vehicle challenge (Texas) · Go Syfert
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vehicle challenge in Texas

104 Texas opinions name it 5 courts 1973–2026 15 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (61)

CaseFollowedCited
Sheikh v. Sheikhgreen
texapp · 2007 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2011
2 sentences

2010Sheik, 248 S.W.3d at 394 (“The proper vehicle to challenge the master-in-chancery portion of the complained-of order is by mandamus.”).

2010Sheikh, 248 S.W.3d at 394 (“The proper vehicle to challenge the master-in-chancery portion of the complained-of order is by mandamus.”).

77
Texas Department of Transportation v. Jonesgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2015
2 sentences

2015Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex.1999) (correcting a number of The Terrell family also alleged, however, that Goble's trip to misunderstandings on that point). 4 The plaintiff has the the doctor was a part of her employment—and thus her use burden to show that jurisdiction exists by alleging facts that of her car was actionable under the vehicle exception to the affirmatively demonstrate that the trial court has subject Tort Claims Act.

2015Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex.1999) (correcting a number of The Terrell family also alleged, however, that Goble's trip to misunderstandings on that point). 4 The plaintiff has the the doctor was a part of her employment—and thus her use burden to show that jurisdiction exists by alleging facts that of her car was actionable under the vehicle exception to the affirmatively demonstrate that the trial court has subject Tort Claims Act.

45
In Re Derzapfgreen
tex · 2007 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2025
2 sentences

2025Code § 156.006 (governing temporary orders rendered in suit for modification of parent-child relationship); In re Coker, No. 03-17-00862-CV, 2018 WL 700033 , at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 23, 2018, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (“Because a trial court’s temporary orders are not appealable, mandamus is an appropriate vehicle for a challenge to such an order. (citing In re Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d 327, 334-35 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam))); see also Tex. R.

2019See In re Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d 327, 334-35 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam).

44
In Re Bank One, N.A.green
tex · 2007 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2011
2 sentences

2011When the order at issue was signed, mandamus was the appropriate vehicle to challenge an order denying arbitration under the FAA.4 In re Bank One, N.A., 216 S.W.3d 825, 826 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) 4 Section 51.016 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code was amended, effective September 1, 2009, to allow an interlocutory appeal of an order denying a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA.

2010When the order at issue was signed, mandamus was the appropriate vehicle to challenge an order denying arbitration under the FAA. [7] In re Bank One, N.A. , 216 S.W.3d 825, 826 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); EZ Pawn Corp. v. Mancias , 934 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam).

44
Jackson v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–2014
2 sentences

2014Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954 , 956–57 (Tex. Crim.

2004See Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Crim.

34
Carroll v. Stategreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2015
2 sentences

2015App. 1984); Morrison v. State, 71 S.W.3d 821 , 828 n.5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.) (“We pause briefly to note that standing is not an issue because a passenger in a vehicle can challenge the search of a vehicle in which he is riding if the search resulted from an infringement, such as an illegal detention, of the passenger’s Fourth Amendments rights.”) (citing Carroll v. State, 56 S.W.3d 644, 650 (Tex. App.—Waco 2002, pet. ref’d)). 4 question of law and fact also subject to review de novo.

2002Carroll v. State, 56 S.W.3d 644, 650 (Tex.App.-Waco 2002, pet. ref'd) (citing Lewis v. State, 664 S.W.2d 345, 348 (Tex.Crim.App.1984)). 6 .

33
EZ Pawn Corp. v. Manciasgreen
tex · 1996 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010When the order at issue was signed, mandamus was the appropriate vehicle to challenge an order denying arbitration under the FAA. 7 In re Bank One, N.A., 216 S.W.3d 825, 826 (Tex.2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); *396 EZ Pawn Corp. v. Mandas, 934 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tex.1996) (per curiam).

2010When the order at issue was signed, mandamus was the appropriate vehicle to challenge an order denying arbitration under the FAA. [7] In re Bank One, N.A. , 216 S.W.3d 825, 826 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); EZ Pawn Corp. v. Mancias , 934 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam).

