extensive inquiry (District of Columbia) · Go Syfert
← District of Columbia issues

extensive inquiry in District of Columbia

16 District of Columbia opinions name it 1 courts 1968–2007 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by District of Columbia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (27)

CaseFollowedCited
Ezekial v. Winkleygreen
cal · 1977 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007In some cases, for example, it may be adequate to provide an opportunity for “a mere written response”; in other circumstances, “a personal appearance by the adversely affected individual and a more extensive hearing [may be] required.” Ezekial v. Winkley, 20 Cal.3d 267, 279 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 418 , 572 P.2d 32, 39 (1977).

2007In some cases, for example, it may be adequate to provide an opportunity for “a mere written response”; in other circumstances, “a personal appearance by the adversely affected individual and a more extensive hearing [may be] required.” Ezekial v. Winkley, 20 Cal.3d 267, 279 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 418 , 572 P.2d 32, 39 (1977).

11
Littlejohn v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1997 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006E.g., Johnson v. United States, 746 A.2d 349, 355 (D.C.2000); Littlejohn v. United States, 705 A.2d 1077, 1083 (D.C.1997); Wilson v. United States, 558 A.2d 1135, 1140 (D.C.1989).

11
Wilson v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1989 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006E.g., Johnson v. United States, 746 A.2d 349, 355 (D.C.2000); Littlejohn v. United States, 705 A.2d 1077, 1083 (D.C.1997); Wilson v. United States, 558 A.2d 1135, 1140 (D.C.1989).

11
Shoppers Food Warehouse v. Morenogreen
dc · 2000 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006We conducted an extensive analysis of the history of section 13-423(a)(l) and (b) in Shoppers Food Warehouse v. Moreno, 746 A.2d 320, 324-330 (D.C.2000) (en banc), which we need not reiterate here.

11
Johnson v. United Statesgreen
dc · 2000 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006E.g., Johnson v. United States, 746 A.2d 349, 355 (D.C.2000); Littlejohn v. United States, 705 A.2d 1077, 1083 (D.C.1997); Wilson v. United States, 558 A.2d 1135, 1140 (D.C.1989).

11
In Re Roundtreegreen
dc · 1985 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002On December 23, 1998 petitioner filed his sixth petition for reinstatement. 2 After an extensive hearing, a unanimous Hearing Committee in a twenty-nine page report rejected the petition on the grounds that petitioner had failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he satisfied the five criteria for reinstatement outlined in In re Roundtree, 503 A.2d 1215, 1217 (D.C.1985).

11
Hunter v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1992 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See, e.g., Hunter v. United States, 606 A.2d 139, 144 (D.C.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 991 , 113 S.Ct. 509 , 121 L.Ed.2d 444 (1992) (“points not asserted with sufficient precision to indicate distinctly the party’s thesis will normally be spumed on appeal”) (quoting Miller v. Avirom, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 367, 369-70 , 384 F.2d 319, 321-22 (1967)). 10 In order to prevail on this claim, Nixon must therefore demonstrate plain error.

11
Hansford P. Miller v. Jackson Aviromgreen
cadc · 1967 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999See, e.g., Hunter v. United States, 606 A.2d 139, 144 (D.C.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 991 , 113 S.Ct. 509 , 121 L.Ed.2d 444 (1992) (“points not asserted with sufficient precision to indicate distinctly the party’s thesis will normally be spumed on appeal”) (quoting Miller v. Avirom, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 367, 369-70 , 384 F.2d 319, 321-22 (1967)). 10 In order to prevail on this claim, Nixon must therefore demonstrate plain error.

1999See, e.g., Hunter v. United States, 606 A.2d 139, 144 (D.C.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 991 , 113 S.Ct. 509 , 121 L.Ed.2d 444 (1992) (“points not asserted with sufficient precision to indicate distinctly the party’s thesis will normally be spumed on appeal”) (quoting Miller v. Avirom, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 367, 369-70 , 384 F.2d 319, 321-22 (1967)). 10 In order to prevail on this claim, Nixon must therefore demonstrate plain error.

11
Abate v. Goldsmithgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See, e.g., Hunter v. United States, 606 A.2d 139, 144 (D.C.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 991 , 113 S.Ct. 509 , 121 L.Ed.2d 444 (1992) (“points not asserted with sufficient precision to indicate distinctly the party’s thesis will normally be spumed on appeal”) (quoting Miller v. Avirom, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 367, 369-70 , 384 F.2d 319, 321-22 (1967)). 10 In order to prevail on this claim, Nixon must therefore demonstrate plain error.

