Taylor claim (Alabama) · Go Syfert
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Taylor claim in Alabama

22 Alabama opinions name it 3 courts 1843–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (13)

CaseFollowedCited
White v. Alabamagreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2002See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22
White v. Alabamagreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2002See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22
Thomas v. 3201 Caughey Roadgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2002See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22
Martin v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1988 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004
2 sentences

2004The Supreme Court rejected Taylor's claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant's sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: "It is well established that `the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

2002The Supreme Court rejected Taylor’s claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant’s sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: “It is well established that ‘the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

22
White v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2002See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22
Ex Parte Whitegreen
ala · 1991 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2004
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2002See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22
Ex Parte Musgrovegreen
ala · 1993 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–1999
2 sentences

1999We conclude, however, that the prosecutor's comment was a fair response to defense counsel's statement made immediately before, by which defense counsel argued to the jury that a recommendation of death would kill both Michael Taylor and his mother. `[A] prosecutor has the right to "reply in kind" to statements made by defense counsel in the defense's closing argument.' Ex parte Musgrove, 638 So.2d 1360, 1369 (Ala.1993), cert. denied, Rogers v. Alabama, [513] U.S. [845], 115 S.Ct. 136 , 130 L.Ed.2d 78 (1994).

1995We conclude, however, that the prosecutor's comment was a fair response to defense counsel's statement made immediately before, by which defense counsel argued to the jury that a recommendation of death would kill both Michael Taylor and his mother. "[A] prosecutor has the right to 'reply in kind' to statements made by defense counsel in the defense's closing argument." Ex parte Musgrove , 638 So.2d 1360 , 1369 (Ala. 1993), cert. denied, Rogers v. Alabama , ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 136 , 130 L.Ed.2d 78 (1994).

12
Blackmon v. Nexity Financial Corp.green
ala · 2006 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025As this Court stated in Blackmon v. Nexity Financial Corp., 953 So. 2d 1180, 1189 (Ala. 2006), "[u]ndue delay can have two different meanings in a case.

11
Hereford v. D.R. Horton, Inc.green
ala · 2009 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Horton, Inc., 13 So. 3d 375, 378 (Ala. 2009) (citing Riccard v. Prudential Ins.

11
Warren v. Rigginsgreen
ala · 1986 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Warren v. Riggins, 484 So.2d 412, 414 (Ala.1986) (holding that a motion filed pursuant to Rule 60(b)(3) may be treated as initiating an independent action when that motion was filed after the four-month time limitation in Rule 60(b)(3)).

11
Belisle v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010There is no error here.” Belisle v. State, 11 So.3d 256, 287 (Ala.Crim.App.2007).

11
Bozeman v. Stategreen
alacrimapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002See Bozeman v. State, 686 So.2d 556 (Ala.Crim.App.1996) The trial court’s denial of Taylor’s motion to withdraw his plea was erroneous.

11
Ex Parte Carrollgreen
ala · 2001 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001He shall submit his order on remand, including all necessary findings and conclusions, to the Court of Criminal Appeals within 90 days of the release of this opinion.” Ex parte Carroll, 852 So.2d 821, 828 (Ala.2001).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (19)

CaseCitedYears
Hollins v. State green
alacrimapp · 1999
2 sentences

2018(Taylor's brief, p. 9.) "In Hollins v. State , 737 So.2d 1056 , 1057 (Ala. Crim.

2018(Taylor's brief, p. 9.) "In Hollins v. State , 737 So.2d 1056 , 1057 (Ala. Crim.

22018–2018
Kuenzel v. Alabama green
scotus · 1991
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22002–2004
Ex Parte Kuenzel green
ala · 1991
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2002See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22002–2004
Kuenzel v. State green
alacrimapp · 1990
2 sentences

2004See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

2002See White v. State, 587 So.2d 1218 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 587 So.2d 1236 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1076 , 112 S.Ct. 979 , 117 L.Ed.2d 142 (1992); Kuenzel v. State, 577 So.2d 474 (Ala.Crim.App.1990), affirmed, 577 So.2d 531 (Ala.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 886 , 112 S.Ct. 242 , 116 L.Ed.2d 197 (1991).

