supremacy clause (New Jersey) · Go Syfert
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supremacy clause in New Jersey

27 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1963–2026 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paulgreen
scotus · 1963 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1977–2026
2 sentences

2026See Fla. Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132, 141 (1963) (quotation omitted) (upholding a state agricultural regulation against Supremacy Clause challenge).

2026See Fla. Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132, 141 (1963) (quotation omitted) (upholding a state agricultural regulation against Supremacy Clause challenge).

23
Schmoll v. Creecygreen
nj · 1969 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1984–1987
2 sentences

1987See id. (“The need for deterrence can be met by a companion provision imposing monetary penalties.”) Y Defendants also assert that the Reporting Act violates the supremacy clause because it frustrates the goals of the National Housing Act, 12 U.S.C.A. §§ 1701 to 1750g.

1987See id. ("The need for deterrence can be met by a companion provision imposing monetary penalties.") V Defendants also assert that the Reporting Act violates the supremacy clause because it frustrates the goals of the National Housing Act, 12 U.S.C.A. §§ 1701 to 1750g.

22
Painter's Local Union No. 567 of the Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators & Paperhangers v. Tom Joyce Floors, Inc.green
nev · 1965 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003This doctrine "rests upon the supremacy clause of the federal constitution, and deprives a state of jurisdiction over matters embraced by a congressional act regardless of whether the state law coincides with, is complementary to, or opposed to the federal congressional expression." Painters Local Union No. 567 of the Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America v. Tom Joyce Floors, Inc., 81 Nev. 1 , 398 P. 2d 245, 246 (1965).

2003This doctrine "rests upon the supremacy clause of the federal constitution, and deprives a state of jurisdiction over matters embraced by a congressional act regardless of whether the state law coincides with, is complementary to, or opposed to the federal congressional expression." Painters Local Union No. 567 of the Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America v. Tom Joyce Floors, Inc., 81 Nev. 1 , 398 P. 2d 245, 246 (1965).

11
Wheeler v. Caterpillar Tractor Co.green
ill · 1985 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993Wheeler, supra, 92 Ill.Dec. at 566 , 485 N.E.2d at 377 (finding retaliatory discharge cause of action when plaintiff requested transfer and was subsequently fired for refusal to operate X-ray machine that allegedly violated regulations of Nuclear Regulatory Commission pursuant to Atomic Energy Act).

1993Wheeler, supra, 92 Ill.Dec. at 566 , 485 N.E.2d at 377 (finding retaliatory discharge cause of action when plaintiff requested transfer and was subsequently fired for refusal to operate X-ray machine that allegedly violated regulations of Nuclear Regulatory Commission pursuant to Atomic Energy Act).

11
Tafflin v. Levittgreen
scotus · 1990 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U.S. 455 , ___, 110 S.Ct. 792, 795 , 107 L.Ed. 2d 887, 894 (1990).

1991Tafflin v. Levitt, 493 U.S. 455 , ___, 110 S.Ct. 792, 795 , 107 L.Ed. 2d 887, 894 (1990).

11
State v. Simongreen
nj · 1979 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990See State v. Grunow, 102 N.J. 133, 148 , 506 A.2d 708 (1986) (“ ‘[The] judicial obligation, to assure the jury’s impartial deliberations upon the guilt of a criminal defendant based solely upon the evidence in accordance with proper and adequate instructions, is at the core of the guarantee of a fair trial.’ ” (quoting State v. Simon, 79 N.J. 191, 206 , 398 A.2d 861 (1979)).

1990See State v. Grunow, 102 N.J. 133, 148 , 506 A.2d 708 (1986) (“ ‘[The] judicial obligation, to assure the jury’s impartial deliberations upon the guilt of a criminal defendant based solely upon the evidence in accordance with proper and adequate instructions, is at the core of the guarantee of a fair trial.’ ” (quoting State v. Simon, 79 N.J. 191, 206 , 398 A.2d 861 (1979)).

11
State v. Grunowgreen
nj · 1986 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990See State v. Grunow, 102 N.J. 133, 148 , 506 A.2d 708 (1986) (“ ‘[The] judicial obligation, to assure the jury’s impartial deliberations upon the guilt of a criminal defendant based solely upon the evidence in accordance with proper and adequate instructions, is at the core of the guarantee of a fair trial.’ ” (quoting State v. Simon, 79 N.J. 191, 206 , 398 A.2d 861 (1979)).

1990See State v. Grunow, 102 N.J. 133, 148 , 506 A.2d 708 (1986) (“ ‘[The] judicial obligation, to assure the jury’s impartial deliberations upon the guilt of a criminal defendant based solely upon the evidence in accordance with proper and adequate instructions, is at the core of the guarantee of a fair trial.’ ” (quoting State v. Simon, 79 N.J. 191, 206 , 398 A.2d 861 (1979)).

