method test (Alabama) · Go Syfert
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method test in Alabama

25 Alabama opinions name it 4 courts 1923–2015 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (3)

CaseFollowedCited
Ex parte B2K Systems, LLC Ingenuity International, LLC and Robert A. Przybysz.green
ala · 2014 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015P.” Ex parte B2K Sys., LLC, 162 So.3d 896, 903 (Ala.2014).

11
Commonwealth v. Sodomskygreen
pasuperct · 2007 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011Compare Commonwealth v. Sodomsky, 939 A.2d 363 (Pa.Super.Ct.2007) (finding that a defendant reasonably should have expected that a third party hired to install a new DVD drive in his computer might use videos already in his computer as a method to test the newly installed equipment).

11
Ex parte Shepherdgreen
ala · 1911 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993See Ex parte Shepherd , 172 Ala. 205 , 55 So. 627 (1911).

1993See Ex parte Shepherd , 172 Ala. 205 , 55 So. 627 (1911).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (37)

CaseCitedYears
Ellard v. State green
alacrimapp · 1984
2 sentences

1998Samuels v. Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles , 687 So.2d 1287 (Ala.Cr.App. 1996); Ellard v. State , 474 So.2d 743 (Ala.Cr.App. 1984), aff'd, 474 So.2d 758 (Ala. 1985).

1996"In the absence of the right to appeal or other adequate remedy, the writ of certiorari lies to review the rulings of an administrative board or commission." Ellard v. State , 474 So.2d 743 , 748 (Ala.Cr.App. 1984), aff'd, 474 So.2d 758 (Ala. 1985).

31996–1998
Ex Parte Ellard green
ala · 1985
2 sentences

1998Samuels v. Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles , 687 So.2d 1287 (Ala.Cr.App. 1996); Ellard v. State , 474 So.2d 743 (Ala.Cr.App. 1984), aff'd, 474 So.2d 758 (Ala. 1985).

1996"In the absence of the right to appeal or other adequate remedy, the writ of certiorari lies to review the rulings of an administrative board or commission." Ellard v. State , 474 So.2d 743 , 748 (Ala.Cr.App. 1984), aff'd, 474 So.2d 758 (Ala. 1985).

31996–1998
Ex Parte Jones green
ala · 1996
2 sentences

1999Ex parte Jones , 686 So.2d 1166 (Ala. 1996); Ex parte Alexander , 558 So.2d 364 (Ala. 1990).

1999Ex parte Jones, 686 So.2d 1166 (Ala.1996); Ex parte Alexander, 558 So.2d 364 (Ala.1990).

21999–1999
Alexander v. Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc. green
ala · 1990
2 sentences

1999Ex parte Jones , 686 So.2d 1166 (Ala. 1996); Ex parte Alexander , 558 So.2d 364 (Ala. 1990).

1999Ex parte Jones, 686 So.2d 1166 (Ala.1996); Ex parte Alexander, 558 So.2d 364 (Ala.1990).

21999–1999
Ex Parte Sanders green
alacrimapp · 1995
2 sentences

1997Although mandamus is the appropriate method to challenge a pre-trial ruling on a motion to recuse, Ex parte Sanders , 659 So.2d 1036 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995), it is not available to review a ruling on a motion for a change of venue based on pretrial publicity or a ruling on a motion for a continuance.

1996Ex parte Sanders , 659 So.2d 1036 (Ala.Cr.App. 1995).

21996–1997
Lurie v. Kegan-Grace Co. neutral
ala · 1923
2 sentences

1958Lurie v. Kegan-Grace Co., 209 Ala. 339 , 96 So. 344 , among many other cases collected in 16 Alabama Digest, Pleading, ©^193(8).

1958Lurie v. Kegan-Grace Co., 209 Ala. 339 , 96 So. 344 , among many other cases collected in 16 Alabama Digest, Pleading, ©^193(8).

