record shows error (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

record shows error in Texas

176 Texas opinions name it 9 courts 1909–2026 53 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (55)

CaseFollowedCited
Almanza v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1985 · cited in 49 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2023
2 sentences

2019Here, because Hamilton did not object to the charge, we will not reverse unless the record shows the error resulted in 1 See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim.

2014Here, because Thomas did not object to the charge, we will not reverse unless the record shows the error resulted in egregious harm, Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743-44 (Tex.Crim.App.2005) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App.1984) (op. on reh’g), such that he did not receive a fair and impartial trial.

4649
Jones v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 36 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2026
2 sentences

2026The defendant’s rights go to those who serve, not to those who are excused.” Id. at 298-99 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 393 ); see also Tasby, 111 S.W.3d at 182 (“There is no right to have a particular person on the jury.”). “[I]n a non-constitutional error analysis, a venireperson’s improper excusal requires reversal ‘only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury.’” Gray, 233 S.W.3d at 299 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 394 ).

2026The defendant’s rights go to those who serve, not to those who are excused.” Id. at 298-99 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 393 ); see also Tasby, 111 S.W.3d at 182 (“There is no right to have a particular person on the jury.”). “[I]n a non-constitutional error analysis, a venireperson’s improper excusal requires reversal ‘only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury.’” Gray, 233 S.W.3d at 299 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 394 ).

2136
Gamboa v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2015
2 sentences

2015But the Supreme Court has explained that the broad language in Gray was too sweeping to be applied literally and should not be extended beyond the context of the “‘erroneous Witherspoon exclusion’ of a qualified juror in a capital case.” This Court has also held that, when Witherspoon error is not at issue, the erroneous excusal of a veniremember will call for reversal “only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury.” Under Jones, the question is whether or not the jurors who actually sat were impartial.” Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 590 (Tex.

2015But the Supreme Court has explained that the broad language in Gray was too sweeping to be applied literally and should not be extended beyond the context of the “‘erroneous Witherspoon exclusion’ of a qualified juror in a capital case.” This Court has also held that, when Witherspoon error is not at issue, the erroneous excusal of a veniremember will call for reversal “only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury.” Under Jones, the question is whether or not the jurors who actually sat were impartial.” Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 590 (Tex.

57
Ngo v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2005 · cited in 42 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2026
2 sentences

2026Here, because [Simon] did not object to the charge, we will not reverse [the judgment] unless the record shows the error resulted in egregious harm, Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738 , 743–44 (Tex. Crim.

2026When, as here, the defendant “did not object to the charge, we will not reverse [the judgment] unless the record shows the error resulted in egregious harm.” Murrieta v. State, 578 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, no pet.) (citing Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743–44).

442
Cortez, Damien Hernandezgreen
texcrimapp · 2015 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2026
2 sentences

2026Jackson v. State, No. 05-15-00414-CR, 2016 WL 4010067 , at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 22, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Cortez v. State, 469 S.W.3d 593, 598 (Tex. Crim.

2026Jackson v. State, No. 05-15-00414-CR, 2016 WL 4010067 , at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 22, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Cortez v. State, 469 S.W.3d 593, 598 (Tex. Crim.

44
Pedro Ernesto Umana v. Stategreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025When Detective Duke asked if Tran understood his rights, Tran affirmatively indicated he understood and whispered, “Yeah.” After confirming that he did not feel ill, Tran initiated the interrogation by asking Detective Duke to proceed with the interview: “You may continue.” See Umana v. State, 447 S.W.3d 346, 356 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (“The recording of the oral statement shows Varela read appellant his rights and asked, ‘Do you understand all your rights?’ Appellant nodded his head up and down and stated, ‘Uh-huh.’ Thus[,] the record shows the warnings were given a

2015Umana v. State, 447 S.W.3d 346 , ––––, 2014 WL 4199116, at *7 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 26, Discussion 2014, pet. filed).

44
Ovalle v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2000 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2004
2 sentences

2004See Ovalle, 13 S.W.3d at 786 ; Escobar, 28 S.W.3d at 777 .

2004See Ovalle , 13 S.W.3d at 786 ; Almanza , 686 S.W.2d at 171 ; Escobar , 28 S.W.3d at 777 .