11
Byrd v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See, e.g., Hunter v. United States, 606 A.2d 139, 144 (D.C.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 991 , 113 S.Ct. 509 , 121 L.Ed.2d 444 (1992) (“points not asserted with sufficient precision to indicate distinctly the party’s thesis will normally be spumed on appeal”) (quoting Miller v. Avirom, 127 U.S.App.D.C. 367, 369-70 , 384 F.2d 319, 321-22 (1967)). 10 In order to prevail on this claim, Nixon must therefore demonstrate plain error.

11
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995That is my only concern." This statement starkly conveyed the message that appellant had no further concerns which he had not aired as yet. [22] Cf. Pursifell, supra note 11 , 746 P.2d at 272-74 (Utah App.1987) (where court mainly inquired into issue that was focus of defendant's complaint, no reversible error, even though defendant suggests on appeal that "had the trial court conducted a more extensive inquiry into the reasons for defendant's dissatisfaction, it would have uncovered a myriad of complaints about the quality of defendant's representation.") [23] To prevail on a claim of ineffec

1995That is my only concern." This statement starkly conveyed the message that appellant had no further concerns which he had not aired as yet. [22] Cf. Pursifell, supra note 11 , 746 P.2d at 272-74 (Utah App.1987) (where court mainly inquired into issue that was focus of defendant's complaint, no reversible error, even though defendant suggests on appeal that "had the trial court conducted a more extensive inquiry into the reasons for defendant's dissatisfaction, it would have uncovered a myriad of complaints about the quality of defendant's representation.") [23] To prevail on a claim of ineffec

11
Meaders v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1986 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995Although some prejudice is unavoidable given the nature of this evidence, see Meaders v. United States, 519 A.2d 1248, 1254 (D.C.1986), the prejudicial impact of this tape is far less than the prejudice created by an extensive inquiry into a rape victim’s sexual history.

1995Although some prejudice is unavoidable given the nature of this evidence, see Meaders v. United States, 519 A.2d 1248, 1254 (D.C. 1986), the prejudicial impact of this tape is far less than the prejudice created by an extensive inquiry into a rape victim's sexual history.

11
District of Columbia v. Thompsongreen
dc · 1990 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995The extensive analysis in Part III, however, is not so much an application of law to facts as was called for in Thompson 1, 570 A.2d at 285-86 (concerning whether mental injuries were disabling within meaning of CMPA); see Thompson II, 593 A.2d at 635 (reaffirming Part II of Thompson I ruling on CMPA disability provisions).

1995The extensive analysis in Part III, however, is not so much an application of law to facts as was called for in Thompson I, 570 A.2d at 285-86 (concerning whether mental injuries were disabling within meaning of CMPA); see Thompson II, 593 A.2d at 635 (reaffirming Part II of Thompson I ruling on CMPA disability provisions).

11
Kinard v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1993 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
1 sentence

1995See Kinard v. United States, 635 A.2d 1297, 1303 (D.C.1993).

11
District of Columbia v. Thompsongreen
dc · 1991 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995The extensive analysis in Part III, however, is not so much an application of law to facts as was called for in Thompson 1, 570 A.2d at 285-86 (concerning whether mental injuries were disabling within meaning of CMPA); see Thompson II, 593 A.2d at 635 (reaffirming Part II of Thompson I ruling on CMPA disability provisions).

1995The extensive analysis in Part III, however, is not so much an application of law to facts as was called for in Thompson I, 570 A.2d at 285-86 (concerning whether mental injuries were disabling within meaning of CMPA); see Thompson II, 593 A.2d at 635 (reaffirming Part II of Thompson I ruling on CMPA disability provisions).

11
State v. Pursifellgreen
utahctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995Cf. Pursifell, supra note 11 , 746 P.2d at 272-74 (Utah App.1987) (where court mainly inquired into issue that was focus of defendant's complaint, no reversible error, even though defendant suggests on appeal that “had the trial court conducted a more extensive inquiry into the reasons for defendant's dissatisfaction, it would have uncovered a myriad of complaints about the quality of defendant's representation.”) .

1995Cf. Pursifell, supra note 11 , 746 P.2d at 272-74 (Utah App.1987) (where court mainly inquired into issue that was focus of defendant's complaint, no reversible error, even though defendant suggests on appeal that “had the trial court conducted a more extensive inquiry into the reasons for defendant's dissatisfaction, it would have uncovered a myriad of complaints about the quality of defendant's representation.”) .