21935–1958
Wiggins Estate Co. v. Jeffery green
ala · 1944
2 sentences

1958Nesbitt v. Hagan, supra; Wiggins Estate Co. v. Jeffery, 246 Ala. 183, 185 , 19 So.2d 769 .

1958Nesbitt v. Hagan, supra; Wiggins Estate Co. v. Jeffery, 246 Ala. 183, 185 , 19 So.2d 769 .

21956–1958
Ex Parte R. A. Brown & Co. green
ala · 1940
2 sentences

1944Co., 211 Ala. 531 , 100 So. 843 ; Pearson v. City of Birmingham, 210 Ala. 296 , 97 So. 916 ; Smith v. Grayson, 214 Ala. 197 , 107 So. 448 ; Wiggins v. Stewart Bros., 215 Ala. 9 , 109 So. 101 ; Ex parte Brown & Co., 240 Ala. 157, 160 , 198 So. 138 . *444 Though demurrer is the appropriate method to test the legal sufficiency of the motion to transfer, Code 1940, Title 13, Sec. 153, the action of the trial court, here, in striking the motion was but a denial to transfer, and the ruling was, under the stated rule, not reviewable in the present proceedings.

1944Co., 211 Ala. 531 , 100 So. 843 ; Pearson v. City of Birmingham, 210 Ala. 296 , 97 So. 916 ; Smith v. Grayson, 214 Ala. 197 , 107 So. 448 ; Wiggins v. Stewart Bros., 215 Ala. 9 , 109 So. 101 ; Ex parte Brown & Co., 240 Ala. 157, 160 , 198 So. 138 . *444 Though demurrer is the appropriate method to test the legal sufficiency of the motion to transfer, Code 1940, Title 13, Sec. 153, the action of the trial court, here, in striking the motion was but a denial to transfer, and the ruling was, under the stated rule, not reviewable in the present proceedings.

21944–1950
Robert Larry Crow v. Louie L. Wainwright, Secretary, Department of Corrections, State of Florida green
ca11 · 1983
1 sentence

2011In Crow v. Wainwright, 720 F.2d 1224 (11th Cir.1983), the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit explained: “The proper method of analysis is to examine whether the elements of a cause of action for the tort of copyright infringement are equivalent to the elements of the crime of dealing in stolen property as it applies in this case.

12011–2011
Finklea v. Farish green
ala · 1909
2 sentences

2006In interpreting a predecessor statute to § 36-2-1 (a)(3), this Court held that "`ineligible' . . . means inelectable — that is, not capable of being chosen — and hence the qualifications enumerated relate to the date of election, and not merely to the date of actual induction into office. — Finklea v. Farish , 160 Ala. 230 , 237 , 49 So. 366 [, 368 (1909)]." Shepherd v. Sartain , 185 Ala. 439 , 446 , 64 So. 57 , 61 (1913).

2006In interpreting a predecessor statute to § 36-2-1 (a)(3), this Court held that "`ineligible' . . . means inelectable — that is, not capable of being chosen — and hence the qualifications enumerated relate to the date of election, and not merely to the date of actual induction into office. — Finklea v. Farish , 160 Ala. 230 , 237 , 49 So. 366 [, 368 (1909)]." Shepherd v. Sartain , 185 Ala. 439 , 446 , 64 So. 57 , 61 (1913).

12006–2006
Shepherd v. Sartain green
ala · 1913
2 sentences

2006In interpreting a predecessor statute to § 36-2-1 (a)(3), this Court held that "`ineligible' . . . means inelectable — that is, not capable of being chosen — and hence the qualifications enumerated relate to the date of election, and not merely to the date of actual induction into office. — Finklea v. Farish , 160 Ala. 230 , 237 , 49 So. 366 [, 368 (1909)]." Shepherd v. Sartain , 185 Ala. 439 , 446 , 64 So. 57 , 61 (1913).