44
Gray v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2026
2 sentences

2026The defendant’s rights go to those who serve, not to those who are excused.” Id. at 298-99 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 393 ); see also Tasby, 111 S.W.3d at 182 (“There is no right to have a particular person on the jury.”). “[I]n a non-constitutional error analysis, a venireperson’s improper excusal requires reversal ‘only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury.’” Gray, 233 S.W.3d at 299 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 394 ).

2026The defendant’s rights go to those who serve, not to those who are excused.” Id. at 298-99 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 393 ); see also Tasby, 111 S.W.3d at 182 (“There is no right to have a particular person on the jury.”). “[I]n a non-constitutional error analysis, a venireperson’s improper excusal requires reversal ‘only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury.’” Gray, 233 S.W.3d at 299 (quoting Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 394 ).

33
Michelle Elaine Bearnth v. Stategreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2021
2 sentences

2021Rodriguez v. State, 425 S.W.3d 655, 663 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, 8 no pet.); see also Bearnth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (“We cannot conclude that the presentment requirement was satisfied where the record shows only defense counsel’s statement that the motion had been presented, but does not indicate that counsel in fact communicated the request for a hearing in a timely manner to a person capable of acting on it.”).

2021Rodriguez v. State, 425 S.W.3d 655, 663 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.); see also Bearnth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (“We cannot conclude that the presentment requirement was satisfied where the record shows only defense counsel’s statement that the motion had been presented, but does not indicate that counsel in fact communicated the request for a hearing in a timely manner to a person capable of acting on it.”).

33
Ford v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2026
2 sentences

2026“And in the absence of such a showing, 47 ‘we presume that jurors are qualified[.]’” Id. at 301 (quoting Ford v. State, 73 S.W.3d 923, 925 (Tex. Crim.

2005Additionally, even if the trial court had erred in striking Veniremember Two for cause,“the erroneous excusing of a veniremember will call for reversal only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury.” Ford v. State , 73 S.W.3d 923, 925 (Tex. Crim.

22
Houston Belt & Terminal Railway Co., Bnsf Railway Co., and Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. City of Houston, Texas and Daniel Krueger, in His Official Capacity as Director of Public Works and Engineeringgreen
tex · 2016 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025Co. v. City of Houston, 487 S.W.3d 154, 160 (Tex. 2016).

2025Co. v. City of Houston, 487 S.W.3d 154, 160 (Tex. 2016).

22
Routier v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2025
2 sentences

2025See Routier, 112 S.W.3d at 571-72 .

2021See Routier, 112 S.W.3d at 576, 577 .

22
Penry v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2024
2 sentences

2024See Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 741 (Tex. Crim.

2022See Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 741 (Tex. Crim.

22
Johoan Rodriguez v. Stategreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Rodriguez v. State, 425 S.W.3d 655, 663 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, 8 no pet.); see also Bearnth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (“We cannot conclude that the presentment requirement was satisfied where the record shows only defense counsel’s statement that the motion had been presented, but does not indicate that counsel in fact communicated the request for a hearing in a timely manner to a person capable of acting on it.”).

2021Rodriguez v. State, 425 S.W.3d 655, 663 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.); see also Bearnth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (“We cannot conclude that the presentment requirement was satisfied where the record shows only defense counsel’s statement that the motion had been presented, but does not indicate that counsel in fact communicated the request for a hearing in a timely manner to a person capable of acting on it.”).

22
Burrus v. Stategreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2020
2 sentences

2020Bearnth v. State, 361 16 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (“We cannot conclude that the presentment requirement was satisfied where the record shows only defense counsel’s statement that the motion had been presented, but does not indicate that counsel in fact communicated the request for a hearing in a timely manner to a person capable of acting on it.”); Burrus v. State, 266 S.W.3d 107, 115 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (finding a certificate of presentment and docket entry noting the filing of the motion were insufficient evidence of presentment).

2011See id. (defense counsel’s “certificate of presentment” that the motion “would be hand-delivered to the trial court” held insufficient to demonstrate timely presentment where the record did not show it was “hand-delivered to the trial judge” or that “the trial judge ever saw the motion”); Burrus v. State , 266 S.W.3d 107, 115 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (defense counsel’s certificate of presentment and notation on docket sheet that counsel filed a motion for new trial held insufficient to demonstrate timely presentment); Longoria v. State , 154 S.W.3d 747 , 762–63 (Tex. App.—Houston [

22
Rezac v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See Rezac, 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison, 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw, 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez, 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

2011See Rezac , 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison , 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw , 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez , 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

22
De Los Santos v. Stategreen
texapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See id .; Ngo , 175 S.W.3d at 750 n.48; Almanza v. State , 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984); De Los Santos , 219 S.W.3d at 74, 78-79 .

