Taylor objection (Kentucky) · Go Syfert
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Taylor objection in Kentucky

10 Kentucky opinions name it 2 courts 1957–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kentucky courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
Wiley v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2010 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is' introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional evidentia:ry ' . error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . a~mitted befdre- credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22
Winstead v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2009 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22
Hunt v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2010 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is' introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional evidentia:ry ' . error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . a~mitted befdre- credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22
Stringer v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 1997 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is' introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional evidentia:ry ' . error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . a~mitted befdre- credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22
Harris v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2012 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22
Summitt v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 1977 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is' introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional evidentia:ry ' . error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . a~mitted befdre- credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22
Reed v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 1987 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is' introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional evidentia:ry ' . error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . a~mitted befdre- credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22
Cawood v. Cawoodgreen
kyctapphigh · 1959 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Moreover, although the Commonwealth relies upon recent out- of-state authority suggesting a categorical prohibition on the use of civil rule relief in post-conviction proceedings, we decline to depart from Kentucky’s longstanding jurisprudence recognizing the applicability of CR 60.02 in criminal cases, as discussed more fully below. 8 SUCCESSIVE 60.02 MOTIONS Relevant here, CR 60.02(f) provides relief from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for “any other reason of an extraordinary nature justifying relief” . . . “made within a reasonable time.” Rule 60.02(f) “may be invoked only under th

11
Howard v. Commonwealthgreen
kyctapphigh · 1963 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Moreover, although the Commonwealth relies upon recent out- of-state authority suggesting a categorical prohibition on the use of civil rule relief in post-conviction proceedings, we decline to depart from Kentucky’s longstanding jurisprudence recognizing the applicability of CR 60.02 in criminal cases, as discussed more fully below. 8 SUCCESSIVE 60.02 MOTIONS Relevant here, CR 60.02(f) provides relief from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for “any other reason of an extraordinary nature justifying relief” . . . “made within a reasonable time.” Rule 60.02(f) “may be invoked only under th

11
Delaware v. Van Arsdallgreen
scotus · 1986 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024On appeal, Taylor argues that “[Scalf] and [Simpson’s] drug dealing might not seem to be related but each witness in the case had something in common, they all used meth” and “[Scalf] and [Simpson] were directly involved with [Saylor’s] disappearance” further noting that Scalf had some of Saylor’s clothes in the trunk of her car that she burned after Saylor was dead and kept quiet about Saylor’s death “for weeks.” According to Taylor, Scalf “being a drug 6 dealer in the local area [and] having possible connections to the other witnesses had direct bearing on whether her testimony was truthful

11
McPherson v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2012 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024On appeal, Taylor argues that “[Scalf] and [Simpson’s] drug dealing might not seem to be related but each witness in the case had something in common, they all used meth” and “[Scalf] and [Simpson] were directly involved with [Saylor’s] disappearance” further noting that Scalf had some of Saylor’s clothes in the trunk of her car that she burned after Saylor was dead and kept quiet about Saylor’s death “for weeks.” According to Taylor, Scalf “being a drug 6 dealer in the local area [and] having possible connections to the other witnesses had direct bearing on whether her testimony was truthful

11
Davenport v. Commonwealthgreen
ky · 2005 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024On appeal, Taylor argues that “[Scalf] and [Simpson’s] drug dealing might not seem to be related but each witness in the case had something in common, they all used meth” and “[Scalf] and [Simpson] were directly involved with [Saylor’s] disappearance” further noting that Scalf had some of Saylor’s clothes in the trunk of her car that she burned after Saylor was dead and kept quiet about Saylor’s death “for weeks.” According to Taylor, Scalf “being a drug 6 dealer in the local area [and] having possible connections to the other witnesses had direct bearing on whether her testimony was truthful

11
Hibbard v. Taylorgreen
ky · 1992 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Only then was Taylor put on notice that the principal damage (the adverse judgment) was real; but more importantly, only then could he justifiably claim that the entire damage was proximately caused by counsel's failure, for which he might seek a remedy, and not by the trial court's error, for which he would have none.57 The Hibbard Court accordingly affirmed the Court of Appeals and held that Taylor’s claim was timely filed.58 In Michels, John Sklavos hired Fredrick Michels and Nicholas Carlin to represent him in a wrongful termination suit against his former employer.59 The claim was initial

11
Stoker v. Commonwealthgreen
kyctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Although we ultimately agree with the circuit court that Taylor’s CR 60.02 motion fails on the merits, “we may affirm a trial court’s ruling despite the fact that it reached the correct result for the wrong reason.” Stoker v. Commonwealth, 289 S.W.3d 592, 597 (Ky. App. 2009) (citing Hodge, 116 S.W.3d at 470 ).