2006In interpreting a predecessor statute to § 36-2-1 (a)(3), this Court held that "`ineligible' . . . means inelectable — that is, not capable of being chosen — and hence the qualifications enumerated relate to the date of election, and not merely to the date of actual induction into office. — Finklea v. Farish , 160 Ala. 230 , 237 , 49 So. 366 [, 368 (1909)]." Shepherd v. Sartain , 185 Ala. 439 , 446 , 64 So. 57 , 61 (1913).

12006–2006
Marsh v. Wenzel green
ala · 1998
2 sentences

2003Pearson's deposition testimony on August 20, 2002, indicated that she was quite familiar with Brooks and Black and their duties and responsibilities at Perdue Farms. [2] The affidavit does not contradict Pearson's knowledge of the existence of a relationship that could give rise to a duty, and, while the affidavit does not in that respect contradict her deposition, it does not avoid the consequences of the rule in Marsh where, as previously noted, we defined ignorance under Rule 9(h) as "ignorance of the existence of a relationship that could give rise to a duty." 732 So.2d at 989 .

2003Pearson's deposition testimony on August 20, 2002, indicated that she was quite familiar with Brooks and Black and their duties and responsibilities at Perdue Farms. 2 The affidavit does not contradict Pearson's knowledge of the existence of a relationship that could give rise to a duty, and, while the affidavit does not in that respect contradict her deposition, it does not avoid the consequences of the rule in Marsh where, as previously noted, we defined ignorance under Rule 9(h) as "ignorance of the existence of a relationship that could give rise to a duty." 732 So.2d at 989 .

12003–2003
Ex Parte City of Tuskegee green
ala · 1984
1 sentence

2000Because a writ *Page 487 of prohibition is the proper method to test jurisdiction and "lies when a court acts in excess of its jurisdiction," Ex parte City of Tuskegee , 447 So.2d 713 , 716 (Ala. 1984), and because it is "the proper remedy to intercept and put an end to a usurpation of jurisdiction," Ex parte State ex rel.

12000–2000
Ex Parte State Ex Rel. Bragg green
ala · 1940
2 sentences

2000Bragg , 240 Ala. 80 , 85 , 197 So. 32 , 36 (1940), we conclude that a petition for such a writ is the appropriate method for securing a review.

2000Bragg , 240 Ala. 80 , 85 , 197 So. 32 , 36 (1940), we conclude that a petition for such a writ is the appropriate method for securing a review.

12000–2000
Samuels v. ALA. BD. OF PARDONS & PAROLES green
alacrimapp · 1996
1 sentence

1998Samuels v. Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles , 687 So.2d 1287 (Ala.Cr.App. 1996); Ellard v. State , 474 So.2d 743 (Ala.Cr.App. 1984), aff'd, 474 So.2d 758 (Ala. 1985).

11998–1998
Hale v. State green
alacrimapp · 1992
1 sentence

1997Hale v. State , 611 So.2d 1202 (Ala.Cr.App. 1992).

11997–1997
Ex Parte Bell green
alacrimapp · 1987
1 sentence

1996We reviewed this exact issue raised in a petition for a writ mandamus in Ex parte Bell, 511 So.2d 519 (Ala.Cr.App.1987).

11996–1996
Echols v. State green
alactapp · 1951
2 sentences

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

11985–1985
Smith v. City of Irondale neutral
ala · 1974
2 sentences

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

11985–1985
Little v. State green
ala · 1976
1 sentence

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

11985–1985
Little v. State green
alacrimapp · 1976
1 sentence

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

11985–1985
Smith v. City of Irondale neutral
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

11985–1985
Garner v. State neutral
alactapp · 1943
2 sentences

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

1985See, for example: Garner v. State, 31 Ala.App. 52 , 11 So.2d 872 (1943) (conviction of operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license would not bar a subsequent conviction for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol under a theory of "double jeopardy”); Echols v. State, 35 Ala.App. 602 , 51 So.2d 260 (1951) (conviction of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident would not bar subsequent prosecution for a charge of manslaughter under a theory of “autrefois convict”); Smith v. City of Irondale, 293 Ala. 357 , 303 So.2d 130 (1974), cert. denied, 420 U.S. 935 , 95 S.Ct.