33
Simpson v. Canalesgreen
tex · 1991 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2011
2 sentences

2007The proper vehicle to challenge the master-in-chancery portion of the complained-of order is by mandamus. 7 See Simpson, 806 S.W.2d at 812 ; In re Holt, 2006 WL 1549968 , at *2, 3.

2007The proper vehicle to challenge the master-in-chancery portion of the complained-of order is by mandamus. [7] See Simpson , 806 S.W.2d at 812 ; In re Holt , 2006 WL 1549968 , at * 2 , 3.

24
In Re Longgreen
tex · 1999 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2025
2 sentences

2025In re Janson, 614 S.W.3d at 727; In re Long, 984 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex. 1999) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Mittelsted, 661 S.W.3d 639 , 647 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2023, orig. proceeding).

2020See In re Long, 984 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex. 1999) (orig. proceeding).

23
California v. Carneygreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2023
2 sentences

2023See, e.g., Carney, 471 U.S. at 391 (“Even in cases where an automobile was not immediately mobile, the lesser expectation of privacy resulting from its use as a readily mobile vehicle justified application of the vehicular exception.”); id. at 393 (“[T]he vehicle is obviously readily mobile by the turn of an ignition key, if not actually moving.”); Opperman, 428 U.S. at 367 (“[T]he inherent mobility of automobiles creates circumstances of such exigency that, as a practical necessity, rigorous enforcement of the warrant requirement is impossible.

2019App. 2009) (quoting California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 392-93 (1985)) (“‘When a vehicle is being used on the highways, . . . the two justifications for the vehicle exception come into play.’”).

23
Vernco Construction, Inc. v. David Nelson, Individually and D/B/A Collective Contracting, a Sole Proprietorship And E.E. Hood & Sons, Inc.green
tex · 2015 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Vernco Constr., –4– Inc. v. Nelson, 460 S.W.3d 145, 149 (Tex. 2015).

2021Vernco Constr., Inc. v. Nelson, 460 S.W.3d 145, 149 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam).

22
Adkins v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2019
2 sentences

2019The prosecutor argued that, under Adkins v. State, 764 S.W.2d 782, 784 (Tex. Crim.

2017The prosecutor argued that, under Adkins v. State, 764 S.W.2d 782, 784 (Tex. Crim.

22
Kothe v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
2 sentences

2015The opinion continued: 2 See Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 61 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004) (holding that passengers in a vehicle may claim a violation of the Fourth Amendment based on an unlawful investigatory stop).

2014See Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 61 (Tex.Crim.App.2004) (holding that passengers in a vehicle may claim a violation of the Fourth Amendment based on an unlawful investigatory stop).

22
Louis Cognata v. Down Hole Injection, Inc.green
texapp · 2012 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2014Drug Corp., 391 S.W.2d 404, 406 (Tex.1965)) ("The taking of depositions to perpetuate testimony is ancillary to the anticipated suit.”); see also Cognata v. Down Hole Injection, Inc., 375 S.W.3d 370, 381-82 (Tex.App.-Houstbn [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (“•Mandamus■•is the proper vehicle to challenge a Rule 202 order when the order seeks discovery from a party against whom suit is anticipated.”).

2013Drug Corp., 391 S.W.2d 404, 406 (Tex.1965)) (“The taking of depositions to perpetuate testimony is ancillary to the anticipated suit.”); see also Cognata v. Down Hole Injection, Inc., 375 S.W.3d 370, 381-82 (Tex.App.Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) ("Mandamus is the proper vehicle to challenge a Rule 202 order when the order seeks discovery from a party against whom suit is anticipated.”). 4 .