22002–2004
Polyak v. Hamilton green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2004The Supreme Court rejected Taylor's claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant's sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: "It is well established that `the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

2002The Supreme Court rejected Taylor’s claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant’s sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: “It is well established that ‘the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

22002–2004
In re Sparks green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2004The Supreme Court rejected Taylor's claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant's sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: "It is well established that `the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

2002The Supreme Court rejected Taylor’s claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant’s sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: “It is well established that ‘the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

22002–2004
Ex Parte Martin green
ala · 1989
2 sentences

2004The Supreme Court rejected Taylor's claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant's sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: "It is well established that `the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

2002The Supreme Court rejected Taylor’s claim and held that the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the circuit court accurately informed the jury as to the extent of its sentencing authority, namely, that a sentence verdict is advisory and a recommendation to the court, which would make the final decision as to the defendant’s sentence, and were not constitutionally impermissible: “It is well established that ‘the comments of the prosecutor and the instructions of the trial court accurately informing the jury of the extent of its sentencing authority and that its sentence verdict w

22002–2004
Ex Parte Helton green
ala · 1990
2 sentences

2003“This court noted in a footnote in Taylor : “ “While Ex parte Helton [ 578 So.2d 1379 (Ala.1990)] implies that the requirement that the trial court state the reasons and the evidence relied upon for revocation is not waivable because of the lack of an objection, the Alabama Supreme Court neither specifically addressed preservation, nor extended its holding to other Armstrong requirements, which are now embodied in Rules 27.5 and 27.6.

1996This court noted in a footnote in Taylor : "While Ex parte Helton [ 578 So.2d 1379 (Ala. 1990)] implies that the requirement that the trial court state the reasons and the evidence relied upon for revocation is not waivable because of the lack of an objection, the Alabama Supreme Court neither specifically addressed preservation, nor extended its holding to other Armstrong requirements, which are now embodied in Rules 27.5 and 27.6.

21996–2003
Quang Ly Tran v. City of Columbus green
scotus · 1994
2 sentences

1999We conclude, however, that the prosecutor's comment was a fair response to defense counsel's statement made immediately before, by which defense counsel argued to the jury that a recommendation of death would kill both Michael Taylor and his mother. `[A] prosecutor has the right to "reply in kind" to statements made by defense counsel in the defense's closing argument.' Ex parte Musgrove, 638 So.2d 1360, 1369 (Ala.1993), cert. denied, Rogers v. Alabama, [513] U.S. [845], 115 S.Ct. 136 , 130 L.Ed.2d 78 (1994).

1995We conclude, however, that the prosecutor's comment was a fair response to defense counsel's statement made immediately before, by which defense counsel argued to the jury that a recommendation of death would kill both Michael Taylor and his mother. "[A] prosecutor has the right to 'reply in kind' to statements made by defense counsel in the defense's closing argument." Ex parte Musgrove , 638 So.2d 1360 , 1369 (Ala. 1993), cert. denied, Rogers v. Alabama , ___ U.S. ___, 115 S.Ct. 136 , 130 L.Ed.2d 78 (1994).

21995–1999
Yates v. El Bethel Primitive Baptist Church green
ala · 2002
2 sentences

2017In Yates v. El Bethel Primitive Baptist Church , 847 So.2d 331 (Ala. 2002), this Court stated: " '[T]he civil courts of this state have taken jurisdiction of disputes between factions of Baptist churches or of churches similarly governed on the ground that property or civil rights were involved.' This case began as one involving the finances, financial assets, and business of the Church, not any of its purely ecclesiastical or spiritual features, and those financial and business aspects of the Church have remained center stage throughout." 847 So.2d at 336 (quoting Williams , 258 Ala. at 62 ,

2017In Yates v. El Bethel Primitive Baptist Church , 847 So.2d 331 (Ala. 2002), this Court stated: " '[T]he civil courts of this state have taken jurisdiction of disputes between factions of Baptist churches or of churches similarly governed on the ground that property or civil rights were involved.' This case began as one involving the finances, financial assets, and business of the Church, not any of its purely ecclesiastical or spiritual features, and those financial and business aspects of the Church have remained center stage throughout." 847 So.2d at 336 (quoting Williams , 258 Ala. at 62 ,

12017–2017
Williams v. Jones green
ala · 1952
2 sentences

2017In Yates v. El Bethel Primitive Baptist Church , 847 So.2d 331 (Ala. 2002), this Court stated: " '[T]he civil courts of this state have taken jurisdiction of disputes between factions of Baptist churches or of churches similarly governed on the ground that property or civil rights were involved.' This case began as one involving the finances, financial assets, and business of the Church, not any of its purely ecclesiastical or spiritual features, and those financial and business aspects of the Church have remained center stage throughout." 847 So.2d at 336 (quoting Williams , 258 Ala. at 62 ,