2011See id.; Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750 n.48; Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984); De Los Santos, 219 S.W.3d at 74, 78-79 .

22
Jimenez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Jiminez v. State , 32 S.W.3d 233, 237-38 (Tex. Crim.

2007Jiminez v. State, 32 S.W.3d 233, 237-38 (Tex. Crim.

22
Collum v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005App. 1998); see also Collum v. State , 96 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, no pet.).

2005App. 1998); see 9 also Collum v. State, 96 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.).

22
King v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2002
2 sentences

2002King v. State , 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim.

2000King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex.Crim.App.1997)(citing Kotteakos v. U.S., 328 U.S. 750, 776 , 66 S.Ct. 1239, 1253 , 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946)).

22
Brady v. Marylandgreen
scotus · 1963 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026The record shows no violation of Article 39.14(h) or Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). 11.

2026There is nothing in 3 Intertwined in his argument for his first issue, Appellant contends that the State violated Brady by failing to disclose the video of Veniremember No. 39, which necessitates “a de novo constitutional inquiry into whether the nondisclosure compromised fairness.” See generally Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963) (holding “that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution”); Pena v. S

12
In re Riveragreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2014
2 sentences

2014App. 1998), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 985 (1999).

2001Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 562 ; see also Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d 386, 394 (Tex.Crim.App.1998), cert, denied, 528 U.S. 985 , 120 S.Ct. 444 , 145 L.Ed.2d 362 (1999) (“the erroneous excusing of a veniremember will call for reversal only if the record shows that the error deprived the defendant of a lawfully constituted jury”).

12
Longoria v. Stategreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2014
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., Stokes, 277 S.W.3d at 21 ; Bearnth v. State, 361 S.W.3d 135, 145 (Tex.App.Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref'd) (“We cannot conclude that the presentment requirement was satisfied where the record shows only defense counsel’s statement that the motion had been presented, but does not indicate that counsel in fact communicated the request for a hearing in a timely manner to a person capable of acting on it.”); Longoria v. State, 154 S.W.3d 747, 762 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref'd) (holding trial court did not abuse discretion in denying motion for new trial by operati

2011See id. (defense counsel’s “certificate of presentment” that the motion “would be hand-delivered to the trial court” held insufficient to demonstrate timely presentment where the record did not show it was “hand-delivered to the trial judge” or that “the trial judge ever saw the motion”); Burrus v. State , 266 S.W.3d 107, 115 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (defense counsel’s certificate of presentment and notation on docket sheet that counsel filed a motion for new trial held insufficient to demonstrate timely presentment); Longoria v. State , 154 S.W.3d 747 , 762–63 (Tex. App.—Houston [

12
Tasby v. Stategreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Dickson v. Stategreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Stuhler v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Pena, Jose Luisgreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Jeremy Dakota Murrieta v. Stategreen
texapp · 2019 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Mathis v. Lockwoodgreen
tex · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
In Re JPBgreen
tex · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malonegreen
tex · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Columbia Rio Grande Healthcare, L.P. v. Hawleygreen
tex · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Bagheri v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Ex Parte Menchacagreen
texcrimapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Barrios v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Angelo R. Carrillo v. Stategreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Little v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Meyer v. Catheygreen
tex · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Schutz v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Jonathan Levine and Samantha Levine v. Steve Scharn Custom Homes, Inc., Steve Scharn, and NewFirst National Bankgreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (25)

CaseCitedYears
Abdnor v. State green
texcrimapp · 1994
2 sentences

2025When, as here, the defendant “did not object to the charge, we will not reverse [the judgment] unless the record shows the error resulted in egregious harm.” Id. (citing Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738 , 743–44 (Tex. Crim.

2024When, as here, the defendant “did not object to the charge, we will not reverse [the judgment] unless the record shows the error resulted in egregious harm.” Id. (citing Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738 , 743–44 (Tex. Crim.