11
McGlynn v. New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authoritygreen
nj · 1981 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
2 sentences

1987Public Broadcast Auth., 88 N.J. 112, 137 (1981).] Since defendants have not alleged that Congress has prohibited the states from regulating in this area, we must consider only whether the Reporting Act “actually conflicts with a valid federal statute.” The test for determining whether actual conflict exists is “whether, under the circumstances of [a] particular case, [the state’s] law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.” Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 , 61 S.Ct. 399, 404 , 85 L.Ed. 581 (1941), quoted in Jones v. Rath

1987Public Broadcast Auth., 88 N.J. 112, 137 (1981).] Since defendants have not alleged that Congress has prohibited the states from regulating in this area, we must consider only *293 whether the Reporting Act "actually conflicts with a valid federal statute." The test for determining whether actual conflict exists is "whether, under the circumstances of [a] particular case, [the state's] law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 , 61 S.Ct. 399, 404 , 85 L.Ed. 581 (1941), quoted in Jones v.

11
Edwards v. Mayor, Etc. of Borough of Moonachiegreen
nj · 1949 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
1 sentence

1984See infra at 539-541 & notes 8, 9. 7 This clause of the United States Constitution, more commonly referred to as the supremacy clause, provides: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 8 In this connection we are reminded that "while the views of subsequent Congresses cannot over

11
Wasservogel v. Meyerowitzgreen
ny · 1949 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
2 sentences

1984See Wasservogel v. Meyerowitz, 300 N.Y. 125, 133-134 , 89 N.E. 2d 712, 716-717 (Ct.App. 1949).

1984See Wasservogel v. Meyerowitz, 300 N.Y. 125, 133-134 , 89 N.E. 2d 712, 716-717 (Ct.App. 1949).

11
Seatrain Shipbuilding Corp. v. Shell Oil Co.green
scotus · 1980 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
2 sentences

1984See infra at 539-541 & notes 8, 9. 7 This clause of the United States Constitution, more commonly referred to as the supremacy clause, provides: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 8 In this connection we are reminded that "while the views of subsequent Congresses cannot over

1984See infra at 539-541 & notes 8, 9. 7 This clause of the United States Constitution, more commonly referred to as the supremacy clause, provides: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 8 In this connection we are reminded that "while the views of subsequent Congresses cannot over

11
Bell v. New Jerseygreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
2 sentences

1984See infra at 539-541 & notes 8, 9. 7 This clause of the United States Constitution, more commonly referred to as the supremacy clause, provides: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 8 In this connection we are reminded that "while the views of subsequent Congresses cannot over

1984See infra at 539-541 & notes 8, 9. 7 This clause of the United States Constitution, more commonly referred to as the supremacy clause, provides: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 8 In this connection we are reminded that "while the views of subsequent Congresses cannot over

11
Joseph Fidtler v. A. T. Rundle, Supt. State Correctional Inst. At Graterford Pa. And Edward T. Hendricksgreen
ca3 · 1974 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
Butz v. Economougreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
Carl Qualls, Administrator of the Estate of Billy Don Trull and Manual Daniel Bunch v. Jack K. Parrishgreen
ca6 · 1976 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
De Canas v. Bicared
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
United States v. Belmontgreen
scotus · 1937 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1966–1966
11
United States v. Burnisongreen
scotus · 1950 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1963–1963
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
Garden State Farms, Inc. v. Mayor Louis Bay, IIgreen
nj · 1978 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
1 sentence

1984But cf. Garden State Farms, Inc. v. Bay, 77 N.J. 439, 453 (1978) ("We believe that '* * * caution must be exercised in using the action of the *540 legislature on proposed amendments as an interpretative aid’ in discerning legislative intent. 2A Sutherland, Statutory Construction, § 48.18 at 225 (Sands ed.1973).’’); Schmoll v. Creecy, 54 N.J. 194, 203 (1969) ("Indeed, the question as to the intent of [one] Legislature * * * is a judicial question as to which neither the action nor inaction of a subsequent Legislature can be disposi-tive.”).

11

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Hines v. Davidowitz green
scotus · 1941
2 sentences

1999The court rejected the argument that the state statute conflicted with the federal statute by “mandat[ing] a landlord’s participation in a voluntary Federal program and, therefore, violated] the supremacy clause.” Ibid.