11985–1985
Patton v. City of Decatur green
ala · 1976
1 sentence

1979Patton v. City of Decatur , 337 So.2d 321 (Ala. 1976), clearly held that written standards are required which govern not only which test method is approved by the State Board of Health but also govern the method in which the test is administered.

11979–1979
Taylor v. Crook green
ala · 1902
11958–1958
Nesbitt v. Hagan green
ala · 1956
11958–1958
Cook v. Whitehead neutral
ala · 1951
2 sentences

1958Goldsby v. Goldsby, supra; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. [354] 377, 34 So. 905 , 96 Am.St.Rep, 26.” [Emphasis supplied.] See, also, Nesbitt v. Hagan, 265 Ala. 213, 216-217 , 90 So.2d 217 ; Cook v. Whitehead, 255 Ala. 401, 409 , 51 So.2d 886 ; Rochelle v. Rochelle, 237 Ala. 530, 532 , 187 So. 451 ; Barrow v. Lindsey, 230 Ala. 45, 46 , 159 So. 232 ; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. 354, 377 , 34 So. 905 , 906 Am.St.Rep. 26 ; McCall v. McCurdy, 69 Ala. 65, 71-72 ; Goldsby v. Goldsby, 67 Ala. 560, 561-564 , supra. A demurrer is the proper method to test the sufficiency of such a bill of review.

1958Goldsby v. Goldsby, supra; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. [354] 377, 34 So. 905 , 96 Am.St.Rep, 26.” [Emphasis supplied.] See, also, Nesbitt v. Hagan, 265 Ala. 213, 216-217 , 90 So.2d 217 ; Cook v. Whitehead, 255 Ala. 401, 409 , 51 So.2d 886 ; Rochelle v. Rochelle, 237 Ala. 530, 532 , 187 So. 451 ; Barrow v. Lindsey, 230 Ala. 45, 46 , 159 So. 232 ; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. 354, 377 , 34 So. 905 , 906 Am.St.Rep. 26 ; McCall v. McCurdy, 69 Ala. 65, 71-72 ; Goldsby v. Goldsby, 67 Ala. 560, 561-564 , supra. A demurrer is the proper method to test the sufficiency of such a bill of review.

11958–1958
Goldsby v. Goldsby neutral
ala · 1880
11958–1958
McCall v. McCurdy green
ala · 1881
11958–1958
Barrow v. Lindsey green
ala · 1935
2 sentences

1958Goldsby v. Goldsby, supra; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. [354] 377, 34 So. 905 , 96 Am.St.Rep, 26.” [Emphasis supplied.] See, also, Nesbitt v. Hagan, 265 Ala. 213, 216-217 , 90 So.2d 217 ; Cook v. Whitehead, 255 Ala. 401, 409 , 51 So.2d 886 ; Rochelle v. Rochelle, 237 Ala. 530, 532 , 187 So. 451 ; Barrow v. Lindsey, 230 Ala. 45, 46 , 159 So. 232 ; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. 354, 377 , 34 So. 905 , 906 Am.St.Rep. 26 ; McCall v. McCurdy, 69 Ala. 65, 71-72 ; Goldsby v. Goldsby, 67 Ala. 560, 561-564 , supra. A demurrer is the proper method to test the sufficiency of such a bill of review.

1958Goldsby v. Goldsby, supra; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. [354] 377, 34 So. 905 , 96 Am.St.Rep, 26.” [Emphasis supplied.] See, also, Nesbitt v. Hagan, 265 Ala. 213, 216-217 , 90 So.2d 217 ; Cook v. Whitehead, 255 Ala. 401, 409 , 51 So.2d 886 ; Rochelle v. Rochelle, 237 Ala. 530, 532 , 187 So. 451 ; Barrow v. Lindsey, 230 Ala. 45, 46 , 159 So. 232 ; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. 354, 377 , 34 So. 905 , 906 Am.St.Rep. 26 ; McCall v. McCurdy, 69 Ala. 65, 71-72 ; Goldsby v. Goldsby, 67 Ala. 560, 561-564 , supra. A demurrer is the proper method to test the sufficiency of such a bill of review.