22
Office Employees International Union Local 277 v. Southwestern Drug Corp.green
tex · 1965 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2014Drug Corp., 391 S.W.2d 404, 406 (Tex.1965)) ("The taking of depositions to perpetuate testimony is ancillary to the anticipated suit.”); see also Cognata v. Down Hole Injection, Inc., 375 S.W.3d 370, 381-82 (Tex.App.-Houstbn [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) (“•Mandamus■•is the proper vehicle to challenge a Rule 202 order when the order seeks discovery from a party against whom suit is anticipated.”).

2013Drug Corp., 391 S.W.2d 404, 406 (Tex.1965)) (“The taking of depositions to perpetuate testimony is ancillary to the anticipated suit.”); see also Cognata v. Down Hole Injection, Inc., 375 S.W.3d 370, 381-82 (Tex.App.Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied) ("Mandamus is the proper vehicle to challenge a Rule 202 order when the order seeks discovery from a party against whom suit is anticipated.”). 4 .

22
Bahar v. LYON FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.green
texapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See Simpson v. Canales, 806 S.W.2d 802, 812 (Tex. 1991); Bahar, 330 S.W.3d at 388 (post-judgment order appointing master in chancery, even one that is embedded in a turnover and receivership order, is interlocutory and unappealable but may be challenged by mandamus); Sheikh v. Sheikh, 248 S.W.3d 381, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (same).

2011See Simpson v. Canales , 806 S.W.2d 802, 812 (Tex. 1991); Bahar , 330 S.W.3d at 388 (post-judgment order appointing master in chancery, even one that is embedded in a turnover and receivership order, is interlocutory and unappealable but may be challenged by mandamus); Sheikh v. Sheikh , 248 S.W.3d 381, 394 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (same).

22
Moyer v. Moyergreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008Sheihk v. Sheihk , 248 S.W.3d 381, 394 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no. pet.) (holding that post-judgment order appointing master-in-chancery, even one that is embedded into a turnover-and-receivership order, is interlocutory order over which there is no appeal, but which may be challenged by mandamus); Moyer v. Moyer, 183 S.W.3d 48, 58 (Tex. App.--Austin 2005, no pet.) (holding that post-judgment appointment of master-in-chancery is not final and appealable order).

2008Sheikh v. Sheikh, 248 S.W.3d 381, 394 (Tex.App.Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no. pet.) (holding that post-judgment order appointing master-in-ehancery, even one that is embedded into a turnover-and-receivership order, is interlocutory order over which there is no appeal, but which may be challenged by mandamus); Moyer v. Moyer, 183 S.W.3d 48, 58 (Tex.App.-Austin 2005, no pet.) (holding that post-judgment appointment of master-in-chaneery is not final and ap-pealable order).

22
Russ Berrie and Co., Inc. v. Ganttgreen
texapp · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See Russ Berrie and Co., Inc. v. Gantt , 998 S.W.2d 713, 714-15 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, no pet.) (holding that relief from arbitration order governed by FAA must be pursued by petition for writ of mandamus); see generally 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16 (1999).

2004See Russ Berrie and Co., Inc. v. Gantt , 998 S.W.2d 713, 714-15 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, no pet.) (holding that relief from arbitration order governed by FAA must be pursued by petition for writ of mandamus); see generally 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16 (1999).

22
Lewis v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Carroll v. State , 56 S.W.3d 644, 650 (Tex. App.-Waco 2002, pet. ref'd) (citing Lewis v. State , 664 S.W.2d 345, 348 (Tex. Crim.

2002Carroll v. State, 56 S.W.3d 644, 650 (Tex.App.-Waco 2002, pet. ref'd) (citing Lewis v. State, 664 S.W.2d 345, 348 (Tex.Crim.App.1984)). 6 .

22
Horton v. Californiagreen
scotus · 1990 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2023
2 sentences

2023See Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 445 (1971), holding modified on other grounds by Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128 , 138–42 (1990). 6 only where entry on to private property is necessary to effectuate the search.”).

2017U.S. 128, 110 S. Ct. 2301, 2304 , 110 L.

12
In Re Lewingreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006In re Lewin , 149 S.W.3d 727, 734 (Tex. App.–Austin 2004, orig. proceeding); see Tex. Fam.