1977The most recent test of whether a Supremacy Clause violation has occurred has been stated by the United States Supreme Court in Jones v. The Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519 , 97 S.Ct. 1305 , 51 L.Ed. 2d 604 (1977) as follows: Our task is "to determine whether under the circumstances of this particular case [the state's] law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 , 61 S.Ct. 399, 404 , 85 L.Ed. 581 (1940).

31977–1999
Carleson v. Remillard green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

1984Carleson v. Remillard, 406 U.S. 598, 600-603 , 92 S.Ct. 1932, 1934-1935 , 32 L.Ed. 2d 352 (1972).

1984Carleson v. Remillard, 406 U.S. 598, 600-603 , 92 S.Ct. 1932, 1934-1935 , 32 L.Ed. 2d 352 (1972).

31984–1984
Jones v. Rath Packing Co. green
scotus · 1977
2 sentences

1977The most recent test of whether a Supremacy Clause violation has occurred has been stated by the United States Supreme Court in Jones v. The Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519 , 97 S.Ct. 1305 , 51 L.Ed. 2d 604 (1977) as follows: Our task is "to determine whether under the circumstances of this particular case [the state's] law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 , 61 S.Ct. 399, 404 , 85 L.Ed. 581 (1940).

1977The most recent test of whether a Supremacy Clause violation has occurred has been stated by the United States Supreme Court in Jones v. The Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519 , 97 S.Ct. 1305 , 51 L.Ed. 2d 604 (1977) as follows: Our task is "to determine whether under the circumstances of this particular case [the state's] law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress." Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 , 61 S.Ct. 399, 404 , 85 L.Ed. 581 (1940).

21977–1987
Gangemi v. Berry green
nj · 1957
2 sentences

2010Transit Rail Operations, Inc., 125 N.J. 455, 463 , 593 A. 2d 750 (1991) ("Under our federal system of government the States possess sovereignty concurrent with that of the federal government, subject only to the limitations imposed by the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution, article VI, clause 2." (citation omitted)); Gangemi v. Berry, 25 N.J. 1, 9 , 134 A. 2d 1 (1957) (stating that although "the legislative authority in the States consists of the full and complete power as it rests in, and may be exercised by, the sovereign power of any country," any state law or constitutional

2010Transit Rail Operations, Inc., 125 N.J. 455, 463 , 593 A. 2d 750 (1991) ("Under our federal system of government the States possess sovereignty concurrent with that of the federal government, subject only to the limitations imposed by the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution, article VI, clause 2." (citation omitted)); Gangemi v. Berry, 25 N.J. 1, 9 , 134 A. 2d 1 (1957) (stating that although "the legislative authority in the States consists of the full and complete power as it rests in, and may be exercised by, the sovereign power of any country," any state law or constitutional

12010–2010
Maher v. New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Inc. green
nj · 1991
2 sentences

2010Transit Rail Operations, Inc., 125 N.J. 455, 463 , 593 A. 2d 750 (1991) ("Under our federal system of government the States possess sovereignty concurrent with that of the federal government, subject only to the limitations imposed by the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution, article VI, clause 2." (citation omitted)); Gangemi v. Berry, 25 N.J. 1, 9 , 134 A. 2d 1 (1957) (stating that although "the legislative authority in the States consists of the full and complete power as it rests in, and may be exercised by, the sovereign power of any country," any state law or constitutional

2010Transit Rail Operations, Inc., 125 N.J. 455, 463 , 593 A. 2d 750 (1991) ("Under our federal system of government the States possess sovereignty concurrent with that of the federal government, subject only to the limitations imposed by the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution, article VI, clause 2." (citation omitted)); Gangemi v. Berry, 25 N.J. 1, 9 , 134 A. 2d 1 (1957) (stating that although "the legislative authority in the States consists of the full and complete power as it rests in, and may be exercised by, the sovereign power of any country," any state law or constitutional

12010–2010
Communications Workers v. Union Cty. Welfare Bd. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1974
2 sentences

2001A state regulation that conflicts with a federal standard is invalid under the supremacy clause."); Barrera v. Department of Insts. & Agencies, 150 N.J.Super. 41, 45 , 374 A. 2d 1219 (App.Div. 1977) (State participation in federally supported categorical assistance programs is voluntary, but a state choosing to participate must comply with the terms of the federal legislation and regulations promulgated thereunder); Communications Workers of Am., AFL-CIO v. Union County Welfare Bd., 126 N.J.Super. 517, 525 , 315 A. 2d 709 (App.Div.1974) (Regulation promulgated by the Department of Health, Educ