82023–2025
Reeves, Gary Patrick green
texcrimapp · 2013
2 sentences

2024If the defendant objected to the erroneous charge, we will reverse if the record shows that the error caused “some harm.” Id.

2023If the defendant objected to the erroneous charge, we will reverse if the record shows that the error caused “some harm.” Id.

62023–2024
Escobar v. State green
texapp · 2000
2 sentences

2004See Ovalle, 13 S.W.3d at 786 ; Escobar, 28 S.W.3d at 777 .

2004See Ovalle , 13 S.W.3d at 786 ; Almanza , 686 S.W.2d at 171 ; Escobar , 28 S.W.3d at 777 .

42003–2004
Denison v. State green
texcrimapp · 1983
2 sentences

2011See Rezac, 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison, 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw, 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez, 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

2011See Rezac , 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison , 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw , 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez , 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

22011–2011
Shaw v. State green
texapp · 2010
2 sentences

2011See Rezac, 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison, 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw, 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez, 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

2011See Rezac , 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison , 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw , 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez , 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

22011–2011
Valdez v. State green
texapp · 1992
2 sentences

2011See Rezac, 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison, 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw, 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez, 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

2011See Rezac , 782 S.W.2d at 870 ; Denison , 651 S.W.2d at 760 ; Shaw , 329 S.W.3d at 654 ; Valdez , 826 S.W.2d at 782 .

22011–2011
Morris v. Dearborne green
ca5 · 1999
2 sentences

2010Id. at 665-66 .

2010Id. at 665-66 .

22010–2010
Wiley v. State green
texcrimapp · 2002
12026–2026
Lanford v. Fourteenth Court of Appeals green
texcrimapp · 1993
12025–2025
Unifund CCR Partners v. Weaver green
tex · 2008
12023–2023
Griggs v. Capitol MacHine Works, Inc. green
tex · 1985
12023–2023
Middleton v. State green
texcrimapp · 2003
12021–2021
Lovill v. State green
texcrimapp · 2009
12020–2020
Hernandez v. State green
texcrimapp · 2005
12018–2018
Jernigan v. Langley green
tex · 2003
12018–2018
Jeffery v. State green
texapp · 1995
12017–2017
Troy Williams II v. State green
texapp · 2013
12014–2014
Miles v. State green
texcrimapp · 2006
12012–2012
Rolling Plains Groundwater Conservation District v. City of Aspermont green
tex · 2011
12012–2012
McCain v. NME Hospitals, Inc. green
texapp · 1993
12011–2011
Gollihar v. State green
texcrimapp · 2001
12011–2011
Collier v. State green
texcrimapp · 1997
12011–2011
Valenti v. State green
texapp · 2001
12011–2011
Witherspoon v. Illinois green
scotus · 1968
12009–2009
Brooks v. Dretke green
ca5 · 2005
12009–2009

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (17) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (11) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.021 (10) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 29.02 (10) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.03 (8) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.011 (8) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 29.03 (8) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 38.04 (8) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 31.03 (7) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 12.42 (6) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.11 (6) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.01 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 176 (1909–2026) CA 85 (1893–2026) IL 74 (1869–2026) NY 51 (1891–2022) MT 39 (1911–2023) GA 30 (1947–2025) FL 24 (1928–2020) PA 16 (1893–2020) MS 16 (1998–2024) NC 16 (1884–2024) WA 15 (1910–2022) AL 14 (1914–2025) LA 14 (1921–2017) CO 13 (1912–2025) MI 13 (1914–2021) OH 13 (1996–2025) OK 12 (1933–2023) MO 11 (1894–2013) MA 10 (1925–2018) IN 10 (1883–2012) WV 9 (1904–2014) KS 7 (1888–2021) MD 7 (1914–2026) ID 7 (1887–2020) NM 6 (1950–2023) CT 5 (1942–2015) SC 5 (1994–2012) NE 5 (1894–2021) WY 5 (2006–2025) MN 4 (1938–2012) TN 4 (2002–2024) AZ 3 (1998–2023) WI 3 (1967–2015) DE 3 (1986–2024) NJ 3 (1986–2021) ME 2 (2017–2017) AR 2 (1906–1919) VA 2 (1873–1993) IA 2 (2018–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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