2006Lewin, 149 S.W.3d at 734 ; see Tex. Fam.

12
Garrett v. City of Wichita Fallsgreen
texapp · 1959 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Thus, special exceptions are appropriate not only when the plaintiff has alleged “no cause of action” but also when the plaintiff has “alleged no basis of a ground of recovery [that] is a part of his cause of action.” See Garrett v. City of Wichita Falls, 329 S.W.2d 491, 495 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1959, no writ); see also In re C.S., 264 S.W.3d 864 , 871– 82 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.) (“A special exception is the proper vehicle to challenge a pleading on the basis that ‘though there is a legal rule which might be applicable, the petition omits one or more allegations essential to bring plai

11
Rosser v. Squiergreen
tex · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See Rosser, 902 S.W.2d at 962 ; see also Ex parte Casillas, 25 S.W.3d 296, 298 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, no pet.).

11
In Re CSgreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Ex Parte Casillasgreen
texapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
In Re Reecegreen
tex · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Dancy v. Daggettgreen
tex · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Carroll v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1925 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Collins v. Virginiagreen
scotus · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Dixon v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
In Re Office of the Attorney General of Texasgreen
texapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Marvin Pinkney v. John Keane, Superintendent, Sing Sing Correctional Facility, Ossining, New Yorkgreen
ca2 · 1990 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Ex Parte Williamsgreen
tex · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
South Dakota v. Oppermangreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Snelling v. Mimsgreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Ford v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Pinkney v. Keanegreen
nyed · 1990 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Coolidge v. New Hampshiregreen
scotus · 1971 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Maryland v. Dysongreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
United States v. Johnsgreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (19)

CaseCitedYears
Danziger v. San Jacinto Savings Ass'n green
tex · 1987
2 sentences

1995As the supreme court has noted, “[t]he basis of the action is a claim or demand for usury made by the creditor and the vehicle for the claim or demand is immaterial except as an evidentiary fact.” Danziger, 732 S.W.2d at 304 .

1995As the supreme court has noted, "[t]he basis of the action is a claim or demand for usury made by the creditor and the vehicle for the claim or demand is immaterial except as an evidentiary fact." Danziger , 732 S.W.2d at 304 .

41988–1995
Keehn v. State green
texcrimapp · 2009
2 sentences

2013Id. at 335-36 .

2013Id. at 335-36 .

22013–2013
EMI Music Mexico, S.A. De C v. v. Rodriguez green
texapp · 2003
2 sentences

2008Id. at 856 .

2008Id. at 856 .

22008–2008
Avila v. State green
texapp · 1994
2 sentences

2007Lexis 3464, 2004 WL 814957 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (memo op., not designated for publication), and Avila , 884 S.W.2d at 898 , in support of an argument that appeal of the denial of a motion to suppress is not a proper vehicle to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction.

2007Lexis 3464, 2004 WL 814957 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (memo op., not designated for publication), and Avila , 884 S.W.2d at 898 , in support of an argument that appeal of the denial of a motion to suppress is not a proper vehicle to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction.

22007–2007
Black v. Don Schmid Motor, Inc. green
kan · 1983
2 sentences

1985Black v. Don Schmid Motor, Inc., 232 Kan. 458 , 657 P.2d 517 (1983); Jacobs v. Rosemount Dodge-Winnebago South, 310 N.W.2d 71 (Minn.1981); Hardimon v. Cullum & Maxey Camping Center, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 771 (Tenn.App.1979).

1985Black v. Don Schmid Motor, Inc., 232 Kan. 458 , 657 P.2d 517 (1983); Jacobs v. Rosemount Dodge-Winnebago South, 310 N.W.2d 71 (Minn.1981); Hardimon v. Cullum & Maxey Camping Center, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 771 (Tenn.App.1979).