2001A state regulation that conflicts with a federal standard is invalid under the supremacy clause."); Barrera v. Department of Insts. & Agencies, 150 N.J.Super. 41, 45 , 374 A. 2d 1219 (App.Div. 1977) (State participation in federally supported categorical assistance programs is voluntary, but a state choosing to participate must comply with the terms of the federal legislation and regulations promulgated thereunder); Communications Workers of Am., AFL-CIO v. Union County Welfare Bd., 126 N.J.Super. 517, 525 , 315 A. 2d 709 (App.Div.1974) (Regulation promulgated by the Department of Health, Educ

12001–2001
Barrera v. Dept. of Institutions and Agencies green
njsuperctappdiv · 1977
2 sentences

2001A state regulation that conflicts with a federal standard is invalid under the supremacy clause."); Barrera v. Department of Insts. & Agencies, 150 N.J.Super. 41, 45 , 374 A. 2d 1219 (App.Div. 1977) (State participation in federally supported categorical assistance programs is voluntary, but a state choosing to participate must comply with the terms of the federal legislation and regulations promulgated thereunder); Communications Workers of Am., AFL-CIO v. Union County Welfare Bd., 126 N.J.Super. 517, 525 , 315 A. 2d 709 (App.Div.1974) (Regulation promulgated by the Department of Health, Educ

2001A state regulation that conflicts with a federal standard is invalid under the supremacy clause."); Barrera v. Department of Insts. & Agencies, 150 N.J.Super. 41, 45 , 374 A. 2d 1219 (App.Div. 1977) (State participation in federally supported categorical assistance programs is voluntary, but a state choosing to participate must comply with the terms of the federal legislation and regulations promulgated thereunder); Communications Workers of Am., AFL-CIO v. Union County Welfare Bd., 126 N.J.Super. 517, 525 , 315 A. 2d 709 (App.Div.1974) (Regulation promulgated by the Department of Health, Educ

12001–2001
Howlett Ex Rel. Howlett v. Rose green
scotus · 1990
2 sentences

2000VI cl. 2] According to the Supreme Court in Howlett By and Through Howlett v. Rose, 496 U.S. 356, 367-68 , 110 S.Ct. 2430 , 110 L.Ed.2d 332 (1990), the supremacy clause makes the Constitution and laws passed pursuant to it "the supreme Law of the Land,' and charges state courts with coordinate responsibility to enforce those laws according to their regular modes of procedure." A long line of cases buttresses the fundamental principle expressed in Howlett.

2000VI cl. 2] According to the Supreme Court in Howlett By and Through Howlett v. Rose, 496 U.S. 356, 367-68 , 110 S.Ct. 2430 , 110 L.Ed.2d 332 (1990), the supremacy clause makes the Constitution and laws passed pursuant to it "the supreme Law of the Land,' and charges state courts with coordinate responsibility to enforce those laws according to their regular modes of procedure." A long line of cases buttresses the fundamental principle expressed in Howlett.

12000–2000
Duquette v. Tahan green
njsuperctappdiv · 1991
1 sentence

1994VI, cl. 2. (as noted in Duquette v. Tahan, 252 N.J.

11994–1994
Budankov v. Amato neutral
nj · 1985
1 sentence

1991Super. 284, 297 , 476 A. 2d 861 (App.Div. 1984), appeal dismissed, 101 N.J. 208 , 501 A. 2d 893 (1985) (holding "that the supremacy clause bars a New Jersey court from interfering with ... federal administrative proceedings.").

11991–1991
Dieso v. Middle-Sex County Utilities Authority green
nj · 1990
2 sentences

1991We granted plaintiff's petition for certification, 122 N.J. 348 , 585 A. 2d 360 (1990), to determine whether her strict-liability cause of action based on failure to warn is preempted under the supremacy clause, U.S. Const. art.

1991We granted plaintiff's petition for certification, 122 N.J. 348 , 585 A. 2d 360 (1990), to determine whether her strict-liability cause of action based on failure to warn is preempted under the supremacy clause, U.S. Const. art.

11991–1991
In Re the Commitment of W.J. green
nj · 1985
1 sentence

1991Super. 284, 297 , 476 A. 2d 861 (App.Div. 1984), appeal dismissed, 101 N.J. 208 , 501 A. 2d 893 (1985) (holding "that the supremacy clause bars a New Jersey court from interfering with ... federal administrative proceedings.").

11991–1991
First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. SEC green
njsuperctappdiv · 1984
1 sentence

1991Super. 284, 297 , 476 A. 2d 861 (App.Div. 1984), appeal dismissed, 101 N.J. 208 , 501 A. 2d 893 (1985) (holding "that the supremacy clause bars a New Jersey court from interfering with ... federal administrative proceedings.").