11
Stovall v. Collettgreen
kyctapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019As we make this determination, we are mindful of our statutes and caselaw that place the ALJ in the central 1 Kroger v. Ligon, 338 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Ky. 2011) (citing Roark v. Alva Coal Corp., 371 S.W.2d 856 (Ky. 1963); Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App. 1984); Snaivder v. Stice, 576 S.W.2d 276 (Ky. App. 1979)). 2 Stovall v. Collett, 671 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Ky. App. 1984). 3 FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williams, 214 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Ky. 2007) (citing Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986)). 2 role of fact-finder in workers’ compensation cases.

11
FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williamsgreen
ky · 2007 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019As we make this determination, we are mindful of our statutes and caselaw that place the ALJ in the central 1 Kroger v. Ligon, 338 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Ky. 2011) (citing Roark v. Alva Coal Corp., 371 S.W.2d 856 (Ky. 1963); Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App. 1984); Snaivder v. Stice, 576 S.W.2d 276 (Ky. App. 1979)). 2 Stovall v. Collett, 671 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Ky. App. 1984). 3 FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williams, 214 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Ky. 2007) (citing Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986)). 2 role of fact-finder in workers’ compensation cases.

11
Kroger v. Ligongreen
ky · 2011 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019As we make this determination, we are mindful of our statutes and caselaw that place the ALJ in the central 1 Kroger v. Ligon, 338 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Ky. 2011) (citing Roark v. Alva Coal Corp., 371 S.W.2d 856 (Ky. 1963); Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App. 1984); Snaivder v. Stice, 576 S.W.2d 276 (Ky. App. 1979)). 2 Stovall v. Collett, 671 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Ky. App. 1984). 3 FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williams, 214 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Ky. 2007) (citing Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986)). 2 role of fact-finder in workers’ compensation cases.

11
Special Fund v. Francisgreen
ky · 1986 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019As we make this determination, we are mindful of our statutes and caselaw that place the ALJ in the central 1 Kroger v. Ligon, 338 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Ky. 2011) (citing Roark v. Alva Coal Corp., 371 S.W.2d 856 (Ky. 1963); Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App. 1984); Snaivder v. Stice, 576 S.W.2d 276 (Ky. App. 1979)). 2 Stovall v. Collett, 671 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Ky. App. 1984). 3 FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williams, 214 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Ky. 2007) (citing Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986)). 2 role of fact-finder in workers’ compensation cases.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kentucky. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (11)

CaseCitedYears
Newkirk v. Commonwealth green
ky · 1996
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is' introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional evidentia:ry ' . error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . a~mitted befdre- credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22017–2017
Hall v. Commonwealth green
ky · 1993
2 sentences

2017Even where testimony is' introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional evidentia:ry ' . error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . a~mitted befdre- credibility is attacked, any

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

22017–2017
Taylor and Marshall v. Beckham green
scotus · 1900
2 sentences

2024Id. at 578 , 20 S. Ct. at 901 .

2024Id. at 578 , 20 S. Ct. at 901 .

12024–2024
Michels v. Sklavos green
ky · 1994
2 sentences

2023Only then was Taylor put on notice that the principal damage (the adverse judgment) was real; but more importantly, only then could he justifiably claim that the entire damage was proximately caused by counsel's failure, for which he might seek a remedy, and not by the trial court's error, for which he would have none.57 The Hibbard Court accordingly affirmed the Court of Appeals and held that Taylor’s claim was timely filed.58 In Michels, John Sklavos hired Fredrick Michels and Nicholas Carlin to represent him in a wrongful termination suit against his former employer.59 The claim was initial

2023Only then was Taylor put on notice that the principal damage (the adverse judgment) was real; but more importantly, only then could he justifiably claim that the entire damage was proximately caused by counsel's failure, for which he might seek a remedy, and not by the trial court's error, for which he would have none.57 The Hibbard Court accordingly affirmed the Court of Appeals and held that Taylor’s claim was timely filed.58 In Michels, John Sklavos hired Fredrick Michels and Nicholas Carlin to represent him in a wrongful termination suit against his former employer.59 The claim was initial

12023–2023
Hodge v. Commonwealth red
ky · 2003
1 sentence

2021Although we ultimately agree with the circuit court that Taylor’s CR 60.02 motion fails on the merits, “we may affirm a trial court’s ruling despite the fact that it reached the correct result for the wrong reason.” Stoker v. Commonwealth, 289 S.W.3d 592, 597 (Ky. App. 2009) (citing Hodge, 116 S.W.3d at 470 ).

