence

2024App. lst Cir. 4/ 26/ 13), 117 So. 3d 168, 171 , writ denied, 13- 1913 ( La. 11/ 8/ 13), 125 So. 3d 454 .

12024–2024
Sonnier v. Roberson neutral
la · 2013
1 sentence

2024App. lst Cir. 4/ 26/ 13), 117 So. 3d 168, 171 , writ denied, 13- 1913 ( La. 11/ 8/ 13), 125 So. 3d 454 .

12024–2024
State v. Thomas neutral
lactapp · 2013
1 sentence

2022Id.

12022–2022
McGlothlin v. Christus St. Patrick Hospital green
la · 2011
1 sentence

2012See | nMcGlothlin, 10-2775 at 11; 65 So.3d at 1228 .

12012–2012
LA. CONSUMERS'LEAGUE, INC. v. La. Public Serv. green
la · 1977
1 sentence

2008Consumers' League, 351 So.2d at 131-132 .

12008–2008
Gibbs v. Delatte green
lactapp · 2005
1 sentence

2007In Gibbs v. Delatte, XXXX-XXXX, p. 12 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/22/05), 927 So.2d 1131, 1138 , writ denied, XXXX-XXXX (La.4/24/06), 926 So.2d 548 , we recognized that one of the legislature's main purposes for imposing the time limitation in La.

12007–2007
Reese v. STATE DEPT. OF PUBLIC SAFETY green
la · 2004
1 sentence

2007C.C. art. 209, was "to provide for proof of filiation by children or on their behalf; to provide a procedure and time limitations for proceedings to establish filiation; to provide for the method and standard of proof in such actions; and to provide that the failure to institute timely such a proceeding shall bar the claims of the persons covered by the *980 Act[s]." Reese v. State Dept. of Public Safety and Corrections, XXXX-XXXX, pp. 4-5 (La.2/20/04), 866 So.2d 244, 247-248 .

12007–2007
Gibbs v. Delatte green
la · 2006
1 sentence

2007In Gibbs v. Delatte, XXXX-XXXX, p. 12 (La.App. 1 Cir. 12/22/05), 927 So.2d 1131, 1138 , writ denied, XXXX-XXXX (La.4/24/06), 926 So.2d 548 , we recognized that one of the legislature's main purposes for imposing the time limitation in La.

12007–2007
State v. Rainey green
la · 1999
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Jones green
lactapp · 2000
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Weiland green
lactapp · 1990
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Holmes green
lactapp · 1995
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
STATE EX REL. GLAVIANA v. State neutral
la · 2001
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Oliveaux green
la · 1975
12002–2002
Quick v. Murphy Oil Co. green
lactapp · 1994
1 sentence

2002Quick, 643 So.2d at 1295 .

12002–2002
Barnes v. Thames green
la · 1991
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Le neutral
lactapp · 1999
2 sentences

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Bean green
lactapp · 1991
12002–2002
State v. Mims green
la · 1993
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Rainey green
lactapp · 1998
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
STATE EX REL. JONES v. State green
la · 2001
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
State v. Arvie neutral
lactapp · 1986
1 sentence

2002Although LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 852 requires contradictory trial of motions for new trial, "historically the method of hearing motions for new trial has been left to the trial judge's discretion." State v. Davis, 00-278 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/29/00) , 768 So.2d 201, 208 , writ denied, 00-2730 (La.8/31/01), 795 So.2d 1205 (citing State v. Jackson, 570 So.2d 227, 231 (La.App. 5 Cir.1990)). [19] LAS-C.Cr.P. art. 851(4); McCants, supra ; Arvie, supra ; Bean, supra . [20] Bean, supra . [21] State v. Richardson, 01-239 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/27/01) , 790 So.2d 717, 718 (citing State v. Mims, 619 So.2d 1059 , 1060 (

12002–2002
cluster 12493 green
·
12001–2001
Anderson v. Oliver green
lactapp · 1998
12001–2001
Newby v. Miller green
scotus · 1998
12001–2001
Moore v. City of Westminster green
scotus · 1998
12001–2001
One Juvenile Male v. United States green
scotus · 1998
12001–2001
Sentilles Optical Services v. Phillips green
lactapp · 1995
11998–1998
Persilver v. Louisiana Department of Transportation green
lactapp · 1991
11994–1994
Carter v. CITY PARISH GOVERNMENT, ETC. green
la · 1982
11992–1992
Murray v. Ramada Inns, Inc. green
la · 1988
11991–1991
State v. Charles green
la · 1977
11987–1987
State v. Bias green
la · 1978
11987–1987
State v. Carpenter green
la · 1980
11981–1981
State v. Callian neutral
la · 1903
11923–1923

Statutes the citing opinions construe

LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 1 (4) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 1:3 (3) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:967 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CT 126 (1942–2023) IL 101 (1909–2026) CA 87 (1928–2026) TX 73 (1972–2025) OH 61 (1957–2026) OR 46 (1962–2025) PA 42 (1935–2024) NY 34 (1892–2026) FL 31 (1935–2019) LA 28 (1923–2024) NC 27 (1916–2023) IN 27 (1972–2019) MA 26 (1936–2025) MO 26 (1913–2015) MI 25 (1974–2023) AL 25 (1923–2015) WA 25 (1967–2025) WI 23 (1953–2023) AZ 19 (1964–2025) NJ 17 (1845–2018) WV 14 (1955–2022) NE 14 (1950–2002) TN 13 (1972–2026) MN 12 (1985–2018) GA 11 (1936–2023) NV 10 (1996–2020) MD 10 (1971–2016) ND 9 (1975–2013) IA 9 (1980–2019) OK 8 (1943–2015) CO 8 (1982–2018) SD 7 (1958–2003) AR 7 (1915–2025) RI 7 (1976–2017) MT 6 (1930–2017) WY 6 (1965–1993) VT 6 (1935–2020) ME 5 (1981–2021) KY 5 (1915–2022) NM 5 (1991–2022) HI 4 (1952–2015) UT 4 (1985–2016) KS 3 (1923–2024) VA 3 (2005–2020) AK 2 (1984–1986) DE 2 (2009–2024) ID 2 (1991–1996) NH 2 (2016–2019) DC 2 (1992–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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