21985–1985
Hardimon v. Cullum & Maxey Camping Centers, Inc. green
tennctapp · 1979
2 sentences

1985Black v. Don Schmid Motor, Inc., 232 Kan. 458 , 657 P.2d 517 (1983); Jacobs v. Rosemount Dodge-Winnebago South, 310 N.W.2d 71 (Minn.1981); Hardimon v. Cullum & Maxey Camping Center, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 771 (Tenn.App.1979).

1985Black v. Don Schmid Motor, Inc., 232 Kan. 458 , 657 P.2d 517 (1983); Jacobs v. Rosemount Dodge-Winnebago South, 310 N.W.2d 71 (Minn.1981); Hardimon v. Cullum & Maxey Camping Center, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 771 (Tenn.App.1979).

21985–1985
Jacobs v. Rosemount Dodge-Winnebago South green
minn · 1981
2 sentences

1985Black v. Don Schmid Motor, Inc., 232 Kan. 458 , 657 P.2d 517 (1983); Jacobs v. Rosemount Dodge-Winnebago South, 310 N.W.2d 71 (Minn.1981); Hardimon v. Cullum & Maxey Camping Center, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 771 (Tenn.App.1979).

1985Black v. Don Schmid Motor, Inc., 232 Kan. 458 , 657 P.2d 517 (1983); Jacobs v. Rosemount Dodge-Winnebago South, 310 N.W.2d 71 (Minn.1981); Hardimon v. Cullum & Maxey Camping Center, Inc., 591 S.W.2d 771 (Tenn.App.1979).

21985–1985
Marcopoulos, Andreas green
texcrimapp · 2017
12023–2023
Florida v. Meyers green
scotus · 1984
12023–2023
Michigan v. Thomas green
scotus · 1982
12023–2023
In Re Hoover, Bax & Slovacek, L.L.P. green
texapp · 1999
12021–2021
the University of Texas System v. Gloria G. Ochoa green
texapp · 2012
12019–2019
Dow Jones & Co. v. Highland Capital Mgmt., L.P. green
texapp · 2018
12019–2019
Mathews v. Eldridge green
scotus · 1976
12015–2015
Morrison v. State green
texapp · 2002
12015–2015
City of El Paso v. Maddox green
texapp · 2008
12015–2015
Landers v. State green
texcrimapp · 2013
12013–2013
Ex Parte Hargett red
texcrimapp · 1991
12013–2013
Abdullah v. State green
texapp · 2007
12007–2007

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 105.001 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 170 (1947–2026) NY 141 (1962–2026) CA 117 (1963–2026) TX 104 (1973–2026) CT 100 (1987–2022) OH 91 (1947–2026) FL 67 (1954–2026) MI 45 (1894–2026) IL 34 (1975–2026) IN 27 (1980–2025) GA 27 (1979–2025) ND 22 (1984–2020) IA 22 (1986–2023) MD 19 (1971–2025) KS 19 (1984–2026) TN 15 (1978–2019) LA 14 (1927–2019) ID 12 (1991–2025) CO 12 (1989–2018) WI 12 (1970–2025) MS 11 (1988–2020) AZ 11 (1941–2025) NJ 10 (1985–2021) VA 10 (1995–2017) AL 10 (1985–2006) OR 10 (2006–2026) MA 9 (1946–2025) UT 9 (1988–2023) MO 9 (1980–2025) NV 8 (1975–2024) OK 7 (1997–2016) WA 7 (1980–2025) MT 6 (1980–2024) RI 6 (1976–2022) AR 6 (1973–2021) NC 5 (1952–2018) NM 5 (1938–2017) NE 5 (1977–2008) DE 5 (1993–2026) KY 5 (1977–2026) DC 4 (1985–2017) VT 4 (1997–2007) MN 4 (1993–2016) HI 3 (1994–2020) WY 3 (1988–2019) AK 3 (1979–1993) SC 3 (1986–2001) SD 3 (1982–1998) ME 2 (2003–2022) WV 2 (2019–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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