12021–2021
Snawder v. Stice green
kyctapp · 1979
1 sentence

2019As we make this determination, we are mindful of our statutes and caselaw that place the ALJ in the central 1 Kroger v. Ligon, 338 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Ky. 2011) (citing Roark v. Alva Coal Corp., 371 S.W.2d 856 (Ky. 1963); Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App. 1984); Snaivder v. Stice, 576 S.W.2d 276 (Ky. App. 1979)). 2 Stovall v. Collett, 671 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Ky. App. 1984). 3 FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williams, 214 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Ky. 2007) (citing Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986)). 2 role of fact-finder in workers’ compensation cases.

12019–2019
Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum green
kyctapp · 1984
1 sentence

2019As we make this determination, we are mindful of our statutes and caselaw that place the ALJ in the central 1 Kroger v. Ligon, 338 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Ky. 2011) (citing Roark v. Alva Coal Corp., 371 S.W.2d 856 (Ky. 1963); Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App. 1984); Snaivder v. Stice, 576 S.W.2d 276 (Ky. App. 1979)). 2 Stovall v. Collett, 671 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Ky. App. 1984). 3 FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williams, 214 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Ky. 2007) (citing Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986)). 2 role of fact-finder in workers’ compensation cases.

12019–2019
Berkemer v. McCarty green
scotus · 1984
1 sentence

2019Id.

12019–2019
Roark v. Alva Coal Corporation green
kyctapphigh · 1963
1 sentence

2019As we make this determination, we are mindful of our statutes and caselaw that place the ALJ in the central 1 Kroger v. Ligon, 338 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Ky. 2011) (citing Roark v. Alva Coal Corp., 371 S.W.2d 856 (Ky. 1963); Wolf Creek Collieries v. Crum, 673 S.W.2d 735 (Ky. App. 1984); Snaivder v. Stice, 576 S.W.2d 276 (Ky. App. 1979)). 2 Stovall v. Collett, 671 S.W.2d 256, 257 (Ky. App. 1984). 3 FEI Installation, Inc. v. Williams, 214 S.W.3d 313, 316 (Ky. 2007) (citing Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986)). 2 role of fact-finder in workers’ compensation cases.

12019–2019
Fairrow v. Commonwealth green
ky · 2005
1 sentence

2017Even where testimony is introduced in error, "... this Court may still determine that the error is harmless pursuant to RCr 9.24 and the standards set forth in· Winstead v. Commonwealth2D."21 "A non-constitutional \ . evidentiary error .. .is harmless if the reviewing court can say with fair assurance that the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error."22 Errors have also been found to be harmless in light of other strong evidence, as there is no possibility · · the error substantially swayed the jury.23 "When rehabilitation evidence is . admitted befdre. credibility is attacked, any

12017–2017
Page v. Howell green
kyctapp · 1953
1 sentence

1957Appellants appealed that case to this Court, and in Taylor v. Yeager, Ky., 261 S.W.2d 638 , we affirmed the lower court judgment.

11957–1957

Where else courts name it

TX 39 (1976–2026) OH 38 (1999–2025) GA 36 (1914–2025) CA 35 (1969–2025) IL 33 (1867–2026) FL 32 (1961–2022) AL 21 (1988–2025) IN 21 (1981–2024) PA 21 (1944–2026) MO 20 (1981–2019) NY 17 (1979–2025) MD 13 (1995–2021) DE 12 (2003–2023) VA 12 (1988–2020) WI 11 (2004–2024) IA 11 (1996–2024) WA 10 (1911–2025) KY 10 (1957–2026) MI 10 (1970–2023) MS 9 (1998–2026) CO 9 (1994–2024) KS 9 (2004–2024) OK 8 (1995–2019) LA 8 (1975–2022) DC 8 (1991–2011) UT 8 (1995–2024) AZ 7 (2008–2026) SC 5 (2007–2024) NV 5 (2020–2024) WY 5 (2000–2025) AR 4 (1998–2015) HI 4 (2007–2023) ID 4 (2017–2019) NC 4 (2006–2026) MT 4 (1998–2009) CT 3 (2011–2017) WV 3 (1981–2024) AK 3 (1977–2017) MA 3 (1976–2008) RI 2 (1987–2023) TN 2 (2010–2013) ME 2 (1983–2010) NM 2 (1994–1995) MN 2 (2017–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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