11
Pierce v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1979 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
1 sentence

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

11
Lewis v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1981 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
1 sentence

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

11
Christian v. Oklahomagreen
scotus · 1981 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
1 sentence

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

11
Avery v. Marylandgreen
scotus · 1981 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

11
Monroe v. United Statesgreen
dc · 1978 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
1 sentence

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

11
Jones v. Galbasinigreen
colo · 1956 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
2 sentences

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

11
Krasner v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc.green
gactapp · 1974 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
2 sentences

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

11
Metropolitan Trust Co. v. Younggreen
ill · 1953 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
2 sentences

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

11
In Re DSAgreen
dc · 1971 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
Neil v. Biggersgreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11
United States v. A. D. Allisongreen
ca9 · 1969 · cited in 1 District of Columbia opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in District of Columbia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (9)

CaseCitedYears
Boyd v. United States green
dc · 1991
1 sentence

1998Indeed, in Boyd itself we held that the trial court in the circumstances there had “a duty to determine whether” the defendant “had made a knowing and intelligent waiver” of her right to testify. 586 A.2d at 677 .

11998–1998
Newman v. District of Columbia green
dc · 1986
2 sentences

1995Rather, Part III sorts out this court’s prior decisions in a complicated legal area — almost a purely legal analysis as in Newman, 518 A.2d at 705 -06 — that this court, far more than DOES, is equipped to do, and has jurisdiction to do, in the first instance.

1995Rather, Part III sorts out this court's prior decisions in a complicated legal area—almost a purely legal analysis as in Newman, 518 A.2d at 705 -06—that this court, far more than DOES, is equipped to do, and has jurisdiction to do, in the first instance. [1] "If a substantial portion of the complaint [seeking damages for sexual harassment in the work-place] involves physical injury, or the kind of mental or nervous injury or emotional distress compensable under the Act, most states will hold the action to that extent banned." 2A ARTHUR LARSON, THE LAW OF WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION § 68.34(d), at

11995–1995
Stone v. United States green
scotus · 1978
1 sentence

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

11983–1983
Monroe v. United States green
scotus · 1978
1 sentence

1983Pierce v. United States, 402 A.2d 1237, 1243-44 (D.C.1979); see also Lewis v. United States, 430 A.2d 528, 529-30 (D.C.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1081 , 102 S.Ct. 635 , 70 L.Ed.2d 615 (1981); Monroe v. United States, 389 A.2d 811, 820-21 (D.C.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1006 , 99 S.Ct. 621 , 58 L.Ed.2d 683 (1978).

11983–1983
Hsu v. United States green
dc · 1978
2 sentences

1983Id.; Hsu v. United States, supra, 392 A.2d at 983 .

1983Id.; Hsu v. United States, supra, 392 A.2d at 983 .

11983–1983
Conrad v. Medina green
dc · 1946
2 sentences

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

1979We must decide, however, whether the husband’s motion to withhold entry of the order was effective to withdraw his consent from the judgment. 5 In Conrad v. Medina, D.C.Mun.App., 47 A.2d 562 (1946), this court’s predecessor stated that, “A duly rendered judgment is binding and enforceable between the parties, even though through neglect it has not been entered.” Id. at 564 ; accord Krasner *965 v. Verner Auto Supply, Inc., 130 Ga.App. 892, 894 , 204 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1974); Jones v. Galbasini, 134 Colo. 64, 67 , 299 P.2d 503, 506 (1956) (en banc); In re Young’s Estate, 414 Ill. 525, 529 , 112 N

11979–1979
Geders v. United States green
scotus · 1976
11978–1978
Pepitone v. California green
scotus · 1969
11975–1975
Jackson v. Denno green
scotus · 1964
11968–1968

Statutes the citing opinions construe

DC § D.C. Code § 22-1801 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 104 (1930–2026) NY 88 (1937–2025) TX 47 (1935–2021) IL 44 (1966–2025) OH 43 (1982–2025) PA 40 (1971–2026) FL 38 (1974–2021) NJ 33 (1965–2025) CT 30 (1967–2024) WA 22 (1962–2026) IN 22 (1947–2018) MD 22 (1988–2020) AL 21 (1977–2025) KS 21 (1966–2025) CO 19 (1973–2026) RI 17 (1967–2010) LA 17 (1974–2021) MI 17 (1969–2024) DC 16 (1968–2007) MO 15 (1956–2019) KY 15 (1962–2025) OR 14 (1960–2022) TN 14 (1978–2016) WV 14 (1978–2017) IA 12 (1945–2024) WI 11 (1965–2024) MA 11 (1974–2023) ID 9 (1988–2022) NC 9 (1933–2009) ME 8 (1975–2021) GA 8 (1993–2019) SC 7 (1973–2020) AZ 7 (1968–2025) MT 7 (1964–2021) UT 6 (1983–2012) AK 6 (1970–2023) OK 5 (1958–2018) DE 5 (2015–2023) NM 5 (1989–2023) MN 5 (1974–1999) MS 5 (2000–2022) WY 5 (1959–2018) VT 5 (2010–2015) SD 4 (1982–2008) VA 4 (1983–2024) NE 3 (1999–2017) AR 2 (1989–2004) HI 2 (2004–2007) ND 2 (2002–2002)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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