2017In Yates v. El Bethel Primitive Baptist Church , 847 So.2d 331 (Ala. 2002), this Court stated: " '[T]he civil courts of this state have taken jurisdiction of disputes between factions of Baptist churches or of churches similarly governed on the ground that property or civil rights were involved.' This case began as one involving the finances, financial assets, and business of the Church, not any of its purely ecclesiastical or spiritual features, and those financial and business aspects of the Church have remained center stage throughout." 847 So.2d at 336 (quoting Williams , 258 Ala. at 62 ,

12017–2017
Ex Parte Taylor green
alacrimapp · 1998
1 sentence

2011After considering Taylor’s petition for a writ of mandamus to review the trial court’s ruling, this Court denied the petition and held: “The prosecutor stated that she did not know about the tape and that she believed that the police officers did not tell her about it because they did not think it would be useful — ‘you can’t make out any voices or words.’ Judge Bahakel, when granting the motion for a mistrial, stated, T don’t really fault the prosecutors in this particular case; they’re good attorneys, and I think they’re diligent attorneys.’ We also note that codefen-dant Brown’s attorney ob

12011–2011
Brady v. Maryland green
scotus · 1963
1 sentence

2010(C. 940-946.) Claim VLB alleges grounds for relief and the underlying facts.” (Taylor’s brief, at p. 57.) “Claim VII.D alleges that the State apparently failed to comply with its discovery obligations under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).

12010–2010
Boyd Brothers Transportation Company, Inc., a Corporation v. Fireman's Fund Insurance Companies green
ca11 · 1984
1 sentence

2009Lifestar argues that based on Boyd Brothers Transportation Co. v. Fireman’s Fund Insurance Cos., 729 F.2d 1407 (11th Cir.1984), an attorney retained by an in *214 surance company to defend the company’s insured is not an independent contractor and, therefore, that Admiral is responsible for the Taylor defendants’ allegedly negligent and/or wanton defense.

12009–2009
Ex Parte Taylor green
ala · 2001
2 sentences

2001The Court finds that the aggravating [circumstance] outweigh[s] any mitigating circumstances when the jury recommendation of life without parole is taken into consideration." (C.R. at 247-48; C.R. on remand at 6-7.) This order does not satisfy the Taylor requirement, announced after the trial *Page 828 judge had entered his order on remand, that "the trial judge must state specific reasons for giving the jury's recommendation the consideration he gave it." 808 So.2d at 1219 .

2001The Court finds that the aggravating [circumstance] outweigh[s] any mitigating circumstances when the jury recommendation of life without parole is taken into consideration." (C.R. at 247-48; C.R. on remand at 6-7.) This order does not satisfy the Taylor requirement, announced after the trial *828 judge had entered his order on remand, that "the trial judge must state specific reasons for giving the jury's recommendation the consideration he gave it." 808 So.2d at 1219 .

12001–2001
Melson v. State green
alacrimapp · 1999
1 sentence

2000Melson v. State, 775 So.2d 857 (Ala.Cr.

12000–2000
Ex Parte Hartford Ins. Co. green
ala · 1981
1 sentence

1988Co. , 394 So.2d 933 (Ala. 1981).

11988–1988
Pierce & Baldwin v. Pass & Co. green
ala · 1834
11843–1843
Von Pheel v. Connally green
ala · 1839
11843–1843

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-40 (8) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-47 (7) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-51 (6) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-53 (6) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-49 (5) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-52 (5) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-46 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-45 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 15-12-21 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

OH 41 (1999–2025) TX 40 (1976–2026) CA 38 (1969–2026) GA 36 (1914–2025) IL 33 (1867–2026) FL 32 (1961–2022) AL 22 (1843–2025) IN 21 (1981–2024) PA 21 (1944–2026) MO 20 (1981–2019) NY 17 (1979–2025) DE 13 (2003–2025) MD 13 (1995–2021) VA 12 (1988–2020) WI 12 (2004–2026) IA 11 (1996–2024) KS 10 (2004–2024) KY 10 (1957–2026) WA 10 (1911–2025) MI 10 (1970–2023) UT 9 (1995–2026) MS 9 (1998–2026) CO 9 (1994–2024) OK 8 (1995–2019) DC 8 (1991–2011) LA 8 (1975–2022) AZ 7 (2008–2026) SC 5 (2007–2024) NV 5 (2020–2024) WY 5 (2000–2025) CT 4 (2011–2026) HI 4 (2007–2023) ID 4 (2017–2019) NC 4 (2006–2026) AR 4 (1998–2015) MT 4 (1998–2009) WV 3 (1981–2024) AK 3 (1977–2017) MA 3 (1976–2008) MN 2 (2017–2018) RI 2 (1987–2023) NM 2 (1994–1995) TN 2 (2010–2013) ME 2 (1983–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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