cited standard (Alabama) · Go Syfert
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cited standard in Alabama

21 Alabama opinions name it 4 courts 1949–2006 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
United States v. Bernardo Betancourt, Bernardo Sando, Norman Gerwitz, Gene Chekanow, Defendantsgreen
ca11 · 1984 · cited in 9 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1994–2004
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

59
Ex Parte Wilsongreen
ala · 1990 · cited in 9 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1994–2004
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

59
cluster 506660green
ca11 · 1988 · cited in 9 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1994–2004
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

49
Hart v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1992 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1999–2006
2 sentences

2006The cited instruction in the instant case created a permissive inference. ‘The specific language cited by the appellant could not reasonably have been understood as creating a presumption which relieved the State of its burden of proof on the element of intent.’ 565 So.2d at 1170 .” Hart v. State, 612 So.2d 520, 529 (Ala.Crim.App.1992).

2006The cited instruction in the instant case created a permissive inference. `The specific language cited by the appellant could not reasonably have been understood as creating a presumption which relieved the State of its burden of proof on the element of intent.' 565 So.2d at 1170 ." Hart v. State, 612 So.2d 520, 529 (Ala. Crim.App.1992).

33
DeRamus v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1990 · cited in 4 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1992–2006
2 sentences

2006The cited instruction in the instant case created a permissive inference. ‘The specific language cited by the appellant could not reasonably have been understood as creating a presumption which relieved the State of its burden of proof on the element of intent.’ 565 So.2d at 1170 .” Hart v. State, 612 So.2d 520, 529 (Ala.Crim.App.1992).

2006The cited instruction in the instant case created a permissive inference. `The specific language cited by the appellant could not reasonably have been understood as creating a presumption which relieved the State of its burden of proof on the element of intent.' 565 So.2d at 1170 ." Hart v. State, 612 So.2d 520, 529 (Ala. Crim.App.1992).

24
Payne v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1995 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1999–2004
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

23
McNabb v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See also McNabb v. State, 887 So.2d 929, 978-79 (Ala.Crim.App.2001).

2006See also McNabb v. State, 887 So.2d 929, 978-79 (Ala.Crim.

11
Bankers Life & Cas. Co. v. Longgreen
ala · 1977 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991The Court cited the rule that "an intentional misrepresentation by the applicant of material facts relied on by the insurer permits the insurer to avoid the policy," but also cited the *813 exception that "the policy is not avoided if the insurer knows the true facts, or the falsity of the statements, or has sufficient indications that would put a prudent person on notice so as to induce an inquiry which, if done with reasonable thoroughness, would reveal the truth." 345 So.2d at 1323 (citations omitted).

1991The Court cited the rule that "an intentional misrepresentation by the applicant of material facts relied on by the insurer permits the insurer to avoid the policy," but also cited the *Page 813 exception that "the policy is not avoided if the insurer knows the true facts, or the falsity of the statements, or has sufficient indications that would put a prudent person on notice so as to induce an inquiry which, if done with reasonable thoroughness, would reveal the truth." 345 So.2d at 1323 (citations omitted).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (22)

CaseCitedYears
Wilson v. Wilson green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

91994–2004
Greer v. United States green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

91994–2004
Vice v. Smith green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

91994–2004
Nimmons v. Alabama green
scotus · 1988
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

91994–2004
Ex Parte Musgrove green
ala · 1993
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

41996–2004
Ex Parte Payne green
ala · 1996
2 sentences

2004Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant's rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const.1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the *29 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "`In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: "`"`[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natur

2002Musgrove, supra. To improperly comment on that privilege would be a clear violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, § 6, Ala. Const. 1901, as well as the rights protected by the Fifth Amendment as that Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. “ ‘In Ex parte Wilson, 571 So.2d 1251, 1261 (Ala.1990), this Court cited the standard endorsed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit: “ ‘ “ ‘[A] statement by a prosecutor is improper if it was manifestly intended to be, or was of such a character that the jury would natu

31999–2004
Ex Parte Burgess green
ala · 2000
1 sentence

2003In addition, in Ex parte Burgess, 827 So.2d 193 (Ala.2000), the Alabama Supreme Court stated: "An instruction that `intent to commit murder may be presumed from the defendant's act of using a deadly weapon,' would unconstitutionally shift to the defendant the burden of proving lack of specific intent.

12003–2003
Windsor v. State green
ala · 1994
1 sentence

1996We hold that the trial court properly overruled the objection to the prosecutor's statement." 683 So.2d at 1023-24 .