11958–1958
Rochelle v. Rochelle neutral
ala · 1939
2 sentences

1958Goldsby v. Goldsby, supra; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. [354] 377, 34 So. 905 , 96 Am.St.Rep, 26.” [Emphasis supplied.] See, also, Nesbitt v. Hagan, 265 Ala. 213, 216-217 , 90 So.2d 217 ; Cook v. Whitehead, 255 Ala. 401, 409 , 51 So.2d 886 ; Rochelle v. Rochelle, 237 Ala. 530, 532 , 187 So. 451 ; Barrow v. Lindsey, 230 Ala. 45, 46 , 159 So. 232 ; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. 354, 377 , 34 So. 905 , 906 Am.St.Rep. 26 ; McCall v. McCurdy, 69 Ala. 65, 71-72 ; Goldsby v. Goldsby, 67 Ala. 560, 561-564 , supra. A demurrer is the proper method to test the sufficiency of such a bill of review.

1958Goldsby v. Goldsby, supra; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. [354] 377, 34 So. 905 , 96 Am.St.Rep, 26.” [Emphasis supplied.] See, also, Nesbitt v. Hagan, 265 Ala. 213, 216-217 , 90 So.2d 217 ; Cook v. Whitehead, 255 Ala. 401, 409 , 51 So.2d 886 ; Rochelle v. Rochelle, 237 Ala. 530, 532 , 187 So. 451 ; Barrow v. Lindsey, 230 Ala. 45, 46 , 159 So. 232 ; Taylor v. Crook, 136 Ala. 354, 377 , 34 So. 905 , 906 Am.St.Rep. 26 ; McCall v. McCurdy, 69 Ala. 65, 71-72 ; Goldsby v. Goldsby, 67 Ala. 560, 561-564 , supra. A demurrer is the proper method to test the sufficiency of such a bill of review.

11958–1958
Clements v. Clements neutral
ala · 1917
11956–1956
Ex Parte Louisville N. R. Co. neutral
ala · 1924
11944–1944
Pearson v. City of Birmingham neutral
ala · 1923
11944–1944
Smith v. Grayson neutral
ala · 1926
11944–1944
Wiggins v. Stewart Bros. green
ala · 1926
11944–1944
Treadwell v. Tillis green
ala · 1895
11923–1923

Where else courts name it

CT 127 (1942–2023) IL 103 (1909–2026) CA 92 (1928–2026) TX 73 (1972–2025) OH 66 (1957–2026) OR 43 (1962–2025) PA 42 (1935–2024) NY 34 (1892–2026) FL 31 (1935–2019) NC 30 (1916–2026) LA 29 (1923–2024) MO 28 (1913–2015) IN 27 (1972–2019) MA 26 (1936–2025) WA 25 (1967–2025) AL 25 (1923–2015) MI 25 (1974–2023) WI 23 (1953–2023) AZ 19 (1964–2025) NJ 18 (1845–2026) WV 14 (1955–2022) NE 14 (1950–2002) TN 13 (1972–2026) MN 12 (1985–2018) GA 12 (1936–2023) MD 10 (1971–2016) NV 10 (1996–2020) ND 9 (1975–2013) CO 9 (1982–2026) IA 9 (1980–2019) OK 8 (1943–2015) RI 7 (1976–2017) AR 7 (1915–2025) SD 7 (1958–2003) MT 6 (1930–2017) VT 6 (1935–2020) NM 6 (1897–2022) WY 6 (1965–1993) KY 5 (1915–2022) ME 5 (1981–2021) HI 4 (1952–2015) UT 4 (1985–2016) VA 3 (2005–2020) KS 3 (1923–2024) DE 2 (2009–2024) DC 2 (1992–2014) NH 2 (2016–2019) AK 2 (1984–1986) ID 2 (1991–1996)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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