11991–1991
In RE MARRIAGE OF ECKERT v. Eckert green
wisctapp · 1988
2 sentences

1990Id. 424 N.W. 2d at 761 .

1990Id. 424 N.W. 2d at 761 .

11990–1990
Williams v. Horvath green
cal · 1976
2 sentences

1988In Williams v. Horvath, supra, 16 Cal.3d at 841 , 129 Cal.Rptr. at 457-58 , 548 P.2d at 1129-30 , the California Supreme Court reasoned that the purposes underlying section 1983 may not be frustrated by state substantive limitations couched in procedural language and that the supremacy clause will not permit such abrogation of a federal right.

1988In Williams v. Horvath, supra, 16 Cal.3d at 841 , 129 Cal.Rptr. at 457-58 , 548 P.2d at 1129-30 , the California Supreme Court reasoned that the purposes underlying section 1983 may not be frustrated by state substantive limitations couched in procedural language and that the supremacy clause will not permit such abrogation of a federal right.

11988–1988
First Family Mortg. Corp. of Florida v. Durham green
njsuperctappdiv · 1985
2 sentences

1987The court also rejected plaintiff’s argument that the Reporting Act violates the supremacy clause by undermining the policy of the National Housing Act: “The slight inconvenience of filing the notice [Activities Report] will not destroy the market for GNMA mortgages on homes in New Jersey and in other states having a similar requirement.” 1 Id.

1987The court also rejected plaintiff's argument that the Reporting Act violates the supremacy clause by undermining *281 the policy of the National Housing Act: "The slight inconvenience of filing the notice [Activities Report] will not destroy the market for GNMA mortgages on homes in New Jersey and in other states having a similar requirement." [1] Id.

11987–1987
Ray v. Atlantic Richfield Co. green
scotus · 1978
2 sentences

1987A state statute violates the supremacy clause (1) where “Congress has either explicitly or implicitly declared that the states are prohibited from regulating” in this area, Ray v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 435 U.S. 151, 157 , 98 S.Ct. 988, 994 , 55 L.Ed.2d 179 (1978) or (2) where a state statute “actually conflicts with a valid federal statute.” Id: at 158, 98 S.Ct. at 994. [McGlynn v. N.J.

1987A state statute violates the supremacy clause (1) where “Congress has either explicitly or implicitly declared that the states are prohibited from regulating” in this area, Ray v. Atlantic Richfield Co., 435 U.S. 151, 157 , 98 S.Ct. 988, 994 , 55 L.Ed.2d 179 (1978) or (2) where a state statute “actually conflicts with a valid federal statute.” Id: at 158, 98 S.Ct. at 994. [McGlynn v. N.J.

11987–1987
Albert R. Bell v. Charles Wolff, Jr. green
ca8 · 1974
11978–1978
Perez. v. Campbell green
scotus · 1971
11977–1977
Winberry v. Salisbury green
nj · 1950
11974–1974
United States v. Pink green
scotus · 1942
11966–1966
Phillips Chemical Co. v. Dumas Independent School District green
scotus · 1960
11964–1964
M'culloch v. State of Maryland green
· 1819
11963–1963

Where else courts name it

CA 325 (1960–2026) IL 147 (1953–2026) WA 58 (1953–2024) NY 55 (1949–2017) TX 51 (1976–2024) CT 49 (1974–2022) NJ 27 (1963–2026) MA 27 (1954–2023) FL 25 (1960–2017) PA 24 (1944–2014) MI 23 (1962–2022) WI 20 (1970–2016) MO 19 (1970–2019) LA 17 (1966–2020) IA 16 (1966–2018) CO 16 (1970–2026) NM 16 (1958–2021) IN 14 (1978–2016) MN 12 (1974–2017) AZ 11 (1970–2022) WV 11 (1987–2026) AR 11 (1988–2025) MD 11 (1965–2021) MT 10 (1979–2009) NV 10 (1965–2019) RI 10 (1945–2015) ID 9 (1974–1988) KS 9 (1981–2026) OH 9 (1948–2017) NE 9 (1983–2017) AK 9 (1970–2003) NC 8 (1950–2022) TN 8 (1956–1993) AL 8 (1964–1995) ND 8 (1979–2015) ME 8 (1970–2011) OK 8 (1979–2020) UT 7 (1976–2017) KY 6 (1980–2026) NH 6 (1948–1995) GA 6 (1981–2024) OR 5 (1973–2024) VA 4 (1991–2009) VT 3 (2000–2014) HI 3 (1980–2017) SC 3 (1989–2021) MS 2 (1966–1970) DC 2 (1981–1992) WY 2 (1985–2003) SD 2 (1985–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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