11996–1996
Dill v. State green
alacrimapp · 1991
1 sentence

1996A similar argument was made by the prosecution in closing argument in Dill v. State , 600 So.2d 343 , 355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991), aff'd, 600 So.2d 372 (Ala. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 924 , 113 S.Ct. 1293 , 122 L.Ed.2d 684 (1993).

11996–1996
Ex Parte Dill green
ala · 1992
1 sentence

1996A similar argument was made by the prosecution in closing argument in Dill v. State , 600 So.2d 343 , 355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991), aff'd, 600 So.2d 372 (Ala. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 924 , 113 S.Ct. 1293 , 122 L.Ed.2d 684 (1993).

11996–1996
Hill v. North Carolina green
scotus · 1993
1 sentence

1996A similar argument was made by the prosecution in closing argument in Dill v. State , 600 So.2d 343 , 355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991), aff'd, 600 So.2d 372 (Ala. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 924 , 113 S.Ct. 1293 , 122 L.Ed.2d 684 (1993).

11996–1996
Tran Van Khiem v. United States green
scotus · 1993
1 sentence

1996A similar argument was made by the prosecution in closing argument in Dill v. State , 600 So.2d 343 , 355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991), aff'd, 600 So.2d 372 (Ala. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 924 , 113 S.Ct. 1293 , 122 L.Ed.2d 684 (1993).

11996–1996
Kesner v. United States green
scotus · 1993
1 sentence

1996A similar argument was made by the prosecution in closing argument in Dill v. State , 600 So.2d 343 , 355 (Ala.Cr.App. 1991), aff'd, 600 So.2d 372 (Ala. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 924 , 113 S.Ct. 1293 , 122 L.Ed.2d 684 (1993).

11996–1996
King v. Calvert Marsh Coal Co., Inc. green
ala · 1978
1 sentence

1985“As a general rule, when a party to a contract has been adjudicated as being in default, provisions in a contract providing for the payment of reasonable attorney’s fees will be upheld.” King v. Calvert & Marsh Coal Co., 362 So.2d 889 (Ala.1978).

11985–1985
Miller v. Vizzard Investment Co. green
ala · 1916
2 sentences

1983In Miller v. Vizzard Investment Co., 195 Ala. 467 , 70 So. 639 (1916), this court followed the above cited rule.

1983In Miller v. Vizzard Investment Co., 195 Ala. 467 , 70 So. 639 (1916), this court followed the above cited rule.

11983–1983
Daniel v. Matthews neutral
alacivapp · 1971
2 sentences

1981The Alabama Court of Civil Appeals was correct in holding that: The purpose of the cited rule of the road [Code 1975, § 32-5-55] is to insure that right of way is made available for other traffic lawfully using the highway, either oncoming or overtaking. [Emphasis added.] 46 Ala.App. at 570 , 246 So.2d 457 .

1981The Alabama Court of Civil Appeals was correct in holding that: The purpose of the cited rule of the road [Code 1975, § 32-5-55] is to insure that right of way is made available for other traffic lawfully using the highway, either oncoming or overtaking. [Emphasis added.] 46 Ala.App. at 570 , 246 So.2d 457 .

11981–1981
City Delivery Co. v. Henry green
ala · 1903
1 sentence

1970This cited case was decided by the Supreme Court of Alabama in March of 196L In support of its opinion, the Court cited the doctrine set forth in Trognitz v. Fry, 215 Ala. 609 , 112 So. 156 ; City Delivery Co. v. Henry, 139 Ala. 161 , 34 So. 389 .

11970–1970
Trognitz v. Fry green
ala · 1927
2 sentences

1970This cited case was decided by the Supreme Court of Alabama in March of 196L In support of its opinion, the Court cited the doctrine set forth in Trognitz v. Fry, 215 Ala. 609 , 112 So. 156 ; City Delivery Co. v. Henry, 139 Ala. 161 , 34 So. 389 .

1970This cited case was decided by the Supreme Court of Alabama in March of 196L In support of its opinion, the Court cited the doctrine set forth in Trognitz v. Fry, 215 Ala. 609 , 112 So. 156 ; City Delivery Co. v. Henry, 139 Ala. 161 , 34 So. 389 .

11970–1970
Edmondson v. Edmondson green
ala · 1967
2 sentences

1968Our Supreme Court stated in Edmondson v. Edmondson, 281 Ala. 191 , 200 So.2d 652 , that the rule was for the “expeditious handling of its business” and further noted: “We have been most reluctant to invoke the rules of the court and have construed them as liberally as possible to avoid dismissing appeals based upon noncompliance, particularly where there is substantial compliance.

1968Our Supreme Court stated in Edmondson v. Edmondson, 281 Ala. 191 , 200 So.2d 652 , that the rule was for the “expeditious handling of its business” and further noted: “We have been most reluctant to invoke the rules of the court and have construed them as liberally as possible to avoid dismissing appeals based upon noncompliance, particularly where there is substantial compliance.

11968–1968
Bluefield Water Works & Improvement Co. v. Public Service Commission green
scotus · 1923
1 sentence

1949In the case of Bluefield Waterworks and Improvement Company v. Public Service Commission, supra, the Supreme Court of the United States said [ 262 U.S. 679 , 43 S.Ct. 679 ]: “ * ** * A public utility is entitled to such rates as will permit it to earn a return on the value of the property which it employs for the convenience of the public equal to that generally being made at the same time and in the same general part of the country on investments in other business undertakings which are attended by corresponding risks and uncertainties; * * *» The above cited rule was followed by the Supreme

11949–1949
Los Angeles Gas & Electric Corp. v. Railroad Commission green
scotus · 1933
2 sentences

1949In the case of Bluefield Waterworks and Improvement Company v. Public Service Commission, supra, the Supreme Court of the United States said [ 262 U.S. 679 , 43 S.Ct. 679 ]: “ * ** * A public utility is entitled to such rates as will permit it to earn a return on the value of the property which it employs for the convenience of the public equal to that generally being made at the same time and in the same general part of the country on investments in other business undertakings which are attended by corresponding risks and uncertainties; * * *» The above cited rule was followed by the Supreme

1949In the case of Bluefield Waterworks and Improvement Company v. Public Service Commission, supra, the Supreme Court of the United States said [ 262 U.S. 679 , 43 S.Ct. 679 ]: “ * ** * A public utility is entitled to such rates as will permit it to earn a return on the value of the property which it employs for the convenience of the public equal to that generally being made at the same time and in the same general part of the country on investments in other business undertakings which are attended by corresponding risks and uncertainties; * * *» The above cited rule was followed by the Supreme

11949–1949
Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co. green
scotus · 1944
2 sentences

1949The rule expressed above was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in the case of Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Company, 1944, 320 U.S. 591, 603 , 64 S.Ct. 281, 288 , 88 L.Ed. 333, 345 , wherein the Court stated: “* * * By that standard the return to the equity owner should be commensurate with returns on investments in other enterprises having corresponding risks. if if *» III.

1949The rule expressed above was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in the case of Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Company, 1944, 320 U.S. 591, 603 , 64 S.Ct. 281, 288 , 88 L.Ed. 333, 345 , wherein the Court stated: “* * * By that standard the return to the equity owner should be commensurate with returns on investments in other enterprises having corresponding risks. if if *» III.

11949–1949

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-40 (9) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-49 (9) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-51 (8) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-53 (8) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-46 (6) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-47 (6) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-45 (5) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-52 (5) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-1-9 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-3-1 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-7-5 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 15-12-21 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 63 (1950–2023) WA 48 (1959–2025) TX 44 (1936–2023) FL 38 (1944–2019) IL 37 (1916–2026) NJ 29 (1944–2026) NY 28 (1892–2024) LA 23 (1969–2015) AL 21 (1949–2006) MI 17 (1938–2020) OK 17 (1941–2003) MO 16 (1962–2022) PA 15 (1958–2023) OH 12 (1981–2025) NC 9 (1975–2021) GA 9 (1909–2018) MS 8 (1994–2026) TN 8 (1966–2017) AZ 8 (1962–2021) IA 7 (1939–2020) MT 7 (1969–1992) CO 7 (1957–2023) KS 7 (1910–2024) CT 7 (1992–2023) WY 6 (1923–2018) KY 6 (2007–2023) VA 6 (1988–2022) IN 6 (1876–2017) AR 6 (1938–2001) MD 5 (1976–1999) WI 5 (1984–2025) SD 4 (1952–2023) ME 4 (1938–2000) UT 4 (1956–2017) SC 4 (1949–2012) MN 4 (1974–2016) MA 4 (1967–2009) RI 4 (1968–2005) VT 4 (1974–2026) DE 3 (1963–2019) WV 3 (2010–2018) OR 2 (1995–2000) HI 2 (1960–2022) PR 2 (1962–1970) NE 2 (1953–2020) NV 2 (1923–1989)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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